BIVAL: Bivalirudin Infusion for Ventricular Infarction Limitation

• Sponsor: The Medicines Company (Industry)
• Overall Status: Terminated
• CT.gov ID: NCT02565147
• Collaborator: (none)
• Enrollment: 78
• Locations: 4
• Arms: 2
• Actual Duration (Months): 17.8
• Patients Per Site: 19.5
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 1.1

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the use of bivalirudin will reduce extent of the damage done to the heart muscle in participants who suffered a heart attack, compared to the comparator treatment (heparin).

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Acute Myocardial Infarction	Procedure: PPCI; Drug: Bivalirudin; Drug: Heparin	Phase 3

Detailed Description

The study will assess the effect of bivalirudin administration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) and for 4 hours (h) afterwards, looking at contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) assessed infarct size and on circulating markers of thrombosis and cell injury in participants treated with PPCI for a large myocardial infarction (MI).

The objective of this study is to determine whether bivalirudin, compared to heparin [unfractionated heparin (UFH)], for PPCI in large ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) can:

Primary Objective • Reduce infarct size assessed by CMR 5 days (defined as 5 days ±72 h from randomisation) after PPCI

Secondary Objectives of this study are to determine the effects of bivalirudin compared with

UFH treatment for PPCI in STEMI on:

• Other CMR derived parameters of myocardial recovery 5 days after PPCI (that is, left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], myocardial salvage index [MSI], and micro-vascular obstruction [MVO])

• LVEF by CMR at 90 days

• Modulate markers of thrombin activity and cell injury after reperfusion

• Coronary flow and micro-circulation at the end of PPCI

• Survival at 90 days

Approximately 200 participants will be randomized. Participants will be stratified prior to randomization: (a) according to total duration of ischemic pain (<6 h versus ≥6 h); (b) by site.

Diagnosis and Main Criteria for Selection: Adult participants (≥18 years) with an onset of ischemic symptoms of >20 minutes (min) and <12 h; a diagnosis of STEMI with ST segment elevation of ≥1 millimeter (mm) in ≥2 contiguous precordial leads, or presumably new left bundle branch block; had thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 0 or 1 flow in the infarct related artery (IRA); fulfilled angiographic criteria/score for a large infarction; and were candidates for PPCI will be enrolled. All participants should receive as soon as logistically feasible: aspirin (150-325 milligrams [mg] orally or 250-500 mg intravenously [IV]) and a loading dose of any approved P2Y12 inhibitor unless already on maintenance dose.

Bivalirudin will be administered at the time of PPCI at the approved dose of 0.75 mg/kilogram (kg) bolus followed by a 1.75 mg/kg/h infusion that will continue for 4 h after the completion of the index procedure.

Participants randomized to UFH should be treated according to the standard institutional protocol (including the timing and dosing of the UFH bolus). A target activated clotting time (ACT) of ≥250 seconds (s) was recommended.

Criteria for Evaluation:

Primary Endpoint:

• Infarct size assessed by CMR 5 days post-PPCI

Secondary Endpoints:

• CMR MVO assessment at 5 days

• CMR MSI at 5 days

• CMR assessment of LVEF at 5 days

• CMR assessment of LVEF at 90 days

• TIMI flow and Myocardial Blush Grade at end of PPCI

• In-hospital net adverse clinical events up to 5 days or discharge, whichever comes first (death, re-infarction, ischaemia driven revascularization, and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium ≥3 bleeding)

• Death at 90 days

Exploratory assessments:

• Assess patterns between comparator groups at various peri-procedural time points with respect to but not limited to: micro-particle release, thrombin anti thrombin complexes, myeloperoxidase

Sub-study:

• Index microcirculatory resistance

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 78 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
• Masking Description: The primary endpoint was evaluated by a core lab totally blinded to clinical information and the treatment groups.
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: Bivalirudin Infusion for Ventricular Infarction Limitation
• Actual Study Start Date: Dec 19, 2014
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Jun 14, 2016
• Actual Study Completion Date: Jun 14, 2016

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: PPCI with Bivalirudin Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 mg/kg) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/h) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.	Procedure: PPCI; PPCI for treatment of participants presenting with large STEMI.; Drug: Bivalirudin; Bivalirudin is an anticoagulant that binds thrombin in a bivalent and reversible fashion and directly inhibits it.; Other Names: Angiomax Angiox
Active Comparator: PPCI with Heparin UFH was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An ACT ≥250 s at the end of the procedure was recommended.	Procedure: PPCI; PPCI for treatment of participants presenting with large STEMI.; Drug: Heparin; Heparin is an anticoagulant.; Other Names: UFH

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. CMR Assessment Of Infarct Size At Day 5 [5 days post PPCI]

   Size of cardiac infarct, expressed as grams, as assessed by CMR. The use of CMR has dramatically improved the ability for accurate infarct size estimations and is therefore currently considered the gold standard. The number of participants and their mean reported infarct size, as grams, at Day 5 are presented.

