Automatic Self Transcending Meditation Versus Treatment as Usual

Sponsor
Lawson Health Research Institute (Other)
Overall Status
Completed
CT.gov ID
NCT02149810
Collaborator
University of Western Ontario, Canada (Other)
95
1
2
32.1
3

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

Depression is a leading contributor to global burden of disease. Antidepressants do not provide adequate response for many patients. Mind-body therapies are often safe, increasingly embraced by patients, however good quality clinical trial data is limited. The PI has shown that there is autonomic instability in patients with late life depression (LLD). Through his team of across discipline researchers he will investigate benefits of one adjunctive mind-body intervention, automatic self transcending meditation on autonomic instability in LLD and depressive symptoms compared to treatment as usual. If results are positive, such an intervention could be used for management of LLD across all levels of care.

WHAT IS THE INNOVATION AND MAIN QUESTION/HYPOTHESIS UNDERLYING THIS PROPOSAL? The main study objectives are to assess heart rate variability (HRV), other autonomic parameters and depression scores in patients with late life depression undergoing an innovative mind-body therapy 'automatic self-transcending meditation' (ASTM) not previously evaluated in a randomized controlled manner in the treatment of late life depression.

It is expected that adding ASTM to TAU will be better than TAU in improving HRV, depression severity and other autonomic parameters in the treatment of LLD. It is expected that this intervention will produce significant anxiolytic and enhanced quality of life outcomes and will have no major side effects. If the results of this study are positive, it is possible that this intervention could be considered as treatment option for the management of this disabling illness in primary, secondary and tertiary care. Such treatment option would be more cost and staff effective, and self empowering than the current standard of care. It could also provide treatment options for patients who are currently resistant to their antidepressants.

Condition or Disease Intervention/Treatment Phase
  • Behavioral: Automatic Self Transcending Meditation
N/A

Detailed Description

Late life depression and cardiovascular autonomic function:

Major depressive disorder in the elderly (in those >60 years of age), also known as late life depression (LLD), is common, disabling and associated with a high mortality rate caused by suicide as well as cardiovascular events compelling appropriate treatment. Research shows that in a naturalistic setting response rate to at least one antidepressant trial of adequate dose and duration alone is around 30-40% thereby necessitating usage of additional interventions. Such therapies include psychological therapies, and, recently, various forms of treatments loosely defined as mind-body therapies such as biofeedback, energy healing, meditation, guided imagery, and yoga. Mind-body therapies are being increasingly embraced by patients as they have negligible side effects, are easy to administer and display beneficial effects on the quality of life as well as comorbid anxiety. There is increasing research on the mechanisms and benefits of such therapies, however, good quality trial data is scant. It is well established that antidepressants work by mostly modifying neurotransmitter levels in the brain. On the other hand, some mind-body therapies target multiple organ systems and hence could offer neurobiological advantages as depression is now recognised as a multi-system disorder. This is particularly relevant to the LLD population where there is increased prevalence of comorbid cardiovascular disorders. Hence, some mind body therapies when offered in combination with antidepressants might have a beneficial effect on both depression and the cardiovascular system.

One of the ways of assessing the cardiovascular system is through measurement of various autonomic parameters i.e. heart rate, blood pressure and heart rate variability. The most commonly reported is heart rate variability (HRV) which is a manifestation of the interplay of the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system on a beat-by-beat basis. One of the ways of its estimation is by calculating the elapsed time between two consecutive waves, called R waves, on a person's electrocardiogram (ECG). A consistent finding has been that there is reduced HRV in people who have suffered a myocardial infarction (MI), and this phenomena is a predictor of subsequent cardiac arrhythmia and even death. In addition, through previous work the PI has found that in LLD there are significant cardiovascular autonomic disturbances compared to age matched controls after controlling for various risk factors. Other studies conducted in depression across the human life span have found similar results. Hence, if there is a mind-body treatment that specifically targets autonomic dysfunction and has a positive benefit on depressive symptoms, it would be valuable to asses. The investigators would like to investigate such a therapy which has been selected based on previous reports of beneficial effects but has not been evaluated in a randomised controlled trial of LLD patients.

