DM-TBSI: Telephone Delivered Behavioral Skills Intervention for Blacks With T2DM
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
Blacks or African Americans have greater risk of and are more likely to die from type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Major barriers to effective diabetes care for Blacks include poor diabetes knowledge, self-management skills, empowerment, and perceived control. Few prior studies have tested interventions to address these barriers in combination, especially among Blacks who have the greatest burden of diabetes related complications. This study provides a unique opportunity to address this gap in the literature by testing the efficacy of separate and combined telephone-delivered, diabetes knowledge and motivation/behavioral skills training intervention in high risk Blacks with poorly controlled T2DM. The findings of this study, if successful, will provide new information on how to improve quality of care for diabetes in ethnic minorities and reduce the disproportionate burden of diabetes complications and deaths in this population.
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
|
N/A |
Detailed Description
Blacks (African Americans) with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have higher prevalence of diabetes, poorer metabolic control, and greater risk for complications and death compared to Whites. Poor outcomes in Blacks with T2DM can be attributed to patient, provider, and health systems level factors. Provider and health system factors account for <10% of variance in major diabetes outcomes. Key differences appear to be at the patient level. Of the patient level factors, consistent differences between Blacks and Whites with T2DM have been found in diabetes knowledge, self-management skills, empowerment, and perceived control. A variety of interventions to improve diabetes self-management have been tested including: 1) knowledge interventions; 2) lifestyle interventions; 3) skills training interventions; and 4) patient activation and empowerment interventions. Most of these interventions have been tested individually, but rarely have they been tested in combination, especially among Blacks who have the greatest burden of diabetes related complications. This study provides a unique opportunity to address this gap in the literature. Using a 2x2 factorial design, this study will test the efficacy of separate and combined telephone-delivered, diabetes knowledge/information and motivation/behavioral skills training intervention in high risk Blacks with poorly controlled T2DM (HbA1c ≥9%). The primary objective is to test the separate and combined efficacy of a telephone-delivered diabetes knowledge/information intervention and motivation/behavioral skills training intervention in improving HbA1c levels in Blacks with T2DM using a 2x2 factorial design. The secondary objectives are: 1) To determine whether patients randomized to the telephone-delivered diabetes knowledge/information intervention, the motivation/behavioral skills training intervention or the combined intervention will have greater improvement in physical activity, diet, medication adherence, and self-monitoring of blood glucose at 12 months of follow-up compared to usual care; and 2) To determine the cost-effectiveness of each telephone intervention separately, and then in combination. The primary outcome is HbA1c level at 12 months of follow-up. The secondary outcomes are cost-effectiveness of each telephone intervention separately, and then in combination, and change in physical activity, diet, medication adherence, and self-monitoring of blood glucose over 12 months of follow-up. The long-term goal of the project is to achieve improvement in diabetes-related outcomes in this patient population.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Experimental: Diabetes Knowledge/Information Arm Subjects randomized to the diabetes knowledge/information arm will complete 12 diabetes education modules over a 12-week period. The educational materials were developed based on guidelines for diabetes education by the American Diabetes Association. The content is based on the principles of the Adult Learning Theory. The information is designed to be relevant, person centered, and presented in a non-threatening manner. The modules are designed to be delivered via telephone in 10-15 minutes, so that the maximum contact time per telephone call including introduction and closing would not exceed 30 minutes. |
Behavioral: Diabetes Knowledge/Information
This group will receive telephone-delivered diabetes knowledge/information lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks.
|
| Experimental: Motivation/Behavioral Skills Arm The motivation/behavioral skills intervention consists of patient activation (list of 5 questions to ask their provider at every visit and training on how to ask the questions), patient empowerment (diabetes responsibility contracts, personal goals, and flow charts for patients to record lab results/medications and training on how to use the empowerment tools), and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. The behavioral skills training will be focused on 4 behaviors - physical activity, diet, medication adherence, and glucose self-monitoring. Guided by subjects' current problem areas and preferences, subjects will be asked to choose 1 of 4 behaviors to focus on every 3 weeks (4 behaviors over 12 weeks). |
Behavioral: Motivation/Behavioral Skills
This intervention consists of patient activation, patient empowerment, and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks.
|
| Experimental: Combined Intervention Arm The combined intervention group will receive weekly telephone-delivered diabetes knowledge/information, patient activation (list of 5 questions to ask their provider at every visit and training on how to ask the questions), patient empowerment (diabetes responsibility contracts, personal goals, and flow charts for patients to record lab results/medications and training on how to use the empowerment tools), and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone. The behavioral skills training will be focused on 4 behaviors and guided by subjects' current problem areas and preferences, subjects will be asked to choose 1 of 4 behaviors to focus on every 3 weeks. The combined intervention group telephone sessions will last for 30 minutes. |
Behavioral: Combined Intervention
This group will receive all components of the diabetes knowledge/information and the motivation/behavioral skills interventions via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks.
|
| Sham Comparator: Usual Care Arm The usual care group will receive weekly telephone-delivered general health education lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks to control for attention. Patients in the usual care group will continue to receive any usual diabetes education provided by the clinic staff; however, they will not receive targeted diabetes knowledge/information, activation, empowerment, or behavioral skills training. |
Behavioral: Usual Care
This group will receive telephone-delivered general health education lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks to control for attention and content.
