INTUIT-PC SD: A Practice-Based Intervention To Improve Care for a Diverse Population Of Women With Urinary Incontinence
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
The burden of urinary incontinence (UI) on American women is immense in human and financial terms, and continues to rise with the growing population of older adults. The goal of this proposal is to improve the care for UI provided to women and, in doing so, decrease the utilization of specialty care while improving patient outcomes. Specific Aim 1 seeks to improve the quality of incontinence care provided to an ethnically diverse population of women through a controlled practice-based intervention involving primary care providers. The intervention involves the implementation of PCOR measures. Four Southern California medical groups will participate in a cluster randomized controlled trial in which 60 offices (15 per site) will be randomized to undergo a practice-based incontinence intervention led by a "clinical champion dyad" comprised of a primary care provider and urologist/urogynecologist, both of whom are members of that specific medical group. The intervention will include physician education, individual performance feedback, electronic decision support, patient education using dedicated advanced practice providers (APPs), and the implementation of an electronic referral service. The quality of patient care, as evidenced by compliance with primary care UI quality indicators the investigators developed and pilot-tested, will be measured across the two randomized arms after implementation of the intervention. Compliance with these quality indicators will be the key means to implement PCOR evidence, while, at the same time, measure quality. In Specific Aim 2, utilization of specialists will be compared before and after the intervention. The investigators hypothesize that improved care at the level of the primary care physician will reduce the number of specialty referrals. Specific Aim 3 will seek to measure the effect of the intervention on patient outcomes. Under the hypothesis that a practice-based intervention will improve disease-specific outcomes, symptom severity, quality of life, and patient knowledge will be measured at baseline using validated questionnaires. After implementation of the intervention, these questionnaires will be given a second time six months later and outcomes will be compared between control and intervention groups. The investigators expect that this intervention will also reduce disparities in care for underrepresented minorities.
Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
---|---|---|
|
N/A |
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
---|---|
Experimental: Practice-Based Intervention The intervention will include physician education, electronic decision support, implementation of an electronic referral system, and patient education/co-management by an advance practice provider. |
Other: Academic Detailing
Provider Assessment. Physicians and advance practice providers will complete questionnaires before the intervention that assess their knowledge about the treatment for UI in women.
Mealtime Lecture. A group meeting will take place for the physicians in the intervention groups. All aspects of incontinence care will be addressed-including elements of the history and physical examination, initiation of conservative treatment, as well as when to refer for second-line therapies performed by specialists-utilizing the the principles of Academic Detailing.
Monthly individual feedback. Physicians and their clinical champion specialist will meet for individual coaching one month after the mealtime lecture to discuss and review the physician's previous performance as measured by the baseline chart abstraction. Physicians will have monthly check-ins with their clinical champion via a combination of quarterly synchronous Zooms and monthly asynchronous emails.
Other: Electronic Clinical Decision Support
Intervention physicians will have access to electronic clinical decision support consisting of note templates, order sets, interruptive alerts, and a notification of patients who screen positive for UI.
Other: APP Co-management
To reduce additional burden of care on the PCPs, the investigators will incorporate Advanced Practices Providers into the patient education and self-management portion of care. The APPs will be trained together with the intervention physicians, but they will also undergo additional standardized training on patient education, UI knowledge, providing instruction on Kegel exercises, shared decision making, and self management.
Patients will then be scheduled for a UI education and self-management session with the APP by telemedicine (video visit or telephone visit) within one month of their initial visit. For patients in need of an annual pelvic examination, and if the patient's PCP prefers to have the APP conduct the pelvic exam, a separate visit will be scheduled with the APP. A followup televisit will then be scheduled within three months of the initial APP visit, in order to assess the outcome of non-surgical treatment and determine if a specialist referral is indicated.