Automatic self-transcending meditation (ASTM):

ASTM is a class of meditation that helps quiet the mind and induces physiological and mental relaxation whilst the eyes are shut. It utilizes a specific sound value (mantra) to draw attention inward and permit the mind to experience a restful but alert state of consciousness. Research suggests that ASTM is easier to learn and to teach in comparison to other meditation techniques including mindfulness. Studies of adult and elderly ASTM practitioners have documented reductions in depressive symptoms, as well as improvements in cardiovascular function among elderly with and without cardiovascular disease. A study of adults with CVD further demonstrated improvements in HRV. Research further suggests ASTM may be particularly well suited to elderly populations. In a randomized controlled trial of elderly retirement home residents which evaluated ASTM with two other meditative techniques and treatment as usual, ASTM produced significantly greater improvements in cognitive function, cardiovascular function and quality of life than all other treatment conditions. A subsequent meta-analysis of all-cause mortality rates among hypertensive elderly who had participated in stress reduction interventions found that ASTM practitioners had a 30% lower cardiovascular mortality rate than four other meditative or relaxation interventions.

The investigators predict that ASTM augmentation is an effective intervention that ameliorates the autonomic disturbance associated with LLD, and possibly has beneficial effects on depressive symptoms as compared to a control treatment as usual (TAU) group.

Primary hypothesis: The investigators hypothesise that in patients with LLD, ASTM+TAU will lead to a significant increase in HRV from baseline to end of study period as compared to TAU.

Secondary hypotheses: The investigators hypothesise that ASTM+TAU will cause a) significant fall in depression scores b) significant improvement in other autonomic parameters including heart rate and blood pressure changes in presence of a physiological stress test (hand grip)

  1. significant improvement in depression related symptom pathologies including impaired quality of life and anxiety; compared to TAU.
Study Design:

This study is a single-centre, single blind longitudinal randomized controlled naturalistic trial. Research participants will be 96 men and women (48 in each group), 60-85 years of age, who have mild to moderate major depressive disorder (MDD). Participants will be recruited from primary, secondary and tertiary care centres in London, Ontario.

Study recruitment:

It is expected that the study will recruit from primary secondary and tertiary care practices in London identified by the investigators at a rate of at least 2 participants per week over a period of 76 weeks allowing attainment of a sample size of n=96. Advertisements about the study will be placed at key areas around the city including various community centres and libraries.

Usual standard of care at the trial site:

The standard of care for patients with late life depression involves starting them on an appropriate antidepressant from various classes such as SSRIs, (fluoxetine, fluoxamine, paroxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, paroxetine), or NaSSA (mirtazapine) or Bupropion. Patients are also prescribed additional anxiolytic medications like benzodiazepines and trazodone if deemed necessary. Participants will be initiated and maintained on appropriate dosages of such medications as part of standard of care. The psychiatrist and/or his multidisciplinary team members might offer supportive therapy as part of standard of care.

Screening and initial assessments:

Potential participants will be screened as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Upon selection, the following scales will be administered: interview for comorbid medical conditions (Cumulative illness rating scale- Geriatrics, CIRS-G), a screening cognitive examination (Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)), depression severity assessment (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score (HRSD 17 items), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), self rated Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)), anxiety (Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI)), side effects (Toronto Side Effects Scale, (TSES)), Quality of Life (QOL profile seniors version (QOLPS), physical activity assessment (Physical activity scale of the elderly, PASE questionnaire).

Randomization:

Participants will be randomized to either ASTM+TAU or TAU equally (1:1) using computer generated randomisation numbers available at random.org. Concealment of randomisation will be ensured by independent staff performing randomisation.

Medication adherence follow-up:

All medication types will be permitted in this study. Any dosage modifications will be recorded.

Measurement of outcomes:

PRIMARY (HEART RATE VARIABILITY): Participants from both arms will be asked to report to the Laboratory for Brain and Heart Health at Western University Campus. Participants in both study arms will be requested to attend appointments at weeks 0 and 12 while participants in the ASTM arm will be requested to attend an additional assessment at 24 weeks.

