D-serine Augmentation of Neuroplasticity

• Sponsor: New York State Psychiatric Institute (Other)
• Overall Status: Completed
• CT.gov ID: NCT03711500
• Collaborator: Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (Other)
• Enrollment: 45
• Locations: 2
• Arms: 4
• Actual Duration (Months): 25.6
• Patients Per Site: 22.5
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 0.9

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

Schizophrenia is a major public health problem associated with cognitive deficits, such as short and long term memory, executive functioning, attention and speed of processing that are amongst the strongest predictors of impaired functional outcome. In addition, schizophrenia patients show reduced "plasticity", defined as reduced learning.

D-serine is a naturally occurring activator of the N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR) in the brain, and this project will assess the optimal dose of D-serine treatment over three sessions of a program designed to measure auditory plasticity.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Schizophrenia; Schizo Affective Disorder	Drug: D-serine; Drug: Placebo	Phase 1/Phase 2

Detailed Description

Schizophrenia (Sz) is a major public health problem associated with core cognitive deficits that are amongst the strongest predictors of impaired functional outcome. In addition, Sz patients show reduced cortical neuroplasticity, defined as reduced learning during training on exercises that place implicit, increasing demands on early auditory information processing. As improved auditory processing can facilitate gains in those cognitive processes that are more proximal to daily functioning (e.g., verbal memory, executive functioning), enhancing neuroplasticity for better auditory processing represents an unmet clinical need and a rate-limiting first step prior to remediating cognition and overall function.

As supported by recently published data and review, the study proposes that localized N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction leads to impaired auditory neuroplasticity, which in turn leads to impaired cognition. Over recent years, NMDAR glycine site agonists have increasingly been shown to facilitate neuroplasticity in both Sz and healthy volunteers.

D-serine is a NMDAR modulator that when combined with neuroplasticity-based auditory remediation, leads to highly significant, acute improvement in both auditory plasticity and the early auditory processing measures mismatch negativity (MMN) and theta intertrial coherence (theta). Both MMN and theta-ITC are sensitive measures of functional target engagement of both NMDAR agonism and auditory remediation. In a preliminary study, plasticity correlated with reading and working memory, suggesting plasticity improvements are predictive of functionally relevant outcomes. While D-serine appears to be efficacious for neuroplasticity enhancement and target engagement in a dose dependent manner, the optimal dose remains an open question, as does the ability of combined D-serine + neuroplasticity-based auditory remediation to produce sustained, functional improvement. This study utilizes the Early Stage Testing of Pharmacologic or Device-based Interventions for the Treatment of Mental Disorders (R61/R33): RFA-MH-17-702.

The ultimate goal of this study is to enhance efficacy and efficiency of auditory cognitive remediation by augmenting with D-serine. This study will confirm target engagement, pharmacodynamics, functional relationships and the optimal dose (80 vs.100 vs. 120 mg/kg, IND: 122821) of D-serine treatment combined with 3 sessions of our auditory remediation program. As previously, D-serine will be given 30 minutes before sessions, allowing for auditory remediation during peak serum levels and a pharmacodynamic assessment. Successful completion is defined by ≥moderate effect size change in auditory plasticity, MMN and theta, plus a moderate effect size correlation with functionally relevant cognitive measures ("auditory cognition") without safety issues. Successful completion of this study will pave the way for a larger, definitive study pairing D-serine with auditory remediation or testing alternative dose intervals (1x vs. 2x week). In addition to testing a potentially viable treatment, this project will stimulate industry to utilize this methodology to assess the efficacy of novel NMDAR modulators, using D-serine as a "gold-standard."

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 45 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Triple (Participant, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: D-serine Augmentation of Neuroplasticity Based Auditory Learning in Schizophrenia
• Actual Study Start Date: Mar 13, 2019
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Apr 30, 2021
• Actual Study Completion Date: Apr 30, 2021

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: D-serine 80 mg/kg	Drug: D-serine; Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort
Placebo Comparator: Placebo	Drug: Placebo; Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort
Experimental: D-serine 100 mg/kg	Drug: D-serine; Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort
Experimental: D-serine 120 mg/g	Drug: D-serine; Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Plasticity Improvement (Change in Tone Matching Threshold) [At the end of Treatment session 3 (3rd of three sessions)]

   Participants underwent three treatment sessions, 1x week. This is the outcome of the auditory remediation. In Auditory Remediation, participants are presented with paired tones (e.g. Stimulus 1 ("reference") and Stimulus 2 ("test"): S1 and S2) and indicate which tone is higher in pitch (frequency). In the first pair, the ratio is 50% (e.g. 1000±500 Hz). A two-down/one-up staircase procedure is used to adjust the ratio to maintain a steady (~70% correct) level of performance across the trial. The tone matching threshold was calculated at the initial plateau (trials 20-30 during treatment session 1) and at the end of treatment session three. Plasticity Improvement was operationalized as change in threshold from initial plateau to the end of treatment visit 3. Larger (more positive) values represent greater improvement in threshold. Zero would represent no improvement. Values were log transformed.