Other: Electronic Referral
In implementing the electronic consultation system in the private sector, the investigators will model the Expected Practice developed by the Los Angeles County Specialty-Primary Care Work Group. This eConsult system utilizes a "kickback" mechanism by which a specialist, who reviews the referral, can return it if it has not met certain baseline criteria (e.g. for a woman with OAB/urinary urgency: document negative UA, scheduled voids, titrate fluids to thirst, Kegels, antimuscarinics, optimize diuretic control, adjust any diuretics).
|
No Intervention: Control Offices in this group will not receive the four-pronged intervention. However, after the study trial, there will be a "validation phase" in which the initial control group will then receive the intervention. This cross-over deign will then allow all 60 offices to receive the intervention. Data from the cross-over intervention group will be analyzed as a separate cohort to confirm improvements in patient care and outcomes as measured in the intervention group under the study trial can be duplicated. |
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Adherence to evidence-based quality-of-care indicators [Baseline, 3 months, 6 months]
Adherence to the QIs for patients who screen positive for UI will be compared across the two randomized arms at baseline and again at 3 and 6 months after intervention implementation.
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Referral rates to a specialist [Baseline, 6 months]
The number of referrals to a specialist over the intervention period (urologist or gynecologist) will be quantified and compared between intervention and control groups. For patients screened as positive for new or worsening UI at their primary care physician office from Specific Aim 1, the investigators will record if and when the patient was referred to a specialist for treatment. Dates of each level of care provided will be incorporated into each chart abstraction so that the timing can be calculated. Investigators will also record the baseline rate of specialty referrals for each office during the baseline chart review.
- ICIQ-SF [Baseline, 3 months, 6 months]
Four-item questionnaire that evaluates frequency, severity and impact on quality of life of UI.
- UDI-6 [Baseline, 3 months, 6 months]
Six-item questionnaire that measures quality of life and symptom distress for UI in women.
- PGI-I [3 months, 6 months]
Global index (transition scale) that measures symptom improvement.
- PFAKS [Baseline, 6 months]
Thirty-one-item questionnaire assessing patient knowledge in three domains: POP (11 items), SUI (10 items) and OAB (10 items) with questions on condition pathophysiology, management, and quality of life.
- SDM-Q-9 [6 months]
Nine-item questionnaire that measures the extent to which patients are involved in the process of decision-making.
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria of Primary Care Physicians:
- Primary care physician belonging to a recruited office among one of four participating sites: Cedars-Sinai, Harbor-UCLA, UCLA, UCSD
Inclusion Criteria of Patients
-
Age >18 y/o
-
English or Spanish fluency
-
Female
-
Answers "yes" to incontinence screening tool and agrees to participate
Exclusion Criteria of Primary Care Physicians:
-
Non-primary care specialty
-
Does not belong to one of the participating offices
Exclusion Criteria of Patients
-
Age <18 y/o
-
Answers "no" to incontinence screening tool and/or does not agree to participate
-
Primary care provider (who reviews a list of patients that screen positive) deems patient ineligible due to pregnant, severe memory impairment, or psychiatric history preventing participation
Contacts and Locations
Locations
No locations specified.Sponsors and Collaborators
- University of California, San Diego
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
- University of California, Los Angeles
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
Investigators
None specified.Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Additional Information:
- Care ICI. The Chronic Care Model
- L.A. WL. Race Ethnicity Pie Chart.
- (AHRQ) AfHRaQ. Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Adult Women: Diagnosis and Comparative Effectiveness Executive Summary
- Quality AfHRa. Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review Update
- Institute P-COR. Pilot Evidence Maps: Pelvic Floor Muscle Training for Urinary Incontinence.
- Institute P-COR. Treating Urinary Incontinence in Women without Surgery - Evidence Update for Women
- Quality AfHRa. Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Adult Women: A Systematic Review Update
- CFIR Research Team-Center for Clinical Management Research. Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)
- Bureau USC. QuickFacts, Los Angeles County, California
- Institute P-COR. Using a New Survey to Learn About Women's Experiences with Hospital Care for Childbirth
- Angeles PAL. Community Support and Health Services
Publications
- Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, van Kerrebroeck P, Victor A, Wein A. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Jul;187(1):116-26.
