RCT: Reduce Risk for Crohn's Disease Patients
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of weekly subcutaneously administered Methotrexate for maintaining relapse-free sustained steroid/Enteral Nutrition -free 1-year remission compared with:
-
daily oral Azathioprine / 6 mercaptopurine in low risk paediatric Crohn's disease
-
subcutaneously administered adalimumab in high risk paediatric Crohn's disease
Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
---|---|---|
|
Phase 4 |
Detailed Description
In this randomized controlled trial PIBDNet (pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases network) aims to compare the following treatment strategy by dividing patients into two risk groups for aggressive disease evolution: the effectiveness of Methotrexate versus Azathioprine / 6 mercaptopurine for the maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease in children who are at low risk for aggressive disease and the effectiveness of Methotrexate versus adalimumab in the high risk group. PIBDNet hypothesizes that Methotrexate is superior to Azathioprine / 6 mercaptopurine for maintaining remission in Crohn's disease in the low risk strata and adalimumab is superior to Methotrexate in the high risk strata. In addition, the ancillary study is planned to analyse of Adalimumab treated patients from inclusion (TOP-Down) versus patients switched to Adalimumab due to failure of immunomodulator therapy (STEP-Up).
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
---|---|
Active Comparator: High Risk Group subcutaneous methotrexate versus subcutaneous adalimumab |
Drug: Methotrexate
Subcutaneous methotrexate once weekly 15mg/m2 body surface area (19, 30), with a maximal dose of 25mg/week. Odansetron (Zofran) premedication (4-8mg 1Hour prior to injection) is recommended, folate acid substitution (15mg po, 3 days after Methotrexate injection, for children <20kg: 1x 5mg) is recommended.
Drug: Adalimumab
Subcutaneous Adalimumab started at a dose of 160mg followed by 80mg 2 weeks later and then 40mg every 2 weeks in patients over 40kg. In patients < 40kg sc doses of Adalimumab are as follows: induction 160mg/1,73m2 BSA (max 160mg), followed by 80mg/1,73m2 Body surface area (max 80mg) 2 weeks later and maintenance of 40mg/1,73m2 Body surface area (max 40mg) every 2 weeks, all doses rounded up to the nearest 5 multiplications.
Other Names:
|
Active Comparator: Low risk group subcutaneous methotrexate versus oral dose of azathioprine / 6 mercaptopurine |
Drug: Methotrexate
Subcutaneous methotrexate once weekly 15mg/m2 body surface area (19, 30), with a maximal dose of 25mg/week. Odansetron (Zofran) premedication (4-8mg 1Hour prior to injection) is recommended, folate acid substitution (15mg po, 3 days after Methotrexate injection, for children <20kg: 1x 5mg) is recommended.
Drug: Azathioprine / 6 Mercaptopurine
Oral Azathioprine /6mercaptopurine at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg once daily rounded to the nearest multiplication of 12.5mg or oral 6mercaptopurine at a dose of 1.5mg/kg once daily rounded to the nearest multiplication of 12.5mg.
Other Names:
|
Other: Ancillary the ancillary study is planned to analyse of Adalimumab treated patients from inclusion (TOP-Down) versus patients switched to Adalimumab due to failure of immunomodulator therapy (STEP-Up). |
Drug: Adalimumab
Subcutaneous Adalimumab started at a dose of 160mg followed by 80mg 2 weeks later and then 40mg every 2 weeks in patients over 40kg. In patients < 40kg sc doses of Adalimumab are as follows: induction 160mg/1,73m2 BSA (max 160mg), followed by 80mg/1,73m2 Body surface area (max 80mg) 2 weeks later and maintenance of 40mg/1,73m2 Body surface area (max 40mg) every 2 weeks, all doses rounded up to the nearest 5 multiplications.
Other Names:
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Rate of sustained steroid/EEN-free remission at Month 12 [Month 12]
Rate of sustained steroid/EEN-free remission at Month 12, where sustained remission is defined as wPCDAI (weighted pediatric crohn disease activity index) ≤12.5 and CRP ≤1,5 fold the normal upper limit without a relapse since week 12.
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Time to first relapse [Month 12]
the goal is to compare the time of the first relapse
- Remission at 12 weeks (measured by wPCDAI</=12.5 and normal CRP and being off steroids/exclusive enteral nutrition) [12 weeks]
the goal is to compare the remission at 12 weeks
- Linear height velocity [12 months]
the goal is to compare linear height velocity
- Steroid sparing effect of the regimens [12 months]
the goal is to compare steroid sparing effect of the regimen
- Comparison of toxicity of the different protocol drugs [12 months]
Toxicity of the different protocol drugs will be compared using incidence of Adverse Events (AE) and Serious Adverse Events (SAE).