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at 12 Months Post Randomization [12-months post randomization]
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
-
- Age ≥18 years
-
- Clinical diagnosis of T2DM and HbA1c ≥9% at the screening visit
-
- Self-identified as Black or African American
-
- Subject must be taking at least one oral medication for diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia and must be willing to use the MEMS cap and bottle for 12 months
-
- Subjects must be able to communicate in English
-
- Subjects must have access to a telephone (landline or cell phone) for the 12 week intervention period
Exclusion Criteria:
-
- Mental confusion on interview suggesting significant dementia
-
- Participation in other diabetes clinical trials
-
- Alcohol or drug abuse/dependency
-
- Active psychosis or acute mental disorder
-
- Life expectancy <6 months
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Medical University of South Carolina | Charleston | South Carolina | United States | 29425 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Leonard E Egede, MD, MS, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC)
Study Documents (Full-Text)
More Information
Additional Information:
Publications
- DK81121
- R01DK081121
- R01DK081121-01A1
- HR18334
Study Results
Participant Flow
| Recruitment Details | |
|---|---|
| Pre-assignment Detail |
| Arm/Group Title | Diabetes Knowledge/Information Arm | Motivation/Behavioral Skills Arm | Combined Intervention Arm | Usual Care Arm |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Subjects randomized to the diabetes knowledge/information arm will complete 12 diabetes education modules over a 12-week period. The educational materials were developed based on guidelines for diabetes education by the American Diabetes Association. The content is based on the principles of the Adult Learning Theory. The information is designed to be relevant, person centered, and presented in a non-threatening manner. The modules are designed to be delivered via telephone in 10-15 minutes, so that the maximum contact time per telephone call including introduction and closing would not exceed 30 minutes. Diabetes Knowledge/Information: This group will receive telephone-delivered diabetes knowledge/information lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks. | The motivation/behavioral skills intervention consists of patient activation (list of 5 questions to ask their provider at every visit and training on how to ask the questions), patient empowerment (diabetes responsibility contracts, personal goals, and flow charts for patients to record lab results/medications and training on how to use the empowerment tools), and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. The behavioral skills training will be focused on 4 behaviors - physical activity, diet, medication adherence, and glucose self-monitoring. Guided by subjects' current problem areas and preferences, subjects will be asked to choose 1 of 4 behaviors to focus on every 3 weeks (4 behaviors over 12 weeks). Motivation/Behavioral Skills: This intervention consists of patient activation, patient empowerment, and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. | The combined intervention group will receive weekly telephone-delivered diabetes knowledge/information, patient activation (list of 5 questions to ask their provider at every visit and training on how to ask the questions), patient empowerment (diabetes responsibility contracts, personal goals, and flow charts for patients to record lab results/medications and training on how to use the empowerment tools), and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone. The behavioral skills training will be focused on 4 behaviors and guided by subjects' current problem areas and preferences, subjects will be asked to choose 1 of 4 behaviors to focus on every 3 weeks. The combined intervention group telephone sessions will last for 30 minutes. Combined Intervention: This group will receive all components of the diabetes knowledge/information and the motivation/behavioral skills interventions via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. | The usual care group will receive weekly telephone-delivered general health education lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks to control for attention. Patients in the usual care group will continue to receive any usual diabetes education provided by the clinic staff; however, they will not receive targeted diabetes knowledge/information, activation, empowerment, or behavioral skills training. Usual Care: This group will receive telephone-delivered general health education lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks to control for attention and content. |
| Period Title: Overall Study | ||||
| STARTED | 63 | 65 | 63 | 64 |
| COMPLETED | 53 | 56 | 53 | 55 |
| NOT COMPLETED | 10 | 9 | 10 | 9 |
Baseline Characteristics
| Arm/Group Title | Diabetes Knowledge/Information Arm | Motivation/Behavioral Skills Arm | Combined Intervention Arm | Usual Care Arm | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Subjects randomized to the diabetes knowledge/information arm will complete 12 diabetes education modules over a 12-week period. The educational materials were developed based on guidelines for diabetes education by the American Diabetes Association. The content is based on the principles of the Adult Learning Theory. The information is designed to be relevant, person centered, and presented in a non-threatening manner. The modules are designed to be delivered via telephone in 10-15 minutes, so that the maximum contact time per telephone call including introduction and closing would not exceed 30 minutes. Diabetes Knowledge/Information: This group will receive telephone-delivered diabetes knowledge/information lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks. | The motivation/behavioral skills intervention consists of patient activation (list of 5 