- Ahn C, Heo, M., and Zhang, S. . Sample Size Calculations for Clustered and Longitudinal Outcomes in Clinical Research. New York: CRC Press; 2015.
- Alas AN, Dunivan GC, Wieslander CK, Sevilla C, Barrera B, Rashid R, Maliski S, Eilber K, Rogers RG, Anger JT. Health Care Disparities Among English-Speaking and Spanish-Speaking Women With Pelvic Organ Prolapse at Public and Private Hospitals: What Are the Barriers? Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2016 Nov/Dec;22(6):460-466.
- Alvarado-Villa GE, Moncayo-Rizzo JD, Gallardo-Rumbea JA. Spanish validation endorsement of SDM-Q-9, a new approach. BMC Public Health. 2019 Jan 23;19(1):106. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6436-7.
- Anger JT, Alas A, Litwin MS, Chu SD, Bresee C, Roth CP, Rashid R, Shekelle P, Wenger NS. The Quality of Care Provided to Women with Urinary Incontinence in 2 Clinical Settings. J Urol. 2016 Oct;196(4):1196-200. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.05.005. Epub 2016 May 7.
- Anger JT, Rodríguez LV, Wang Q, Chen E, Pashos CL, Litwin MS. Racial disparities in the surgical management of stress incontinence among female Medicare beneficiaries. J Urol. 2007 May;177(5):1846-50.
- Anger JT, Saigal CS, Litwin MS; Urologic Diseases of America Project. The prevalence of urinary incontinence among community dwelling adult women: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Urol. 2006 Feb;175(2):601-4.
- Anger JT, Scott VC, Kiyosaki K, Khan AA, Weinberg A, Connor SE, Roth CP, Wenger N, Shekelle P, Litwin MS. Development of quality indicators for women with urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2013 Nov;32(8):1058-63. doi: 10.1002/nau.22353. Epub 2013 Sep 16. Review.
- Barber MD, Walters MD, Bump RC. Short forms of two condition-specific quality-of-life questionnaires for women with pelvic floor disorders (PFDI-20 and PFIQ-7). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Jul;193(1):103-13.
- Barnett ML, Yee HF Jr, Mehrotra A, Giboney P. Los Angeles Safety-Net Program eConsult System Was Rapidly Adopted And Decreased Wait Times To See Specialists. Health Aff (Millwood). 2017 Mar 1;36(3):492-499. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1283.
- Bates DW, Kuperman GJ, Wang S, Gandhi T, Kittler A, Volk L, Spurr C, Khorasani R, Tanasijevic M, Middleton B. Ten commandments for effective clinical decision support: making the practice of evidence-based medicine a reality. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2003 Nov-Dec;10(6):523-30. Epub 2003 Aug 4.
- Bodenheimer T, Wagner EH, Grumbach K. Improving primary care for patients with chronic illness. JAMA. 2002 Oct 9;288(14):1775-9.
- Brook RH, Chassin MR, Fink A, Solomon DH, Kosecoff J, Park RE. A method for the detailed assessment of the appropriateness of medical technologies. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1986;2(1):53-63.
- Campbell MK, Fayers PM, Grimshaw JM. Determinants of the intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomized trials: the case of implementation research. Clin Trials. 2005;2(2):99-107.
- Charmaz K. Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory analysis. In: Gubrium JF, Holstein JA, editors. Handbook of Interview Research: Context and Method. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications; 2002. p.675-94.
- Coleman K, Austin BT, Brach C, Wagner EH. Evidence on the Chronic Care Model in the new millennium. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009 Jan-Feb;28(1):75-85. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.75.
- Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, Kirsh SR, Alexander JA, Lowery JC. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implement Sci. 2009 Aug 7;4:50. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-4-50.
- Daneshgari F, Imrey PB, Risendal B, Dwyer A, Barber MD, Byers T. Differences in urinary incontinence between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women: a population-based study. BJU Int. 2008 Mar;101(5):575-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07333.x. Epub 2008 Jan 8.
