Screening for Lung Cancer in Older Patients (PLCO Screening Trial)
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
This clinical trial studies whether screening methods used to diagnose cancer of the prostate, lung, colon, rectum, or ovaries can reduce deaths from these cancers. Screening tests may help doctors find cancer cells early and plan better treatment for lung cancer.
Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
---|---|---|
|
N/A |
Detailed Description
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:
- To determine whether screening with chest x-ray can reduce mortality from lung cancer in women and men aged 55-74 at entry.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
-
To assess screening variables, other than mortality, for each of the interventions including sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value.
-
To assess the incidence, stage, and survival of cancer cases. III. To investigate the mortality predictive value of biologic and/or prognostic characterizations of tumor tissue as intermediate endpoints.
-
To conduct biomolecular and genetic research into factors associated with cancer carcinogenesis and promotion, as well as the early detection of these factors.
OUTLINE: Participants in the overall PLCO study are stratified by screening center, gender, and age (55-59 vs 60-64 vs 65-69 vs 70-74). Participants are randomized to 1 of 2 arms (control vs screening).
ARM I (Control): Participants receive standard medical care. Participants complete a Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ) at baseline.
ARM II (Lung Screening): Participants undergo a chest x-ray (one postero-anterior view) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. A scheduling and tracking procedure is implemented to ensure regular attendance at repeat screens for participants screened negative or for those who are designated suspicious or positive at screening but for whom subsequent diagnostic procedures do not reveal lung cancer (follow-up diagnostic procedures are through their own medical care environment). Participants diagnosed with lung cancer via a screening test are referred for treatment in accordance with current accepted practice for appropriate stage of disease, patient age, and medical condition; a procedure is provided for contact with qualified medical personnel to insure appropriate therapy.
Participants complete a Baseline Questionnaire (BQF/M) to assess smoking status. Participants complete a Dietary Questionnaire (DQX) at baseline and DHQ at year 3. An Annual Study Update (ADU) (previously referred to as the Periodic Survey of Health [PSH] questionnaire) is mailed to each participant annually for 13 years to identify all prevalent and incident lung cancers as all deaths that occur among both screened and control subjects during the trial.
After completion of screening, participants are followed up for at least 13 years.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
---|---|
No Intervention: Control Participants receive standard medical care. Participants complete a DHQ at baseline. |
|
Active Comparator: Lung Screening Participants undergo a chest x-ray (one postero-anterior view) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. Participants complete a BQF/M at baseline. Participants complete a DQX at baseline and DHQ at year 3. An ADU (previously referred to as the PSH questionnaire) is mailed to each participant annually for 13 years to identify all prevalent and incident lung cancers as all deaths that occur among both screened and control subjects during the trial. |
Other: Screening Questionnaire Administration
Undergo questionnaire assessments
Procedure: X-Ray Imaging
Undergo a chest x-ray
Other Names:
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Lung Cancer Deaths [Events through 13 years of follow-up or through December 31, 2009; median follow-up 11.9 years.]
Lung cancer deaths confirmed in participants by a death review committee if available, otherwise by death certificate.
- Lung Cancer Death Rates [Events through 13 years of follow-up or through December 31, 2009; median follow-up 11.9 years.]
Lung cancer deaths confirmed in participants by a death review committee if available, otherwise by death certificate. Rate is the number of deaths divided by person years of follow-up in the study.
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Deaths From All Causes [Events through 13 years of follow-up or through December 31, 2009; median follow-up 11.9 years.]
Deaths from all causes were compared between the lung screening arm and the usual care arm.
- Death Rates From All Causes [Events through 13 years of follow-up or through December 31, 2009; median follow-up 11.9 years.]
Deaths from all causes were compared between the lung screening arm and the usual care arm. Rate is the number of deaths divided by person years of follow-up in the study.
- Lung Cancer Incidence [Events through 13 years of follow-up or through December 31, 2009; median follow-up 11.9 years.]
Lung cancer diagnoses confirmed by medical record abstraction.
- Lung Cancer Incidence Rates [Events through 13 years of follow-up or through December 31, 2009; median follow-up 11.9 years.]
Lung cancer diagnoses confirmed by medical record abstraction. Incidence rate (cumulative) defined as lung cancer diagnoses divided by person years at risk for lung cancer.
- Complications of Diagnostic Evaluation Following a Positive Screening Test [One year from screening examination]
Number of positive screens with complications.