questions to ask their provider at every visit and training on how to ask the questions), patient empowerment (diabetes responsibility contracts, personal goals, and flow charts for patients to record lab results/medications and training on how to use the empowerment tools), and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. The behavioral skills training will be focused on 4 behaviors - physical activity, diet, medication adherence, and glucose self-monitoring. Guided by subjects' current problem areas and preferences, subjects will be asked to choose 1 of 4 behaviors to focus on every 3 weeks (4 behaviors over 12 weeks). Motivation/Behavioral Skills: This intervention consists of patient activation, patient empowerment, and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. | The combined intervention group will receive weekly telephone-delivered diabetes knowledge/information, patient activation (list of 5 questions to ask their provider at every visit and training on how to ask the questions), patient empowerment (diabetes responsibility contracts, personal goals, and flow charts for patients to record lab results/medications and training on how to use the empowerment tools), and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone. The behavioral skills training will be focused on 4 behaviors and guided by subjects' current problem areas and preferences, subjects will be asked to choose 1 of 4 behaviors to focus on every 3 weeks. The combined intervention group telephone sessions will last for 30 minutes. Combined Intervention: This group will receive all components of the diabetes knowledge/information and the motivation/behavioral skills interventions via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. | The usual care group will receive weekly telephone-delivered general health education lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks to control for attention. Patients in the usual care group will continue to receive any usual diabetes education provided by the clinic staff; however, they will not receive targeted diabetes knowledge/information, activation, empowerment, or behavioral skills training. Usual Care: This group will receive telephone-delivered general health education lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks to control for attention and content. | Total of all reporting groups |
| Overall Participants | 63 | 65 | 63 | 64 | 255 |
| Age (Count of Participants) | |||||
| <=18 years |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| Between 18 and 65 years |
48
76.2%
|
51
78.5%
|
48
76.2%
|
52
81.3%
|
199
78%
|
| >=65 years |
15
23.8%
|
14
21.5%
|
15
23.8%
|
12
18.8%
|
56
22%
|
| Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants) | |||||
| Female |
28
44.4%
|
25
38.5%
|
30
47.6%
|
31
48.4%
|
114
44.7%
|
| Male |
35
55.6%
|
40
61.5%
|
33
52.4%
|
33
51.6%
|
141
55.3%
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants) | |||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| Asian |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| Black or African American |
63
100%
|
65
100%
|
63
100%
|
64
100%
|
255
100%
|
| White |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| More than one race |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
Outcome Measures
| Title | Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at 12 Months Post Randomization |
|---|---|
| Description | |
| Time Frame | 12-months post randomization |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| Final analysis used baseline A1c analysis of covariance for differences in levels of A1c between the treatment groups at 12months with baseline A1c as covariate. |
| Arm/Group Title | Diabetes Knowledge/Information Arm | Motivation/Behavioral Skills Arm | Combined Intervention Arm | Usual Care Arm |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Subjects randomized to the diabetes knowledge/information arm will complete 12 diabetes education modules over a 12-week period. The educational materials were developed based on guidelines for diabetes education by the American Diabetes Association. The content is based on the principles of the Adult Learning Theory. The information is designed to be relevant, person centered, and presented in a non-threatening manner. The modules are designed to be delivered via telephone in 10-15 minutes, so that the maximum contact time per telephone call including introduction and closing would not exceed 30 minutes. Diabetes Knowledge/Information: This group will receive telephone-delivered diabetes knowledge/information lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks. | The motivation/behavioral skills intervention consists of patient activation (list of 5 questions to ask their provider at every visit and training on how to ask the questions), patient empowerment (diabetes responsibility contracts, personal goals, and flow charts for patients to record lab results/medications and training on how to use the empowerment tools), and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. The behavioral skills training will be focused on 4 behaviors - physical activity, diet, medication adherence, and glucose self-monitoring. Guided by subjects' current problem areas and preferences, subjects will be asked to choose 1 of 4 behaviors to focus on every 3 weeks (4 behaviors over 12 weeks). Motivation/Behavioral Skills: This intervention consists of patient activation, patient empowerment, and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. | The combined intervention group will receive weekly telephone-delivered diabetes knowledge/information, patient activation (list of 5 questions to ask their provider at every visit and training on how to ask the questions), patient empowerment (diabetes responsibility contracts, personal goals, and flow charts for patients to record lab results/medications and training on how to use the empowerment tools), and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone. The behavioral skills