- Dieter AA, Wilkins MF, Wu JM. Epidemiological trends and future care needs for pelvic floor disorders. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Oct;27(5):380-4. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000200. Review.
- Gallis JA, Li F, Yu H, Turner EL. cvcrand and cptest: Commands for efficient design and analysis of cluster randomized trials using constrained randomization and permutation tests. Stata J. 2018 Jun 1;18(2):357-378. doi: 10.1177/1536867x1801800204.
- Ganz DA, Koretz BK, Bail JK, McCreath HE, Wenger NS, Roth CP, Reuben DB. Nurse practitioner comanagement for patients in an academic geriatric practice. Am J Manag Care. 2010 Dec 1;16(12):e343-55.
- Gnanadesigan N, Saliba D, Roth CP, Solomon DH, Chang JT, Schnelle J, Smith R, Shekelle PG, Wenger NS. The quality of care provided to vulnerable older community-based patients with urinary incontinence. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2004 May-Jun;5(3):141-6.
- Hanley JA, Negassa A, Edwardes MD, Forrester JE. Statistical analysis of correlated data using generalized estimating equations: an orientation. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Feb 15;157(4):364-75.
- Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O'Neal L, McLeod L, Delacqua G, Delacqua F, Kirby J, Duda SN; REDCap Consortium. The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019 Jul;95:103208. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208. Epub 2019 May 9.
- Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009 Apr;42(2):377-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010. Epub 2008 Sep 30.
- Hossack T, Woo H. Validation of a patient reported outcome questionnaire for assessing success of endoscopic prostatectomy. Prostate Int. 2014 Dec;2(4):182-7. doi: 10.12954/PI.14066. Epub 2014 Dec 30.
- Jamtvedt G, Young JM, Kristoffersen DT, O'Brien MA, Oxman AD. Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr 19;(2):CD000259. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;6:CD000259.
- Kellogg KM, Hettinger Z, Shah M, Wears RL, Sellers CR, Squires M, Fairbanks RJ. Our current approach to root cause analysis: is it contributing to our failure to improve patient safety? BMJ Qual Saf. 2017 May;26(5):381-387. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2016-005991. Epub 2016 Dec 9.
- Kravitz RL, Park RE, Kahan JP. Measuring the clinical consistency of panelists' appropriateness ratings: the case of coronary artery bypass surgery. Health Policy. 1997 Nov;42(2):135-43.
- Kriston L, Scholl I, Hölzel L, Simon D, Loh A, Härter M. The 9-item Shared Decision Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9). Development and psychometric properties in a primary care sample. Patient Educ Couns. 2010 Jul;80(1):94-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2009.09.034. Epub 2009 Oct 30.
- L.A. WL. Race Ethnicity Pie Chart. Available from: https://www.welikela.com/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/race-ethnicity-pie-chart.png.
- Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977 Mar;33(1):159-74.
- Lee MS, Ray KN, Mehrotra A, Giboney P, Yee HF Jr, Barnett ML. Primary Care Practitioners' Perceptions of Electronic Consult Systems: A Qualitative Analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Jun 1;178(6):782-789. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.0738.
- Lee UJ, Scott VC, Rashid R, Behniwal A, Wein AJ, Maliski SL, Anger JT. Defining and managing overactive bladder: disagreement among the experts. Urology. 2013 Feb;81(2):257-62. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.09.028.
- Markland AD, Richter HE, Fwu CW, Eggers P, Kusek JW. Prevalence and trends of urinary incontinence in adults in the United States, 2001 to 2008. J Urol. 2011 Aug;186(2):589-93. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.114.
- McGlynn EA, Asch SM, Adams J, Keesey J, Hicks J, DeCristofaro A, Kerr EA. The quality of health care delivered to adults in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 26;348(26):2635-45.
- Mesens T, Aich A, Bhal PS. Late erosions of mid-urethral tapes for stress urinary incontinence--need for long-term follow-up? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007 Sep;18(9):1113-4. Epub 2007 Mar 9.