  1. Heart rate will be monitored using an electrocardiogram (ECG) with three adhesive leads.

  2. Blood pressure will be measured using a small cuff placed on a finger (Finometer) or using a wrist cuff device (Colin Pilot). These continuous measures of blood pressure will be confirmed against values obtained periodically by an automated sphygmomanometer (Dinamap).

  3. Electrocardiogram: A standard electrocardiogram will be collected via small surface electrodes on the chest to determine heart rate.

  4. A bellows placed around the chest will provide information on respiratory excursions.

SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES:

Depression and comorbid symptoms will be assessed by a blinded rater on various scales at study visit days (week 0, 4, 8, and 12 for all participants and ASTM participants will attend an additional assessment at week 24). These scales are the rater assessed (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score (HRSD 17 items)) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). Self rated scales include the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)), anxiety (Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI)), Physical activity (PASE), adverse events (TSES) and quality of life (QOLPS).

Statistical analysis plan:

The main outcome of interest, HRV, will be calculated by standard deviation of all R-R intervals (SDNN) on ECG, root-mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and number of R-R intervals differing by >50 m sec from adjacent intervals (NN50) in time domain analysis.

Analyses will be conducted on a PC running SAS v9.4 (SAS Institute Inc. Cary, USA) on a Windows 7 Platform. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the intervention (SSM) and control (TAU) condition will be compared by independent samples t-tests and χ2 or Fisher's exact test for continuous and categorical data, respectively. Linear mixed models (described below), controlling for baseline score, will be used to compare the SSM and TAU groups' change score from baseline to 12-week follow-up on SDNN and LF HRV (primary outcome) and depression severity (HRSD-17) (secondary outcome). Other exploratory outcomes will be evaluated in a similar way. Linear mixed models will also be used to compare the percent change in HRSD-17 scores, whereas generalised linear models will be used to compare the proportion of patients who responded to the intervention (≥50% decrease from baseline on the HRSD, defined a priori) and the proportion of patients who achieved remission (scores ≤7 on the HRSD-17, defined a priori) at the end of intervention (week 12). Linear mixed models with variance components covariance structure will be used in comparing HRSD-17 scores between groups (SSM and TAU), time (week 0, 4, 8 and 12) and group × time interaction. All HRV-related measures will be natural log-transformed. Cohen's d will be calculated by dividing the mean difference in change scores between the two groups by the s.d. of the control groups' change score. Following established guidelines, the linear mixed models will account for the partially nested design, which allows clustering in the intervention group (because of participants experiencing a group-based intervention, added as a random effect) and no clustering in the control group. Using this method, different hierarchical structures can be fit for the two groups. PROC MIXED will be used for continuous outcome variables, and PROC GLIMMIX will be used for binary outcome variables. Restricted maximum likelihood estimates will be used and the d.f. adjusted with the Satterthwaite method. Residual and influence diagnostics will be checked to confirm if the models fit the data well. The level of statistical significance will be set at α = 0.05. Complete-case analysis will be used.

Interim analysis may be completed in order to meet one or more of these conditions a) funder reporting requirements and/or b) research training requirements of students and/or c) data safety monitoring for stop or continue decisions.

Study Design

Study Type:
Interventional
Actual Enrollment :
95 participants
Allocation:
Randomized
Intervention Model:
Parallel Assignment
Masking:
Single (Outcomes Assessor)
Primary Purpose:
Treatment
Official Title:
Automatic Self-transcending Meditation (ASTM) Therapy Versus Treatment as Usual (TAU) in Late Life Depression: Implications for Cardiovascular Health and Cross-fertilization Across Different Levels of Care.
Study Start Date :
May 1, 2014
Actual Primary Completion Date :
Jan 1, 2017
Actual Study Completion Date :
Jan 1, 2017

Arms and Interventions

Arm Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual

Participants in the ASTM group will undergo ASTM training in groups of four .This involves participating in four, 90-120 minutes sessions each of four consecutive days. This will be followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants will be asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants will be asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them.