training will be focused on 4 behaviors and guided by subjects' current problem areas and preferences, subjects will be asked to choose 1 of 4 behaviors to focus on every 3 weeks. The combined intervention group telephone sessions will last for 30 minutes. Combined Intervention: This group will receive all components of the diabetes knowledge/information and the motivation/behavioral skills interventions via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. | The usual care group will receive weekly telephone-delivered general health education lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks to control for attention. Patients in the usual care group will continue to receive any usual diabetes education provided by the clinic staff; however, they will not receive targeted diabetes knowledge/information, activation, empowerment, or behavioral skills training. Usual Care: This group will receive telephone-delivered general health education lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks to control for attention and content. |
| Measure Participants | 63 | 65 | 63 | 64 |
| Mean (Standard Deviation) [percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin] |
9.3
(1.8)
|
9.2
(2.1)
|
9.2
(1.9)
|
9.5
(2.5)
|
Adverse Events
| Time Frame | 12 months | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse Event Reporting Description | ||||||||
| Arm/Group Title | Diabetes Knowledge/Information Arm | Motivation/Behavioral Skills Arm | Combined Intervention Arm | Usual Care Arm | ||||
| Arm/Group Description | Subjects randomized to the diabetes knowledge/information arm will complete 12 diabetes education modules over a 12-week period. The educational materials were developed based on guidelines for diabetes education by the American Diabetes Association. The content is based on the principles of the Adult Learning Theory. The information is designed to be relevant, person centered, and presented in a non-threatening manner. The modules are designed to be delivered via telephone in 10-15 minutes, so that the maximum contact time per telephone call including introduction and closing would not exceed 30 minutes. Diabetes Knowledge/Information: This group will receive telephone-delivered diabetes knowledge/information lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks. | The motivation/behavioral skills intervention consists of patient activation (list of 5 questions to ask their provider at every visit and training on how to ask the questions), patient empowerment (diabetes responsibility contracts, personal goals, and flow charts for patients to record lab results/medications and training on how to use the empowerment tools), and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. The behavioral skills training will be focused on 4 behaviors - physical activity, diet, medication adherence, and glucose self-monitoring. Guided by subjects' current problem areas and preferences, subjects will be asked to choose 1 of 4 behaviors to focus on every 3 weeks (4 behaviors over 12 weeks). Motivation/Behavioral Skills: This intervention consists of patient activation, patient empowerment, and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. | The combined intervention group will receive weekly telephone-delivered diabetes knowledge/information, patient activation (list of 5 questions to ask their provider at every visit and training on how to ask the questions), patient empowerment (diabetes responsibility contracts, personal goals, and flow charts for patients to record lab results/medications and training on how to use the empowerment tools), and behavioral skills training delivered via telephone. The behavioral skills training will be focused on 4 behaviors and guided by subjects' current problem areas and preferences, subjects will be asked to choose 1 of 4 behaviors to focus on every 3 weeks. The combined intervention group telephone sessions will last for 30 minutes. Combined Intervention: This group will receive all components of the diabetes knowledge/information and the motivation/behavioral skills interventions via telephone lasting 30 minutes every week for 12 weeks. | The usual care group will receive weekly telephone-delivered general health education lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks to control for attention. Patients in the usual care group will continue to receive any usual diabetes education provided by the clinic staff; however, they will not receive targeted diabetes knowledge/information, activation, empowerment, or behavioral skills training. Usual Care: This group will receive telephone-delivered general health education lasting 30 minutes for 12 weeks to control for attention and content. | ||||
All Cause Mortality |
||||||||
| Diabetes Knowledge/Information Arm | Motivation/Behavioral Skills Arm | Combined Intervention Arm | Usual Care Arm | |||||
| Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | |
| Total | 0/63 (0%) | 0/65 (0%) | 0/63 (0%) | 0/64 (0%) | ||||
Serious Adverse Events |
||||||||
| Diabetes Knowledge/Information Arm | Motivation/Behavioral Skills Arm | Combined Intervention Arm | Usual Care Arm | |||||
| Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | |
| Total | 0/63 (0%) | 0/65 (0%) | 0/63 (0%) | 0/64 (0%) | ||||
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events |
||||||||
| Diabetes Knowledge/Information Arm | Motivation/Behavioral Skills Arm | Combined Intervention Arm | Usual Care Arm | |||||
| Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | |
| Total | 0/63 (0%) | 0/65 (0%) | 0/63 (0%) | 0/64 (0%) | ||||
Limitations/Caveats
More Information
Certain Agreements
All Principal Investigators ARE employed by the organization sponsoring the study.
There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.
Results Point of Contact
| Name/Title | Jennifer Campbell |
|---|---|
| Organization | Medical College of Wisconsin |
| Phone | 414-955-8829 |
| jacampbell@mcw.edu |
- DK81121
- R01DK081121
- R01DK081121-01A1
- HR18334