- Questionnaire : health-related life of quality (IMPACT 3) between the different treatment arms [12 months]
Health-related life of quality willl be compared between the different treatment arms, based on the IMPACT-III questionnaire, a questionnaire developed for use in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
- Clinical predictors for response, including genomic and serological markers [12 months]
Clinical predictors for response to Study treatment will be determined, using genomic and serological markers, such as ASCA.
- Predictive value of fecal calprotectin levels, CRP and other serum tests [12 months]
the goal is to evaluate predictive value of fecal calprotectin levels, CRP and other serum tests
- Questionnaire : TUMMY-CD (patient reported outcome) at month 12 [12 months]
the goal is to evaluate questionnaire : TUMMY-CD (patient reported outcome) for all patients patients at month 12
- Questionnaire : WPAI:CD Caregiver (patient reported outcome) at month 12 [12 months]
the goal is to evauate WPAI:CD Caregiver (patient reported outcome) for all patients at month 12
- Questionnaire : School Attendance (patient reported outcome) at month 12 [12 months]
the goal is to evauate School Attendance questionnaire (patient reported outcome) for all patients at month 12
- DNA pharmacogenetics (multiplex genotyping of polymorphism in drug metabolism) in relation to toxicity and response to therapy [12 months]
the goal is to evaluate DNA pharmacogenetics (multiplex genotyping of polymorphism in drug metabolism) in relation to toxicity and response to therapy
- Concentration of protocol drug (ADA or MTX) monitoring in relation to adherence, toxicity and response [12 months]
the goal is to evaluate concentration of protocol drug (ADA or MTX) monitoring in relation to adherence, toxicity and response
- 6 Mercaptopurine and azathioprine metabolites monitoring : concentration of metabolites in relation to adherence, toxicity and response [12 months]
the goal is to evaluate 6 Mercaptopurine and azathioprine metabolites monitoring : concentration of metabolites in relation to adherence, toxicity and response
- Anti-adalimumab antibodies monitoring : concentration of anti-adalimumab antibodies in relation to adherence, toxicity and response [12 months]
the goal is to evaluate anti-adalimumab antibodies monitoring : concentration of anti-adalimumab antibodies in relation to adherence, toxicity and response
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
-
Children 6-17, with a new-onset Crohn Disease diagnosed using established criteria (37, 38), requiring a steroid-based or Enteral nutrition based induction therapy
-
At initial diagnosis, wPCDAI >40 or CRP>2 times upper limit at diagnosis
-
all wPCDAI scores (0-120) are possible at inclusion (patients in remission and patients with active disease)
-
Luminal active Crohn Disease (B1) with or without B2 and/or B3 disease behavior
-
Initial exposure to 5-ASA and derivate is tolerated
-
Exposure to antibiotics is tolerated
-
If one of the following criteria is present, patients are allocated to the high risk group prior randomization:
-
Complex fistulizing perianal disease
-
Panenteric disease phenotype (defined as L3 with L4b per Paris classification or L3 with deep ulcers in duodenum, stomach or oesophagus (not HP (helicobacter pylori)- or NSAID-related))
-
Severe growth impairment (height z-score <-2 or crossing 2 percentiles or more) likely related to CD
-
Significant hypoalbuminemia (<30g/l), elevated C reactive protein (CRP) (at least 2 times above normal range), or wPCDAI >12.5 despite 3 weeks of optimized induction therapy with steroids or Exclusive enteral nutrition
-
B2, B3 or B2B3 disease behavior
-
Overall cumulative disease extend of ≥60 cm
- Informed and signed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
-
Patients with wPCDAI<42,5 at initial diagnosis, except if CRP>2 times upper limit
-
No induction therapy with steroids or enteral nutrition
-
Previous therapy with any IBD (inflammatory bowel desease) -related medications other than induction therapy as detailed in this protocol (except 5-ASA).
-
Pregnancy or refusal to use contraceptives during the study period in pubertal patients (both boys and girls) unless absolute abstinence (no sexual activity) is confirmed at each study visit. Positive pregnancy testing throughout the study will trigger prompt withdrawal of the patient from the study.