2. Mismatch Negativity (MMN) [Post baseline]

   MMN is measured by electroencephalogram (EEG). MMN will be obtained independently to pitch stimuli utilizing the same base frequency as the plasticity task described in outcome 1. MMN was assessed immediately before the first dose and immediately after treatment sessions 2 and 3. MMN will be generated using previously published methods. Peak amplitude at frontocentral electrodes within predefined latency range will be primary outcome measure. This value represents the mean MMN to pitch post baseline (after sessions 2 and 3). More negative represents larger MMN.

3. Theta Intertrial Coherence (Theta) [Week 1]

   Theta is measured by EEG, during the motor-preparation interval (200-500 ms post-the second tone: S2) during the auditory remediation task. Theta inter-trial coherence (ITC) reflects the consistency of spectral response across repeated trials ranging from 0 (no consistency) to 1 (perfect consistency). Higher values represent better consistency.

4. Number of Patients With Granular Casts [Three weeks]

   This is a safety measure conducted by urinalysis after each D-serine dose. The outcome is the count of participants with granular casts.

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years to 50 Years
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age between 18 and 50

2. DSM-V diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

3. Willing to provide informed consent

4. Auditory Cognitive impairment demonstrated by:

a .MCCB composite domain score less than or equal to 0.5 standard deviation below normal (T score less than or equal to 45) b. And at least one of the following:

• MCCB verbal memory domain score less than or equal to 0.5 standard deviation below normal (T score less than or equal to 45)

• Tone matching score of less than or equal to 77.7%

1. Clinically stable for 2 months (CGI less than or equal to 4)

2. Moderate or lower cognitive disorganization (PANSS P2 less than or equal to 4)

3. Medically stable for study participation

4. Willing to use qualified methods of contraception for the study duration and up to 2 months after its end

5. Fluent English speaker

6. Normal hearing

7. Visual acuity corrected to 20/30

8. An estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) greater than or equal to 60

9. Taking an antipsychotic medication other than clozapine at a stable dose for at least 4 weeks

10. Judged clinically not to be at significant suicide or violence risk

Exclusion Criteria:

1. ECG abnormality that is clinically significant in the context of study participation in the opinion of the study cardiologist

2. Current clozapine use

3. Presence of positive history of unstable significant medical or neurological illness

4. Positive toxicology screen for any substances of abuse

5. Substance use disorder (excluding nicotine) within last 60 days

6. Pregnant women or women of child-bearing potential, who are either not surgically-sterile or for outpatients, using appropriate methods of birth control. Women of childbearing potential must have a negative serum -hCG pregnancy test at every visit.

7. Participation in study of investigational medication/device within 4 weeks

8. Subjects with suicidal ideation with intent or plan (indicated by affirmative answers to items 4 or 5 of the Suicidal Ideation section of the baseline C-SSRS) in the 6 months prior to screening or subjects who represent a significant risk of suicide in the opinion of the investigator Section

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	New York State Psychiatric Institute	New York	New York	United States	10032
2	Nathan Kline Institute	Orangeburg	New York	United States	10962

Sponsors and Collaborators

• New York State Psychiatric Institute
• Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research

Investigators

None specified.

Study Documents (Full-Text)

• Study Protocol - Jun 26, 2020
• Statistical Analysis Plan - Jun 26, 2020

More Information

Publications

None provided.

• Responsible Party: Joshua Kantrowitz, Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03711500
• Other Study ID Numbers: 7725
• First Posted: Oct 18, 2018
• Last Update Posted: Jun 14, 2022
• Last Verified: May 1, 2022

• Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement: Undecided
• Plan to Share IPD: Undecided
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: No
• Keywords provided by Joshua Kantrowitz, Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute: plasticity
• Additional relevant MeSH terms: Schizophrenia; Mood Disorders; Psychotic Disorders

Study Results

Participant Flow

Arm/Group Title	D-serine 80 mg/kg	D-serine 100 mg/kg	D-serine 120 mg/kg	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	D-serine 80 m/kg	D-serine 100 mg/kg	D-serine 120 mg/kg	Placebo
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	12	12	12	9
COMPLETED	12	11	12	9
NOT COMPLETED	0	1	0	0