Secondary Outcome Measures

1. CMR Assessment Of Myocardial Salvage Index (MSI) At Day 5 [5 days post PPCI]

   MSI is a CMR-derived parameter of myocardial recovery and treatment efficacy that allows comparisons among infarcts of different sizes. MSI is calculated as the difference between the area at risk (AAR) and the final infarct size, divided by the AAR, and it is expressed as a percentage of AAR. An MSI of 100% indicates maximum treatment success, whereas an MSI of 0% indicates no treatment benefit. The number of participants and their mean-reported MSI at Day 5 are presented.

2. CMR Assessment Of Micro-vascular Obstruction (MVO) At Day 5 [5 days post PPCI]

   Early and late assessment of MVO, expressed as grams, as assessed by CMR. MVO is an established complication of coronary reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. MVO occurs in the setting of reperfusion following prolonged myocardial ischemia and provides incremental prognostic information beyond infarct size, to which it is related. Early MVO is a prolonged (approximately 60 s) perfusion deficit in dynamic gadolinium (Gd) first-pass images that is determined within 2 minutes (min) of administration of the Gd-based contrast agent. Late MVO is usually assessed as a hypointense infarct core on late-Gd-enhancement images acquired 10 min after contrast administration. The number of participants and their mean reported early and late MVO, as grams, at Day 5 are presented.

3. CMR Assessment Of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) At Day 5 [5 days post PPCI]

   Percentage of cardiac LVEF as assessed by CMR. LVEF is a measurement of the percentage of blood ejected out of the left ventricle with each contraction. The number of participants and their mean reported LVEF, as a percentage of blood, at Day 5 are presented.

4. CMR Assessment Of LVEF At Day 90 [90 days post PPCI]

   Percentage of cardiac LVEF as assessed by CMR. LVEF is a measurement of the percentage of blood ejected out of the left ventricle with each contraction. The number of participants and their mean reported LVEF, as a percentage of blood, at Day 90 are presented.

5. TIMI Flow And Myocardial Blush Grade (MBG) At End Of PPCI [1 day (end of PPCI)]

   TIMI flow (grade 0-3) is an angiographic determination of briskness of epicardial coronary blood flow: TIMI 0 flow (no perfusion); TIMI 1 flow (penetration without perfusion); TIMI 2 flow (partial reperfusion); TIMI 3 flow (complete perfusion/normal flow). MBG (grade 0-3) is an angiographic method for determination of blood flow in the distal myocardial vascular bed. Blush grades: 0 = failure of dye to enter the micro-vasculature; 1 = dye slowly enters but fails to exit the micro-vasculature; 2 = delayed entry and exit of dye from the micro-vasculature; 3 = normal entry and exit of dye from the micro-vasculature. Blush that is only mildly intense throughout the washout phase, but fades minimally, is also classified as grade 3. The number of participants and their mean reported TIMI flow and MBG grades at the end of PPCI are presented.

6. Percentage of Participants With In-Hospital Net Adverse Cardiac Events (NACE) At Day 5 [5 days post PPCI or at discharge, whichever occurs first]

   The NACE at 5 days is the composite of major bleeding (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium Type 3 or greater [BARC type ≥3]), death, re-infarction, and ischaemia driven revascularization (IDR). In brief, BARC ≥3 includes: Type 3a-3c, clinical, laboratory, and/or imaging evidence of bleeding; Type 4, coronary artery bypass grafting-related bleeding; Type 5, fatal bleeding that directly results in death that is either clinically suspicious or is confirmed as the cause of death. A participant was defined to have a composite event if the participant experienced at least 1 of the components. If the participant did not have any of the components, then he or she did not have the composite endpoint. If a participant had more than 1 of the components, he or she was only counted once in the determination of the total number of participants experiencing the composite endpoint. The percentage of participants with in-hospital NACE up to Day 5 is presented.

7. Death At Day 90 [90 days post PPCI]

   Participant survival during the clinical follow-up period is presented as the number of participants with reported death at 90 days post PPCI.

Other Outcome Measures

1. Index Of Microcirculatory Resistance (IMR) [1 day (end of PPCI)]

   IMR, a predictor of clinical outcome, is a readily available, quantitative, and reproducible method for invasively assessing coronary microvascular function. It is measured using the thermodilution technique and defined as mean distal coronary pressure, expressed in millimeters (mm) of mercury (Hg), multiplied by the mean hyperemic transit time (s) (mmHg*s). Higher IMR values indicate poorer microcirculation and are associated with a worse clinical outcome. A cutoff point of 32 (associated with better clinical outcomes) was selected as the threshold. Only participants at study locations with previous experience in IMR measurements participated in this sub study. The number of participants and their mean reported IMR at the end of PPCI are presented.