-
Lactating mothers
-
Children with perianal fistulising disease who require surgical therapy (drainage, seton placement)
-
Patients homozygous for Thiopurine methyl transferase or those with Thiopurine methyl transferase activity <6 nmol/h/ml erythrocytes or <9nmol 6MTG (6 methylthioguanine/g Hb/h), unless they qualify as high risk patients
-
Evidence of un-drained and un-controlled abscess/phlegmon
-
Contraindication to any drugs used in the trial (including intolerance/hypersensitivity or allergy to either study drug (thiopurines, methotrexate or adalimumab))
-
Current or previous malignancy
-
Serious comorbidities (such as renal insufficiency, hepatitis, respiratory insufficiency) interfering with drug therapy or interpretation of outcome parameters or will make it unlikely that the patients will finish the trial.
-
Infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
Moderate to severe heart failure (NYHA classe III/IV)
-
Oral anticoagulant therapy, anti-malaria therapy
-
Live vaccines exposure (including yellow fever) less than 3 weeks prior inclusion
Contacts and Locations
Locations
Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hôpital Necker -Enfants Malades (Service de gastro-enterologie) | Paris | France | 75015 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- PIBD-Net
- European Commission
Investigators
- Study Director: Frank RUEMMELE, PhD / MD, PIBD-Net
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
- Alfadhli AA, McDonald JW, Feagan BG. Methotrexate for induction of remission in refractory Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jan 25;(1):CD003459. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:CD003459.
- Ardizzone S, Bollani S, Manzionna G, Imbesi V, Colombo E, Bianchi Porro G. Comparison between methotrexate and azathioprine in the treatment of chronic active Crohn's disease: a randomised, investigator-blind study. Dig Liver Dis. 2003 Sep;35(9):619-27.
- Candy S, Wright J, Gerber M, Adams G, Gerig M, Goodman R. A controlled double blind study of azathioprine in the management of Crohn's disease. Gut. 1995 Nov;37(5):674-8.
- Chatu S, Subramanian V, Saxena S, Pollok RC. The role of thiopurines in reducing the need for surgical resection in Crohn's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jan;109(1):23-34; quiz 35. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.402. Epub 2013 Dec 10.
- Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, Mantzaris GJ, Kornbluth A, Rachmilewitz D, Lichtiger S, D'Haens G, Diamond RH, Broussard DL, Tang KL, van der Woude CJ, Rutgeerts P; SONIC Study Group. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 15;362(15):1383-95. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0904492.
- Cosnes J, Bourrier A, Laharie D, Nahon S, Bouhnik Y, Carbonnel F, Allez M, Dupas JL, Reimund JM, Savoye G, Jouet P, Moreau J, Mary JY, Colombel JF; Groupe d'Etude Thérapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube Digestif (GETAID). Early administration of azathioprine vs conventional management of Crohn's Disease: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2013 Oct;145(4):758-65.e2; quiz e14-5. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.048. Epub 2013 Apr 30.
- D'Haens G, Baert F, van Assche G, Caenepeel P, Vergauwe P, Tuynman H, De Vos M, van Deventer S, Stitt L, Donner A, Vermeire S, Van De Mierop FJ, Coche JR, van der Woude J, Ochsenkühn T, van Bodegraven AA, Van Hootegem PP, Lambrecht GL, Mana F, Rutgeerts P, Feagan BG, Hommes D; Belgian Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group; North-Holland Gut Club. Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease: an open randomised trial. Lancet. 2008 Feb 23;371(9613):660-667. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60304-9.
- D'Haens G, Geboes K, Rutgeerts P. Endoscopic and histologic healing of Crohn's (ileo-) colitis with azathioprine. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999 Nov;50(5):667-71.
- Faubion WA Jr, Bousvaros A. Medical therapy for refractory pediatric Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Oct;4(10):1199-213. Epub 2006 Jul 26. Review.
- Feagan BG, Fedorak RN, Irvine EJ, Wild G, Sutherland L, Steinhart AH, Greenberg GR, Koval J, Wong CJ, Hopkins M, Hanauer SB, McDonald JW. A comparison of methotrexate with placebo for the maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. North American Crohn's Study Group Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jun 1;342(22):1627-32.
- Feagan BG, Rochon J, Fedorak RN, Irvine EJ, Wild G, Sutherland L, Steinhart AH, Greenberg GR, Gillies R, Hopkins M, et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of Crohn's disease. The North American Crohn's Study Group Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1995 Feb 2;332(5):292-7.
- Frøslie KF, Jahnsen J, Moum BA, Vatn MH; IBSEN Group. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian population-based cohort. Gastroenterology. 2007 Aug;133(2):412-22. Epub 2007 Jun 2.