Behavioral: Automatic Self Transcending Meditation
as above
Other Names:
  • ASTM
  • No Intervention: Treatment as Usual

    Participants randomized to control arm (TAU) will continue to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy

    Outcome Measures

    Primary Outcome Measures

    1. Change in Heart Rate Variability (SDNN) From Baseline to End of Study [Baseline and week 12]

      autonomic measure of heart rate variability was assessed at baseline as well as at end of intervention (week 12).

    2. Change in Heart Rate Variability (Low Frequency HRV) From Baseline to End of Study [Baseline and week 12]

      autonomic measure of heart rate variability was assessed at baseline as well as at end of intervention (week 12).

    Secondary Outcome Measures

    1. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 17 Item [Baseline and at week 12.]

      Change in Hamilton 17 (HDSR-17) item depression rating scale from baseline to week 12. Minimum value is 0, maximum value is 52; lower values indicate better outcomes.

    2. Geriatric Anxiety Inventory [Baseline and week 12.]

      Change in geriatric anxiety inventory (GAI). Scores range from 0 to 20 with lower scores indicating a better outcome.

    3. Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly [Baseline and week 12]

      Change in physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE). Scores range from 0 to 400 or more, with higher scores indicating a better outcome.

    4. Quality of Life Profile: Seniors Version (Brief) [Baseline and week 12.]

      Change in quality of life profile seniors version (QOLPS) scale. Scores range from 0 to 90 with higher scored indicating a better outcome.

    5. Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement Scale [Week 0 and week 12.]

      Change in Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement Scale (CGI-I). Scores range from 0 to 7 with lower values indicating a better outcome.

    6. Toronto Side Effects Scale [Week 0 and week 12.]

      Change in the Toronto Side Effects Scale (TSES). Scores Range from 31 to 775 or higher with lower scored indicating a better outcome.

    Eligibility Criteria

    Criteria

    Ages Eligible for Study:
    60 Years to 85 Years
    Sexes Eligible for Study:
    All
    Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
    No
    Inclusion Criteria:
    1. Of either gender, between the age range of 60-85 years.

    2. Have an Axis 1 diagnosis of mild to moderate major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder with HAMD-21 score of 8 to 22.

    3. Consuming single agent or combination antidepressant therapy at therapeutic doses for a minimum of four weeks.

    4. Of good general physical health with no severe cardiovascular disease in the past 12 months, no past history of neurological disease or seizures or history of diabetic neuropathy.

    5. Sufficient hearing to be able to follow verbal instructions and able to sit without physical discomfort for 45 minutes.

    6. Willing and able to attend 4 initial ASTM training sessions and 75% of weekly follow up sessions.

    Exclusion Criteria:
    1. Participating in other similar studies.

    2. Other significant mental health diagnosis (including Dementia, Substance dependence, Post traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, Obsessive compulsive disorder, dissociative disorder, neurocognitive disorder and Personality disorder)

    3. High risk of suicide as elicited by clinical interview.

    4. Psychotic episodes within the past 12 months.

    5. Recent (within the past 6 months) head trauma that required emergency care

    6. Currently practicing any type of formal meditation, mindfulness or breathing techniques. 7. patients with severe cardiovascular disease in the past 12 months (myocardial infarction, stroke or TIA) as well as history of neurological disease (including Parkinson's Disease) or seizures

    Contacts and Locations

    Locations

    Site City State Country Postal Code
    1 London Health Sciences Centre London Ontario Canada N6A 5W9

    Sponsors and Collaborators

    • Lawson Health Research Institute
    • University of Western Ontario, Canada

    Investigators

    • Principal Investigator: akshya vasudev, MD, MRCPsych, Western University

    Study Documents (Full-Text)

    More Information

    Publications

    None provided.
    Responsible Party:
    Akshya Vasudev, Principal Investigator, Lawson Health Research Institute
    ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
    NCT02149810
    Other Study ID Numbers:
    • HSREB
    First Posted:
    May 29, 2014
    Last Update Posted:
    Oct 5, 2021
    Last Verified:
    Sep 1, 2021
    Keywords provided by Akshya Vasudev, Principal Investigator, Lawson Health Research Institute
    Additional relevant MeSH terms:

    Study Results

    Participant Flow

    Recruitment Details The recruitment strategy consisted of advertisements placed in community centers and libraries in London (Ontario, Canada)and surrounding areas, with the headline 'A Meditation Study for Seniors looking for Relief from Feeling Low and Depressed'. We screened 270 potential participants from June 2014 to August 2016, through physician referrals and recruitment posters. Of these, 95 met the study criteria and were enrolled and randomized.
    Pre-assignment Detail
    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each on four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
    Period Title: Overall Study
    STARTED 48 47
    Baseline 47 44
    Week 4 43 42
    Week 8 40 43
    Week 12 40 43
    Week 24 31 0
    COMPLETED 40 43
    NOT COMPLETED 8 4

    Baseline Characteristics

    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual Total
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minutes sessions each of four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy Total of all reporting groups
    Overall Participants 40 43 83
    Age (years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
    Mean (Standard Deviation) [years]
    69.45
    (5.80)
    68.30
    (6.50)
    68.88
    (6.15)
    Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
    Female
    24
    60%
    33
    76.7%
    57
    68.7%
    Male
    16
    40%
    10
    23.3%
    26
    31.3%
    Race/Ethnicity, Customized (Count of Participants)
    Caucasian
    27
    67.5%
    34
    79.1%
    61
    73.5%
    Non-caucasian
    13
    32.5%
    9
    20.9%
    22
    26.5%
    BMI (kg/m^2) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
    Mean (Standard Deviation) [kg/m^2]
    28.97
    (5.00)
    30.81
    (7.00)
    29.89
    (6.00)
    Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) (units on a scale) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
    Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]
    28.55
    (1.70)
    29.00
    (1.40)
    28.78
    (1.55)
    Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G) (units on a scale) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
    Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]
    9.46
    (3.80)
    8.53
    (3.70)
    9.00
    (3.75)
    Late onset of Major Depressive Episode (Count of Participants)
    Count of Participants [Participants]
    23.00
    57.5%
    25
    58.1%
    48
    57.8%
    Two or More Major Depressive Episodes (Count of Participants)
    Count of Participants [Participants]
    25
    62.5%
    26
    60.5%
    51
    61.4%
    Smoker (Count of Participants)
    Count of Participants [Participants]
    4
    10%
    6
    14%
    10
    12%
    Taking antidepressant medications (Count of Participants)
    Count of Participants [Participants]
    30
    75%
    26
    60.5%
    56
    67.5%
    Greater than 1 alcohol drink per week (Count of Participants)
    Count of Participants [Participants]
    12
    30%
    14
    32.6%
    26
    31.3%
    Greater than 1 alcohol drink per week (Count of Participants)
    Count of Participants [Participants]
    12
    30%
    14
    32.6%
    26
    31.3%
    Taking two or more antidepressant medications (Count of Participants)
    Count of Participants [Participants]
    15
    37.5%
    15
    34.9%
    30
    36.1%

    Outcome Measures

    1. Primary Outcome
    Title Change in Heart Rate Variability (SDNN) From Baseline to End of Study
    Description autonomic measure of heart rate variability was assessed at baseline as well as at end of intervention (week 12).
    Time Frame Baseline and week 12

    Outcome Measure Data

    Analysis Population Description
    Four participants were missing data for autonomic measures.
    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each on four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
    Measure Participants 37 42
    Mean (95% Confidence Interval) [S.D. of the normalized N-N interval]
    -0.006
    -0.116
    Statistical Analysis 1
    Statistical Analysis Overview Comparison Group Selection Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual
    Comments The primary focus of this study was the interaction effect of treatment on heart rate variability at Weeks 0 and 12. On the assumption that this effect size is medium (Cohen's f = .25), calculations (using G*Power) 23 indicate that a sample size of 80 yield power estimates of .99 for both the interaction and the main effect of time. The study enrolled 95 participants to account for participant attrition.
    Type of Statistical Test Superiority
    Comments
    Statistical Test of Hypothesis p-Value 0.28
    Comments The a priori threshold for statistical significance was p = 0.05.
    Method Mixed Models Analysis
    Comments Linear mixed models, controlling for baseline score, were used to compare the SSM and TAU groups' change score from baseline to 12-week on SDNN.
    Method of Estimation Estimation Parameter Mean Difference (Net)
    Estimated Value 0.109
    Confidence Interval (2-Sided) 95%
    -0.09 to 0.31
    Parameter Dispersion Type:
    Value:
    Estimation Comments
    2. Primary Outcome
    Title Change in Heart Rate Variability (Low Frequency HRV) From Baseline to End of Study
    Description autonomic measure of heart rate variability was assessed at baseline as well as at end of intervention (week 12).
    Time Frame Baseline and week 12