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	D-serine 80 mg/kg	Placebo	D-serine 100 mg/kg	D-serine 120 mg/g	Total
Arm/Group Description	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	Placebo: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	12	9	12	12	45
Age (years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [years]	34.8 (9.6)	34.8 (8)	37.6 (6.6)	35.9 (8.4)	35.9 (8)
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	1 8.3%	2 22.2%	6 50%	0 0%	9 20%
Male	11 91.7%	7 77.8%	6 50%	12 100%	36 80%
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
Hispanic or Latino	7 58.3%	5 55.6%	6 50%	3 25%	21 46.7%
Not Hispanic or Latino	5 41.7%	4 44.4%	6 50%	9 75%	24 53.3%
Unknown or Not Reported	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Region of Enrollment (Count of Participants)
United States	12 100%	9 100%	12 100%	12 100%	45 100%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Plasticity Improvement (Change in Tone Matching Threshold)
Description	Participants underwent three treatment sessions, 1x week. This is the outcome of the auditory remediation. In Auditory Remediation, participants are presented with paired tones (e.g. Stimulus 1 ("reference") and Stimulus 2 ("test"): S1 and S2) and indicate which tone is higher in pitch (frequency). In the first pair, the ratio is 50% (e.g. 1000±500 Hz). A two-down/one-up staircase procedure is used to adjust the ratio to maintain a steady (~70% correct) level of performance across the trial. The tone matching threshold was calculated at the initial plateau (trials 20-30 during treatment session 1) and at the end of treatment session three. Plasticity Improvement was operationalized as change in threshold from initial plateau to the end of treatment visit 3. Larger (more positive) values represent greater improvement in threshold. Zero would represent no improvement. Values were log transformed.
Time Frame	At the end of Treatment session 3 (3rd of three sessions)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

randomized

Arm/Group Title	D-serine 80 mg/kg	Placebo	D-serine 100 mg/kg	D-serine 120 mg/g
Arm/Group Description	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	Placebo: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort
Measure Participants	12	9	12	12
Mean (Standard Deviation) [log ratio]	13.9 (17.5)	5.3 (10.8)	11 (16.4)	-0.05 (14.1)

2. Primary Outcome

Title	Mismatch Negativity (MMN)
Description	MMN is measured by electroencephalogram (EEG). MMN will be obtained independently to pitch stimuli utilizing the same base frequency as the plasticity task described in outcome 1. MMN was assessed immediately before the first dose and immediately after treatment sessions 2 and 3. MMN will be generated using previously published methods. Peak amplitude at frontocentral electrodes within predefined latency range will be primary outcome measure. This value represents the mean MMN to pitch post baseline (after sessions 2 and 3). More negative represents larger MMN.
Time Frame	Post baseline

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

randomized

Arm/Group Title	D-serine 80 mg/kg	Placebo	D-serine 100 mg/kg	D-serine 120 mg/g
Arm/Group Description	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	Placebo: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort
Measure Participants	12	9	12	12
Mean (Standard Deviation) [amplitude, micro volts]	-1.83 (2.1)	-1.05 (1.6)	-2.71 (1.7)	-0.56 (1.5)

3. Primary Outcome

Title	Theta Intertrial Coherence (Theta)
Description	Theta is measured by EEG, during the motor-preparation interval (200-500 ms post-the second tone: S2) during the auditory remediation task. Theta inter-trial coherence (ITC) reflects the consistency of spectral response across repeated trials ranging from 0 (no consistency) to 1 (perfect consistency). Higher values represent better consistency.
Time Frame	Week 1

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

randomized

Arm/Group Title	D-serine 80 mg/kg	Placebo	D-serine 100 mg/kg	D-serine 120 mg/g
Arm/Group Description	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	Placebo: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort
Measure Participants	12	9	12	12
Mean (Standard Deviation) [correlation coefficient (r)]	.229 (.06)	.241 (.06)	0.274 (.06)	.241 (.07)

4. Primary Outcome

Title	Number of Patients With Granular Casts
Description	This is a safety measure conducted by urinalysis after each D-serine dose. The outcome is the count of participants with granular casts.
Time Frame	Three weeks

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	D-serine 80 mg/kg	Placebo	D-serine 100 mg/kg	D-serine 120 mg/g
Arm/Group Description	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	Placebo: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort
Measure Participants	12	9	12	12
Count of Participants [Participants]	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%

Adverse Events

Time Frame	3 weeks
Arm/Group Title	D-serine 80 mg/kg		Placebo		D-serine 100 mg/kg		D-serine 120 mg/g
Arm/Group Description	D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort		Placebo: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort		D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort		D-serine: Subjects will receive three sessions of auditory remediation paired with either D-serine or Placebo in a 4:1 D-serine:placebo ratio. This will be conducted in 3 separate cohorts of D-serine dose 80, 100 and 120 mg/kg, which 15 subjects per cohort (12 active and 3 placebo) per cohort
All Cause Mortality
	D-serine 80 mg/kg		Placebo		D-serine 100 mg/kg		D-serine 120 mg/g
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/12 (0%)		0/9 (0%)		0/12 (0%)		0/12 (0%)
Serious Adverse Events
	D-serine 80 mg/kg		Placebo		D-serine 100 mg/kg		D-serine 120 mg/g
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/12 (0%)		0/9 (0%)		0/12 (0%)		0/12 (0%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	D-serine 80 mg/kg		Placebo		D-serine 100 mg/kg		D-serine 120 mg/g
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/12 (0%)		0/9 (0%)		0/12 (0%)		0/12 (0%)

Limitations/Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.