- Holtmann MH, Krummenauer F, Claas C, Kremeyer K, Lorenz D, Rainer O, Vogel I, Böcker U, Böhm S, Büning C, Duchmann R, Gerken G, Herfarth H, Lügering N, Kruis W, Reinshagen M, Schmidt J, Stallmach A, Stein J, Sturm A, Galle PR, Hommes DW, D'Haens G, Rutgeerts P, Neurath MF. Long-term effectiveness of azathioprine in IBD beyond 4 years: a European multicenter study in 1176 patients. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Sep;51(9):1516-24. Epub 2006 Aug 22.
- Hyams J, Crandall W, Kugathasan S, Griffiths A, Olson A, Johanns J, Liu G, Travers S, Heuschkel R, Markowitz J, Cohen S, Winter H, Veereman-Wauters G, Ferry G, Baldassano R; REACH Study Group. Induction and maintenance infliximab therapy for the treatment of moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease in children. Gastroenterology. 2007 Mar;132(3):863-73; quiz 1165-6. Epub 2006 Dec 3.
- Hyams JS, Griffiths A, Markowitz J, Baldassano RN, Faubion WA Jr, Colletti RB, Dubinsky M, Kierkus J, Rosh J, Wang Y, Huang B, Bittle B, Marshall M, Lazar A. Safety and efficacy of adalimumab for moderate to severe Crohn's disease in children. Gastroenterology. 2012 Aug;143(2):365-74.e2. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.046. Epub 2012 May 2.
- Khanna R, Bressler B, Levesque BG, Zou G, Stitt LW, Greenberg GR, Panaccione R, Bitton A, Paré P, Vermeire S, D'Haens G, MacIntosh D, Sandborn WJ, Donner A, Vandervoort MK, Morris JC, Feagan BG; REACT Study Investigators. Early combined immunosuppression for the management of Crohn's disease (REACT): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Nov 7;386(10006):1825-34. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00068-9. Epub 2015 Sep 3.
- Kozarek RA, Patterson DJ, Gelfand MD, Botoman VA, Ball TJ, Wilske KR. Methotrexate induces clinical and histologic remission in patients with refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Mar 1;110(5):353-6.
- Lémann M, Mary JY, Colombel JF, Duclos B, Soule JC, Lerebours E, Modigliani R, Bouhnik Y; Groupe D'Etude Thérapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube Digestif. A randomized, double-blind, controlled withdrawal trial in Crohn's disease patients in long-term remission on azathioprine. Gastroenterology. 2005 Jun;128(7):1812-8.
- Lémann M, Zenjari T, Bouhnik Y, Cosnes J, Mesnard B, Rambaud JC, Modigliani R, Cortot A, Colombel JF. Methotrexate in Crohn's disease: long-term efficacy and toxicity. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Jul;95(7):1730-4.
- Mack DR, Young R, Kaufman SS, Ramey L, Vanderhoof JA. Methotrexate in patients with Crohn's disease after 6-mercaptopurine. J Pediatr. 1998 May;132(5):830-5.
- Markowitz J, Grancher K, Kohn N, Lesser M, Daum F. A multicenter trial of 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone in children with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2000 Oct;119(4):895-902.
- North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; Colitis Foundation of America, Bousvaros A, Antonioli DA, Colletti RB, Dubinsky MC, Glickman JN, Gold BD, Griffiths AM, Jevon GP, Higuchi LM, Hyams JS, Kirschner BS, Kugathasan S, Baldassano RN, Russo PA. Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 May;44(5):653-74.
- Oren R, Moshkowitz M, Odes S, Becker S, Keter D, Pomeranz I, Shirin H, Reisfeld I, Broide E, Lavy A, Fich A, Eliakim R, Patz J, Villa Y, Arber N, Gilat T. Methotrexate in chronic active Crohn's disease: a double-blind, randomized, Israeli multicenter trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Dec;92(12):2203-9. Erratum in: Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Apr;110(4):608. Shirin, C [corrected to Shirin, H].
- Panés J, López-Sanromán A, Bermejo F, García-Sánchez V, Esteve M, Torres Y, Domènech E, Piqueras M, Gomez-García M, Gutiérrez A, Taxonera C, Sans M; AZTEC Study Group. Early azathioprine therapy is no more effective than placebo for newly diagnosed Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2013 Oct;145(4):766-74.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.06.009. Epub 2013 Jun 13.
- Pearson DC, May GR, Fick G, Sutherland LR. Azathioprine for maintaining remission of Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000067. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD000067.