    Outcome Measure Data

    Analysis Population Description
    Four participants were missing data for autonomic measures.
    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each on four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
    Measure Participants 37 42
    Mean (95% Confidence Interval) [msec^2]
    0.017
    -0.017
    Statistical Analysis 1
    Statistical Analysis Overview Comparison Group Selection Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual
    Comments
    Type of Statistical Test Superiority
    Comments
    Statistical Test of Hypothesis p-Value 0.89
    Comments The a priori threshold for statistical significance was set at p = 0.05.
    Method Mixed Models Analysis
    Comments Linear mixed models, controlling for baseline score, were used to compare the SSM and TAU groups' change score from baseline to 12-week on LF HRV.
    Method of Estimation Estimation Parameter Mean Difference (Net)
    Estimated Value 0.034
    Confidence Interval (2-Sided) 95%
    -0.44 to 0.51
    Parameter Dispersion Type:
    Value:
    Estimation Comments
    3. Secondary Outcome
    Title Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 17 Item
    Description Change in Hamilton 17 (HDSR-17) item depression rating scale from baseline to week 12. Minimum value is 0, maximum value is 52; lower values indicate better outcomes.
    Time Frame Baseline and at week 12.

    Outcome Measure Data

    Analysis Population Description
    [Not Specified]
    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each on four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
    Measure Participants 40 43
    Mean (95% Confidence Interval) [units on a scale]
    -3.96
    -1.30
    Statistical Analysis 1
    Statistical Analysis Overview Comparison Group Selection Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual
    Comments
    Type of Statistical Test Superiority
    Comments
    Statistical Test of Hypothesis p-Value 0.030
    Comments The a priori threshold for statistical significance was set at p = 0.05.
    Method Mixed Models Analysis
    Comments
    Method of Estimation Estimation Parameter Mean Difference (Net)
    Estimated Value -2.66
    Confidence Interval (2-Sided) 95%
    -5.05 to -0.26
    Parameter Dispersion Type:
    Value:
    Estimation Comments
    4. Secondary Outcome
    Title Geriatric Anxiety Inventory
    Description Change in geriatric anxiety inventory (GAI). Scores range from 0 to 20 with lower scores indicating a better outcome.
    Time Frame Baseline and week 12.

    Outcome Measure Data

    Analysis Population Description
    [Not Specified]
    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each on four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
    Measure Participants 40 43
    Mean (95% Confidence Interval) [units on a scale]
    -3.71
    -1.34
    Statistical Analysis 1
    Statistical Analysis Overview Comparison Group Selection Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual
    Comments
    Type of Statistical Test Superiority
    Comments
    Statistical Test of Hypothesis p-Value 0.021
    Comments The a priori threshold for statistical significance was set at p = 0.05.
    Method Mixed Models Analysis
    Comments
    Method of Estimation Estimation Parameter Mean Difference (Net)
    Estimated Value -2.37
    Confidence Interval (2-Sided) 95%
    -4.37 to -0.36
    Parameter Dispersion Type:
    Value:
    Estimation Comments
    5. Secondary Outcome
    Title Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly
    Description Change in physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE). Scores range from 0 to 400 or more, with higher scores indicating a better outcome.
    Time Frame Baseline and week 12