- T0 (Baseline) CXR Screening Results [T0 (at study entry)]
Postero-anterior view chest radiograph (CXR) result
- T1 CXR Screening Results [T1 (one year after entry)]
Postero-anterior view chest radiograph (CXR) result
- T2 CXR Screening Results [T2 (two years after entry)]
Postero-anterior view chest radiograph (CXR) result
- T3 CXR Screening Results [T3 (three years after entry)]
Postero-anterior view chest radiograph (CXR) result
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Exclusion Criteria:
-
Men and women who at the time of randomization are less than 55 or greater than or equal to 75 years of age
-
Individuals undergoing treatment for cancer at this time, excluding basal-cell and squamous-cell skin cancer
-
Individuals with known prior cancer of the colon, rectum, lung, prostate (men only) or ovary (women only)
-
This includes primary or metastatic PLCO cancers
-
Individuals with previous surgical removal of the entire colon, one lung, or the entire prostate (men only)
-
Until October 1996, women with previous surgical removal of both ovaries were excluded from the trial. In order to increase the enrollment of women into the trial, beginning in October 1996, these women were no longer excluded for this reason.
-
Individuals who are participating in another cancer screening or cancer primary prevention trial
-
Males who have taken Proscar/Propecia/finasteride in the past 6 months
-
NOTE: Individuals who are already enrolled in the trial when their physician prescribes finasteride are not prevented from taking this medication. As a result, these participants will continue to be screened and followed just as those participants who are not on finasteride.
-
NOTE: Men who are taking Tamoxifen are not excluded from any part of the PLCO Screening Trial.
-
Prior to April 1, 1999 women were excluded from the trial if they were currently taking or had taken Tamoxifen or Evista\Raloxifene in the past 6 months. As of April 1999 based on a decision from the PLCO Ovary Subcommittee, women who have or are currently taking Tamoxifen or Evista\Raloxifene are not excluded from participation.
-
Individuals who are unwilling or unable to sign the informed consent form
-
Males who have had more than one PSA blood test in the past three years
-
Individuals who have had a colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or barium enema in the past three years
Contacts and Locations
Locations
Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | National Institutes of Health Clinical Center | Bethesda | Maryland | United States | 20892 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Christine D Berg, National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
None provided.- NCI-2012-01756
- NCI-2012-01756
- CDR0000078532
- NCI-P93-0050
- PLCO-1
- PLCO-Lung
Study Results
Participant Flow
Recruitment Details | Participants were enrolled between November 1993 and July 2001 at 10 study centers. Recruitment was done for all four outcomes of the study (prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian). |
---|---|
Pre-assignment Detail | Participants signed a study informed consent prior to being randomized to a study arm. |
Arm/Group Title | Control | Lung Screening |
---|---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants receive standard medical care. | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (postero-anterior view chest radiograph) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. |
Period Title: Overall Study | ||
STARTED | 77456 | 77445 |
COMPLETED | 76255 | 70633 |
NOT COMPLETED | 1201 | 6812 |
Baseline Characteristics
Arm/Group Title | Control | Lung Screening | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants receive standard medical care. | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (one postero-anterior view) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. | Total of all reporting groups |
Overall Participants | 77456 | 77445 | 154901 |
Age (Count of Participants) | |||
<=18 years |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
Between 18 and 65 years |
49612
64.1%
|
49634
64.1%
|
99246
64.1%
|
>=65 years |
27844
35.9%
|
27811
35.9%
|
55655
35.9%
|
Age (years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ] | |||
Mean (Standard Deviation) [years] |
62.6
(5.4)
|
62.6
(5.4)
|
62.6
(5.4)
|
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants) | |||
Female |
39111
50.5%
|
39105
50.5%
|
78216
50.5%
|
Male |
38345
49.5%
|
38340
49.5%
|
76685
49.5%
|
Region of Enrollment (participants) [Number] | |||
United States |
77456
100%
|
77445
100%
|
154901
100%
|
Outcome Measures
Title | Lung Cancer Deaths |
---|---|
Description | Lung cancer deaths confirmed in participants by a death review committee if available, otherwise by death certificate. |
Time Frame | Events through 13 years of follow-up or through December 31, 2009; median follow-up 11.9 years. |
Outcome Measure Data
Analysis Population Description |
---|
All participants were analyzed. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. |
Arm/Group Title | Control | Lung Screening |
---|---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants receive standard medical care. | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (one postero-anterior view) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. |
Measure Participants | 77456 | 77445 |
Number [Participants] |
1230
1.6%
|
1213
1.6%
|
Statistical Analysis 1
Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Control, Lung Screening |
---|---|---|
Comments | ||
Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other (legacy) | |
Comments | ||
Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | |
Comments | ||
Method | ||
Comments | ||
Method of Estimation | Estimation Parameter | Hazard Ratio (HR) |
Estimated Value | 0.99 | |
Confidence Interval |
(2-Sided) 95% 0.91 to 1.07 |
|
Parameter Dispersion |
Type: Value: |
|
Estimation Comments |
Title | Deaths From All Causes |
---|---|
Description | Deaths from all causes were compared between the lung screening arm and the usual care arm. |
Time Frame | Events through 13 years of follow-up or through December 31, 2009; median follow-up 11.9 years. |
Outcome Measure Data
Analysis Population Description |
---|
All participants were analyzed. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. |
Arm/Group Title | Control | Lung Screening |
---|---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants receive standard medical care. | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (postero-anterior view chest radiograph) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. |
Measure Participants | 77456 | 77445 |
Number [Participants] |
11061
14.3%
|
10827
14%
|
Title | Death Rates From All Causes |
---|---|
Description | Deaths from all causes were compared between the lung screening arm and the usual care arm. Rate is the number of deaths divided by person years of follow-up in the study. |
Time Frame | Events through 13 years of follow-up or through December 31, 2009; median follow-up 11.9 years. |
Outcome Measure Data
Analysis Population Description |
---|
All participants were analyzed. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. |
Arm/Group Title | Control | Lung Screening |
---|---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants receive standard medical care. | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (one postero-anterior view) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. |
Measure Participants | 77456 | 77445 |
Number [Deaths per 10,000 PY] |
128.1
|
125.3
|
Statistical Analysis 1
Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Control, Lung Screening |
---|---|---|
Comments | ||
Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other (legacy) | |
Comments | ||
Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | |
Comments | ||
Method | ||
Comments | ||
Method of Estimation | Estimation Parameter | Hazard Ratio (HR) |
Estimated Value | 0.98 | |
Confidence Interval |
(2-Sided) 95% 0.95 to 1.00 |
|
Parameter Dispersion |
Type: Value: |
|
Estimation Comments |
Title | Lung Cancer Incidence |
---|---|
Description | Lung cancer diagnoses confirmed by medical record abstraction. |
Time Frame | Events through 13 years of follow-up or through December 31, 2009; median follow-up 11.9 years. |
Outcome Measure Data
Analysis Population Description |
---|
All participants were analyzed. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. |
Arm/Group Title | Control | Lung Screening |
---|---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants receive standard medical care. | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (postero-anterior view chest radiograph) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. |
Measure Participants | 77456 | 77445 |
Number [Participants] |
1620
2.1%
|
1696
2.2%
|
Title | Lung Cancer Incidence Rates |
---|---|
Description | Lung cancer diagnoses confirmed by medical record abstraction. Incidence rate (cumulative) defined as lung cancer diagnoses divided by person years at risk for lung cancer. |
Time Frame | Events through 13 years of follow-up or through December 31, 2009; median follow-up 11.9 years. |
Outcome Measure Data
Analysis Population Description |
---|
All participants were analyzed. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed. |
Arm/Group Title | Control | Lung Screening |
---|---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants receive standard medical care. | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (one postero-anterior view) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. |
Measure Participants | 77456 | 77445 |
Number [Diagnoses per 10,000 PY] |
19.2
|
20.1
|
Statistical Analysis 1
Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Control, Lung Screening |
---|---|---|
Comments | ||
Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other (legacy) | |
Comments | ||
Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | |
Comments | ||
Method | ||
Comments | ||
Method of Estimation | Estimation Parameter | Hazard Ratio (HR) |
Estimated Value | 1.05 | |
Confidence Interval |
(2-Sided) 95% 0.98 to 1.12 |
|
Parameter Dispersion |
Type: Value: |
|
Estimation Comments |
Title | Complications of Diagnostic Evaluation Following a Positive Screening Test |
---|---|
Description | Number of positive screens with complications. |
Time Frame | One year from screening examination |
Outcome Measure Data
Analysis Population Description |
---|
The units analyzed were positive screening exams with documented diagnostic follow-up. If a participant received 3 positive screens with documented follow-up after each one, he would be counted 3 times in the number of units analyzed. |
Arm/Group Title | Lung Screening |
---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (one postero-anterior view) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. |