- Pigneur B, Escher J, Elawad M, Lima R, Buderus S, Kierkus J, Guariso G, Canioni D, Lambot K, Talbotec C, Shah N, Begue B, Rieux-Laucat F, Goulet O, Cerf-Bensussan N, Neven B, Ruemmele FM. Phenotypic characterization of very early-onset IBD due to mutations in the IL10, IL10 receptor alpha or beta gene: a survey of the Genius Working Group. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Dec;19(13):2820-8. doi: 10.1097/01.MIB.0000435439.22484.d3.
- Pigneur B, Seksik P, Viola S, Viala J, Beaugerie L, Girardet JP, Ruemmele FM, Cosnes J. Natural history of Crohn's disease: comparison between childhood- and adult-onset disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010 Jun;16(6):953-61. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21152.
- Prideaux L, De Cruz P, Ng SC, Kamm MA. Serological antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012 Jul;18(7):1340-55. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21903. Epub 2011 Nov 8. Review.
- Ravikumara M, Hinsberger A, Spray CH. Role of methotrexate in the management of Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Apr;44(4):427-30.
- Rosh JR. Methotrexate. In: Mamula P, Baldassano RN, Markowitz JE, editors. Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease2007. p. In press.
- Ruemmele FM, Lachaux A, Cézard JP, Morali A, Maurage C, Giniès JL, Viola S, Goulet O, Lamireau T, Scaillon M, Breton A, Sarles J; Groupe Francophone d'Hépatologie, Gastroentérologie et Nutrition Pédiatrique. Efficacy of infliximab in pediatric Crohn's disease: a randomized multicenter open-label trial comparing scheduled to on demand maintenance therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009 Mar;15(3):388-94. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20788.
- Ruemmele FM, Veres G, Kolho KL, Griffiths A, Levine A, Escher JC, Amil Dias J, Barabino A, Braegger CP, Bronsky J, Buderus S, Martín-de-Carpi J, De Ridder L, Fagerberg UL, Hugot JP, Kierkus J, Kolacek S, Koletzko S, Lionetti P, Miele E, Navas López VM, Paerregaard A, Russell RK, Serban DE, Shaoul R, Van Rheenen P, Veereman G, Weiss B, Wilson D, Dignass A, Eliakim A, Winter H, Turner D; European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation; European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Oct;8(10):1179-207. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.04.005. Epub 2014 Jun 6.
- Sharma S, Eckert D, Hyams JS, Mensing S, Thakkar RB, Robinson AM, Rosh JR, Ruemmele FM, Awni WM. Pharmacokinetics and exposure-efficacy relationship of adalimumab in pediatric patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease: results from a randomized, multicenter, phase-3 study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015 Apr;21(4):783-92. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000327.
- Torres J, Caprioli F, Katsanos KH, Lobatón T, Micic D, Zerôncio M, Van Assche G, Lee JC, Lindsay JO, Rubin DT, Panaccione R, Colombel JF. Predicting Outcomes to Optimize Disease Management in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Crohns Colitis. 2016 Dec;10(12):1385-1394. Epub 2016 Jun 9. Erratum in: J Crohns Colitis. 2016 Dec;10 (12 ):1457.
- Turner D, Grossman AB, Rosh J, Kugathasan S, Gilman AR, Baldassano R, Griffiths AM. Methotrexate following unsuccessful thiopurine therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Dec;102(12):2804-12; quiz 2803, 2813.
- Uhlen S, Belbouab R, Narebski K, Goulet O, Schmitz J, Cézard JP, Turck D, Ruemmele FM. Efficacy of methotrexate in pediatric Crohn's disease: a French multicenter study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Nov;12(11):1053-7.
- Van Limbergen J, Russell RK, Drummond HE, Aldhous MC, Round NK, Nimmo ER, Smith L, Gillett PM, McGrogan P, Weaver LT, Bisset WM, Mahdi G, Arnott ID, Satsangi J, Wilson DC. Definition of phenotypic characteristics of childhood-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2008 Oct;135(4):1114-22. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.06.081. Epub 2008 Jul 3.
- Vernier-Massouille G, Balde M, Salleron J, Turck D, Dupas JL, Mouterde O, Merle V, Salomez JL, Branche J, Marti R, Lerebours E, Cortot A, Gower-Rousseau C, Colombel JF. Natural history of pediatric Crohn's disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2008 Oct;135(4):1106-13. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.06.079. Epub 2008 Jul 3.
- Winther KV, Føgh P, Thomsen OØ, Brynskov J. Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease): diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis. Drugs Today (Barc). 1998 Nov;34(11):935-42.
- 2016-01