- Miller DC, Murtagh DS, Suh RS, Knapp PM, Dunn RL, Montie JE. Establishment of a urological surgery quality collaborative. J Urol. 2010 Dec;184(6):2485-90. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.08.015. Epub 2010 Oct 18.
- Miller DC, Murtagh DS, Suh RS, Knapp PM, Schuster TG, Dunn RL, Montie JE. Regional collaboration to improve radiographic staging practices among men with early stage prostate cancer. J Urol. 2011 Sep;186(3):844-9. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.078. Epub 2011 Jul 23.
- Miller TA. Health literacy and adherence to medical treatment in chronic and acute illness: A meta-analysis. Patient Educ Couns. 2016 Jul;99(7):1079-1086. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.01.020. Epub 2016 Feb 1. Review.
- Min LC, Reuben DB, Adams J, Shekelle PG, Ganz DA, Roth CP, Wenger NS. Does better quality of care for falls and urinary incontinence result in better participant-reported outcomes? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Aug;59(8):1435-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03517.x. Epub 2011 Aug 1.
- Min LC, Reuben DB, MacLean CH, Shekelle PG, Solomon DH, Higashi T, Chang JT, Roth CP, Kamberg CJ, Adams J, Young RT, Wenger NS. Predictors of overall quality of care provided to vulnerable older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Oct;53(10):1705-11.
- Mueller ER, Kenton K, Tarnay C, Brubaker L, Rosenman A, Smith B, Stroupe K, Bresee C, Pantuck A, Schulam P, Anger JT. Abdominal Colpopexy: Comparison of Endoscopic Surgical Strategies (ACCESS). Contemp Clin Trials. 2012 Sep;33(5):1011-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2012.05.007. Epub 2012 May 27.
- O'Brien MA, Rogers S, Jamtvedt G, Oxman AD, Odgaard-Jensen J, Kristoffersen DT, Forsetlund L, Bainbridge D, Freemantle N, Davis DA, Haynes RB, Harvey EL. Educational outreach visits: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD000409. Review.
- Olsen AL, Smith VJ, Bergstrom JO, Colling JC, Clark AL. Epidemiology of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1997 Apr;89(4):501-6.
- O'Reilly N, Nelson HD, Conry JM, Frost J, Gregory KD, Kendig SM, Phipps M, Salganicoff A, Ramos D, Zahn C, Qaseem A; Women's Preventive Services Initiative. Screening for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Recommendation From the Women's Preventive Services Initiative. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Sep 4;169(5):320-328. doi: 10.7326/M18-0595. Epub 2018 Aug 14. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2019 Sep 3;171(5):388.
- Pevnick JM, Li X, Grein J, Bell DS, Silka P. A retrospective analysis of interruptive versus non-interruptive clinical decision support for identification of patients needing contact isolation. Appl Clin Inform. 2013 Dec 4;4(4):569-82. doi: 10.4338/ACI-2013-04-RA-0021. eCollection 2013.
- Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, Starkey M, Denberg TD, Shekelle P; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence in women: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Sep 16;161(6):429-40. doi: 10.7326/M13-2410. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2014 Nov 18;161(10):764.
- Reuben DB, Ganz DA, Roth CP, McCreath HE, Ramirez KD, Wenger NS. Effect of nurse practitioner comanagement on the care of geriatric conditions. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 Jun;61(6):857-67. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12268.
- Reuben DB, Roth C, Kamberg C, Wenger NS. Restructuring primary care practices to manage geriatric syndromes: the ACOVE-2 intervention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Dec;51(12):1787-93.
- Rugh JD, Sever N, Glass BJ, Matteson SR. Transferring evidence-based information from dental school to practitioners: a pilot "academic detailing" program involving dental students. J Dent Educ. 2011 Oct;75(10):1316-22.