Measure Participants | 12889 |
Measure Positive Screens with Follow-up | 17475 |
When DE Led to Lung Cancer Diagnosis |
173
|
When DE Did Not Lead to Lung Cancer Diagnosis |
72
|
Title | T0 (Baseline) CXR Screening Results |
---|---|
Description | Postero-anterior view chest radiograph (CXR) result |
Time Frame | T0 (at study entry) |
Outcome Measure Data
Analysis Population Description |
---|
All participants in the Lung Screening arm who had a CXR screen at T0 were analyzed. |
Arm/Group Title | Lung Screening |
---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (one postero-anterior view) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. |
Measure Participants | 67037 |
Negative |
61009
78.8%
|
Positive |
5965
7.7%
|
Inadequate screen |
63
0.1%
|
Title | T1 CXR Screening Results |
---|---|
Description | Postero-anterior view chest radiograph (CXR) result |
Time Frame | T1 (one year after entry) |
Outcome Measure Data
Analysis Population Description |
---|
All participants in the Lung Screening arm who had a CXR screen at T1 were analyzed. |
Arm/Group Title | Lung Screening |
---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (one postero-anterior view) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. |
Measure Participants | 64706 |
Negative |
60015
77.5%
|
Positive |
4614
6%
|
Inadequate screen |
77
0.1%
|
Title | Lung Cancer Death Rates |
---|---|
Description | Lung cancer deaths confirmed in participants by a death review committee if available, otherwise by death certificate. Rate is the number of deaths divided by person years of follow-up in the study. |
Time Frame | Events through 13 years of follow-up or through December 31, 2009; median follow-up 11.9 years. |
Outcome Measure Data
Analysis Population Description |
---|
[Not Specified] |
Arm/Group Title | Control | Lung Screening |
---|---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants receive standard medical care. | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (postero-anterior view chest radiograph) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. |
Measure Participants | 77456 | 77445 |
Number [Deaths per 10,000 PY] |
14.2
|
14.0
|
Statistical Analysis 1
Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Control, Lung Screening |
---|---|---|
Comments | ||
Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other (legacy) | |
Comments | ||
Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | |
Comments | ||
Method | ||
Comments | ||
Method of Estimation | Estimation Parameter | Hazard Ratio (HR) |
Estimated Value | 0.99 | |
Confidence Interval |
(2-Sided) 95% 0.91 to 1.07 |
|
Parameter Dispersion |
Type: Value: |
|
Estimation Comments |
Title | T2 CXR Screening Results |
---|---|
Description | Postero-anterior view chest radiograph (CXR) result |
Time Frame | T2 (two years after entry) |
Outcome Measure Data
Analysis Population Description |
---|
All participants in the Lung Screening arm who had a CXR screen at T2 were analyzed. |
Arm/Group Title | Lung Screening |
---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (one postero-anterior view) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. |
Measure Participants | 63305 |
Negative |
59080
76.3%
|
Positive |
4157
5.4%
|
Inadequate screen |
68
0.1%
|
Title | T3 CXR Screening Results |
---|---|
Description | Postero-anterior view chest radiograph (CXR) result |
Time Frame | T3 (three years after entry) |
Outcome Measure Data
Analysis Population Description |
---|
All participants in the Lung Screening arm who had a CXR screen at T3 were analyzed. |
Arm/Group Title | Lung Screening |
---|---|
Arm/Group Description | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (one postero-anterior view) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. |
Measure Participants | 41403 |
Negative |
38450
49.6%
|
Positive |
2908
3.8%
|
Inadequate screen |
45
0.1%
|
Adverse Events
Time Frame | During each annual screening visit. | |
---|---|---|
Adverse Event Reporting Description | These events are solely those prompted by the screening examination. | |
Arm/Group Title | Lung Screening | |
Arm/Group Description | Participants undergo a chest x-ray (one postero-anterior view) at baseline and annually for 2 years. Participants classified as "smokers" undergo an additional chest x-ray at year 3. | |
All Cause Mortality |
||
Lung Screening | ||
Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | |
Total | / (NaN) | |
Serious Adverse Events |
||
Lung Screening | ||
Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | |
Total | 0/77445 (0%) | |
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events |
||
Lung Screening | ||
Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | |
Total | 0/77445 (0%) |
Limitations/Caveats
More Information
Certain Agreements
Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.
The only disclosure restriction on the PI is that the sponsor can review results communications prior to public release and can embargo communications regarding trial results for a period that is less than or equal to 60 days. The sponsor cannot require changes to the communication and cannot extend the embargo.
Results Point of Contact
Name/Title | Paul F. Pinsky, Ph.D. |
---|---|
Organization | Early Detection Research Group, NCI, NIH |
Phone | 301-496-8544 |
pinskyp@mail.nih.gov |
- NCI-2012-01756
- NCI-2012-01756
- CDR0000078532
- NCI-P93-0050
- PLCO-1
- PLCO-Lung