    Outcome Measure Data

    Analysis Population Description
    [Not Specified]
    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each on four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
    Measure Participants 40 43
    Mean (95% Confidence Interval) [units on a scale]
    3.32
    -7.68
    Statistical Analysis 1
    Statistical Analysis Overview Comparison Group Selection Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual
    Comments
    Type of Statistical Test Superiority
    Comments
    Statistical Test of Hypothesis p-Value 0.22
    Comments The a priori threshold for statistical significance was set at p = 0.05.
    Method Mixed Models Analysis
    Comments
    Method of Estimation Estimation Parameter Mean Difference (Net)
    Estimated Value 11.00
    Confidence Interval (2-Sided) 95%
    -7.01 to 29.01
    Parameter Dispersion Type:
    Value:
    Estimation Comments
    6. Secondary Outcome
    Title Quality of Life Profile: Seniors Version (Brief)
    Description Change in quality of life profile seniors version (QOLPS) scale. Scores range from 0 to 90 with higher scored indicating a better outcome.
    Time Frame Baseline and week 12.

    Outcome Measure Data

    Analysis Population Description
    [Not Specified]
    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each on four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
    Measure Participants 40 43
    Mean (95% Confidence Interval) [units on a scale]
    10.23
    8.31
    Statistical Analysis 1
    Statistical Analysis Overview Comparison Group Selection Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual
    Comments
    Type of Statistical Test Superiority
    Comments
    Statistical Test of Hypothesis p-Value 0.72
    Comments The a priori threshold for statistical significance was set at p = 0.05.
    Method Mixed Models Analysis
    Comments
    Method of Estimation Estimation Parameter Mean Difference (Net)
    Estimated Value 1.91
    Confidence Interval (2-Sided) 95%
    -8.54 to 12.37
    Parameter Dispersion Type:
    Value:
    Estimation Comments
    7. Secondary Outcome
    Title Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement Scale
    Description Change in Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement Scale (CGI-I). Scores range from 0 to 7 with lower values indicating a better outcome.
    Time Frame Week 0 and week 12.

    Outcome Measure Data

    Analysis Population Description
    [Not Specified]
    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each on four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
    Measure Participants 40 43
    Mean (95% Confidence Interval) [units on a scale]
    2.85
    3.65
    Statistical Analysis 1
    Statistical Analysis Overview Comparison Group Selection Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual
    Comments
    Type of Statistical Test Superiority
    Comments
    Statistical Test of Hypothesis p-Value 0.018
    Comments The a priori threshold for statistical significance was set at p = 0.05.
    Method Mixed Models Analysis
    Comments
    Method of Estimation Estimation Parameter Mean Difference (Net)
    Estimated Value -0.80
    Confidence Interval (2-Sided) 95%
    -1.46 to -0.15
    Parameter Dispersion Type:
    Value:
    Estimation Comments
    8. Secondary Outcome
    Title Toronto Side Effects Scale
    Description Change in the Toronto Side Effects Scale (TSES). Scores Range from 31 to 775 or higher with lower scored indicating a better outcome.
    Time Frame Week 0 and week 12.

    Outcome Measure Data

    Analysis Population Description
    [Not Specified]
    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each on four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
    Measure Participants 40 43
    Mean (95% Confidence Interval) [units on a scale]
    -14.75
    -14.62
    Statistical Analysis 1
    Statistical Analysis Overview Comparison Group Selection Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual
    Comments
    Type of Statistical Test Superiority
    Comments
    Statistical Test of Hypothesis p-Value 0.99
    Comments The a priori threshold for statistical significance was set at p = 0.05.
    Method Mixed Models Analysis
    Comments
    Method of Estimation Estimation Parameter Mean Difference (Net)
    Estimated Value -0.14
    Confidence Interval (2-Sided) 95%
    -21.94 to 21.66
    Parameter Dispersion Type:
    Value:
    Estimation Comments
    9. Post-Hoc Outcome
    Title Percentage of Participants Achieving a Response Criterion Set at ≥50% Decrease From Baseline, on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 17 Item (HDRS 17)
    Description The percentage of participants achieving a significant response to the study intervention. Response was defined as a decrease in score of 50% or more on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 17 item (HDRS 17) from week 0 to week 12.
    Time Frame Week 0 and week 12