- Ruiz de Viñaspre Hernández R, Tomás Aznar C, Rubio Aranda E. [Validation of the Spanish version of the short forms of the Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6) and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7) in pregnant women]. Gac Sanit. 2011 Sep-Oct;25(5):379-84. doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2011.05.010. Epub 2011 Aug 25. Spanish.
- Schnelle JF, Smith RL. Quality indicators for the management of urinary incontinence in vulnerable community-dwelling elders. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Oct 16;135(8 Pt 2):752-8.
- Shekelle PG, Chassin MR, Park RE. Assessing the predictive validity of the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method criteria for performing carotid endarterectomy. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1998 Fall;14(4):707-27.
- Shi L. The impact of primary care: a focused review. Scientifica (Cairo). 2012;2012:432892. doi: 10.6064/2012/432892. Epub 2012 Dec 31. Review.
- Shojania KG, Jennings A, Mayhew A, Ramsay CR, Eccles MP, Grimshaw J. The effects of on-screen, point of care computer reminders on processes and outcomes of care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD001096. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001096.pub2. Review.
- Shumaker SA, Wyman JF, Uebersax JS, McClish D, Fantl JA. Health-related quality of life measures for women with urinary incontinence: the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire and the Urogenital Distress Inventory. Continence Program in Women (CPW) Research Group. Qual Life Res. 1994 Oct;3(5):291-306.
- Simon SR, Majumdar SR, Prosser LA, Salem-Schatz S, Warner C, Kleinman K, Miroshnik I, Soumerai SB. Group versus individual academic detailing to improve the use of antihypertensive medications in primary care: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 2005 May;118(5):521-8.
- Smith AL, Nissim HA, Le TX, Khan A, Maliski SL, Litwin MS, Sarkisian CA, Raz S, Rodríguez LV, Anger JT. Misconceptions and miscommunication among aging women with overactive bladder symptoms. Urology. 2011 Jan;77(1):55-9. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.07.460. Epub 2010 Oct 23.
- Soumerai SB, Avorn J. Principles of educational outreach ('academic detailing') to improve clinical decision making. JAMA. 1990 Jan 26;263(4):549-56.
- Wagner EH. Chronic disease management: what will it take to improve care for chronic illness? Eff Clin Pract. 1998 Aug-Sep;1(1):2-4.
- Wenger NS, Roth CP, Hall WJ, Ganz DA, Snow V, Byrkit J, Dzielak E, Gullen DJ, Loepfe TR, Sahler C, Snooks Q, Beckman R, Adams J, Rosen M, Reuben DB. Practice redesign to improve care for falls and urinary incontinence: primary care intervention for older patients. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Oct 25;170(19):1765-72. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.387.
- Wenger NS, Roth CP, Shekelle PG, Young RT, Solomon DH, Kamberg CJ, Chang JT, Louie R, Higashi T, MacLean CH, Adams J, Min LC, Ransohoff K, Hoffing M, Reuben DB. A practice-based intervention to improve primary care for falls, urinary incontinence, and dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Mar;57(3):547-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02128.x. Epub 2009 Jan 16.
- Wenger NS, Solomon DH, Roth CP, MacLean CH, Saliba D, Kamberg CJ, Rubenstein LZ, Young RT, Sloss EM, Louie R, Adams J, Chang JT, Venus PJ, Schnelle JF, Shekelle PG. The quality of medical care provided to vulnerable community-dwelling older patients. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Nov 4;139(9):740-7.
- Wu JM, Hundley AF, Fulton RG, Myers ER. Forecasting the prevalence of pelvic floor disorders in U.S. Women: 2010 to 2050. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Dec;114(6):1278-1283. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c2ce96.
- Yalcin I, Bump RC. Validation of two global impression questionnaires for incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jul;189(1):98-101.
- Zwarenstein M, Treweek S, Gagnier JJ, Altman DG, Tunis S, Haynes B, Oxman AD, Moher D; CONSORT group; Pragmatic Trials in Healthcare (Practihc) group. Improving the reporting of pragmatic trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement. BMJ. 2008 Nov 11;337:a2390. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a2390.
- 802004