    Outcome Measure Data

    Analysis Population Description
    [Not Specified]
    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each on four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
    Measure Participants 40 43
    Number [% of participants achieving response]
    30.0
    75%
    11.6
    27%
    Statistical Analysis 1
    Statistical Analysis Overview Comparison Group Selection Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual
    Comments Generalised linear models were used to compare the proportion of participants who responded to the intervention (≥50% decrease from baseline on the HRSD, defined a priori) at the end of intervention (week 12).
    Type of Statistical Test Superiority
    Comments
    Statistical Test of Hypothesis p-Value 0.049
    Comments The a priori threshold for statistical significance was set at p = 0.05.
    Method Regression, Linear
    Comments
    Method of Estimation Estimation Parameter Odds Ratio (OR)
    Estimated Value 3.26
    Confidence Interval (2-Sided) 95%
    1.01 to 10.53
    Parameter Dispersion Type:
    Value:
    Estimation Comments
    10. Post-Hoc Outcome
    Title Percentage of Participants Achieving Remission on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 17 Item (HDRS-17)
    Description The percentage of participants achieving remission, defined as a participant achieving a HDRS-17 score less than or equal to 7 at week 12 follow up.
    Time Frame Week 12

    Outcome Measure Data

    Analysis Population Description
    [Not Specified]
    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each on four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
    Measure Participants 40 43
    Number [% of participants achieving remission]
    40.0
    100%
    16.3
    37.9%
    Statistical Analysis 1
    Statistical Analysis Overview Comparison Group Selection Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual
    Comments Generalised linear models were used to compare the proportion of the proportion of participants who achieved remission (scores ≤7 on the HRSD, defined a priori) at the end of intervention (week 12).
    Type of Statistical Test Superiority
    Comments
    Statistical Test of Hypothesis p-Value 0.040
    Comments The a priori threshold for statistical significance was set at p = 0.05.
    Method Regression, Linear
    Comments
    Method of Estimation Estimation Parameter Odds Ratio (OR)
    Estimated Value 3.36
    Confidence Interval (2-Sided) 95%
    1.06 to 10.64
    Parameter Dispersion Type:
    Value:
    Estimation Comments

    Adverse Events

    Time Frame
    Adverse Event Reporting Description
    Arm/Group Title Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Arm/Group Description Participants in the ASTM group underwent ASTM training in groups of four or more. This involved participating in four, 90-120 minute sessions each on four consecutive days. This was followed by once weekly 45-60 minute follow up sessions for 12 weeks. In addition participants were asked to practice ASTM at home for 20 minutes twice daily over the study period (24 weeks). Participants were asked to log practice frequency and any other noteworthy observations in the log sheet provided to them. Participants randomized to the control arm (TAU) continued to receive their treatment as usual including antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
    All Cause Mortality
    Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Affected / at Risk (%) # Events Affected / at Risk (%) # Events
    Total 0/40 (0%) 0/43 (0%)
    Serious Adverse Events
    Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Affected / at Risk (%) # Events Affected / at Risk (%) # Events
    Total 0/40 (0%) 0/43 (0%)
    Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
    Automatic Self Transcending Meditation and Treatment as Usual Treatment as Usual
    Affected / at Risk (%) # Events Affected / at Risk (%) # Events
    Total 0/40 (0%) 0/43 (0%)

    Limitations/Caveats

    This study lacked an active comparator to control for variables such as instructor attention, socializing in a group atmosphere and leaving one's residence for the study intervention. Our study may have been underpowered to assess the HRV changes as well as the potential long-term cardiovascular beneficial effects of this intervention.

    More Information

    Certain Agreements

    All Principal Investigators ARE employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

    There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.

    Results Point of Contact

    Name/Title Dr. Akshya Vasudev
    Organization London Health Sciences Centre
    Phone 519-685-8500 ext 75504
    Email akshya.vasudev@lhsc.on.ca
    Responsible Party:
    Akshya Vasudev, Principal Investigator, Lawson Health Research Institute
    ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
    NCT02149810
    Other Study ID Numbers:
    • HSREB
    First Posted:
    May 29, 2014
    Last Update Posted:
    Oct 5, 2021
    Last Verified:
    Sep 1, 2021