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years and Older
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Inclusion Criteria:

1. ≥18 years

2. Experienced ischemic symptoms of >20 min and <12 h and had a diagnosis of STEMI with ST segment elevation of ≥1 mm in ≥2 contiguous precordial leads, or presumably new left bundle branch block

3. Provided written informed consent or witnessed consent in countries and sites where such participant consenting is applicable, before initiation of any study-related procedures

4. Had TIMI 0 or 1 flow in the IRA on initial angiogram

5. Fulfilled angiographic criteria/score for a large infarction based on initial angiogram (Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease score of ≥21)

6. Were candidates for PPCI

7. Administration of an initial dose of 150 to 325 mg orally (or 250 to 500 mg IV) and a loading dose of any approved P2Y12 inhibitor

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Contraindication or known hypersensitivity to bivalirudin or UFH

2. Refusal to receive blood transfusion/products

3. Participants requiring staged coronary artery bypass graft procedure within the first 90 days

4. Known international normalized ratio ≥2 or known prothrombin time >1.5 times upper limit of normal on the day of the index PPCI, or known history of bleeding diathesis

5. Therapy with vitamin K antagonists within 72 h of PPCI

6. Therapy with dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or other oral anti-Xa or antithrombin agents within 48 h of PPCI

7. History of hemorrhagic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, intracerebral mass, aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, or recent head injury (within the last 5 days)

8. Participants with previous history of Q-wave MI

9. Known glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <30 milliliter/min or dialysis dependent

10. Major surgery within the previous 30 days

11. Minor surgery/biopsy exclusions in the past 3 days

12. Upper gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleed 30 days prior to randomization

13. Stroke or transient ischemic attack 30 days prior to randomization

14. Administration of thrombolytics or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor 72 h prior to PPCI

15. Administration of enoxaparin 8 h prior to PPCI

16. Administration of bivalirudin 12 h prior to PPCI

17. Administration of fondaparinux or other low molecular weight heparin 24 h prior to PPCI

18. Known contraindications to aspirin or P2Y12 inhibitors

19. Known allergy that cannot be pre-medicated to iodinated contrast

20. Known contraindication to CMR

21. Women of child bearing potential (see below)

22. Previous enrollment (participants are considered enrolled upon Randomization) in this study

23. Treatment with other investigational drugs or devices within the 30 days preceding enrollment or planned use of other investigational drugs or devices before the primary endpoint of this study had been reached

24. Participants with a body weight >150 kg

Child bearing potential was defined as:

A female participant was considered to have childbearing potential unless she met at least 1 of the following criteria:

• Age ≥50 years and naturally amenorrheic for ≥1 year (amenorrhea following cancer therapy did not rule out childbearing potential)

• Premature ovarian failure confirmed by a specialist gynecologist

• Previous bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or hysterectomy

• XY genotype, Turner's syndrome, uterine agenesis

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	Hopital Ambroise Paré	Boulogne Cedex		France	92104
2	Hospital Lariboisière	Paris		France	75010
3	VUMC Amsterdam	Amsterdam		Netherlands	1117 HV
4	Erasmus Medical Center	Rotterdam		Netherlands	3015 CE

Sponsors and Collaborators

• The Medicines Company

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Robert J Van Geuns, MD, Thorax Centrum, Erasmus Medisch Centrum, s-Grave dijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
• Principal Investigator: Ludovic Drouet, MD, Hospital Lariboisiere, Angio-Hematologie, 2 Rue Ambroise Pare, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France

Study Documents (Full-Text)

None provided.

More Information

Publications

• Alderman EL, Stadius M. The angiographic definitions of the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation. Coronary Artery Disease 1992;3: 1189-1207
• Graham MM, Faris PD, Ghali WA, Galbraith PD, Norris CM, Badry JT, Mitchell LB, Curtis MJ, Knudtson ML; APPROACH Investigators (Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease. Validation of three myocardial jeopardy scores in a population-based cardiac catheterization cohort. Am Heart J. 2001 Aug;142(2):254-61.
• Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrish TB, Harris K, Chen EL, Simonetti O, Bundy J, Finn JP, Klocke FJ, Judd RM. Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation. 1999 Nov 9;100(19):1992-2002.
• Lowe JE, Reimer KA, Jennings RB. Experimental infarct size as a function of the amount of myocardium at risk. Am J Pathol. 1978 Feb;90(2):363-79.
• Ortiz-Pérez JT, Meyers SN, Lee DC, Kansal P, Klocke FJ, Holly TA, Davidson CJ, Bonow RO, Wu E. Angiographic estimates of myocardium at risk during acute myocardial infarction: validation study using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J. 2007 Jul;28(14):1750-8. Epub 2007 Jun 22.
• Reimer KA, Ideker RE, Jennings RB. Effect of coronary occlusion site on ischaemic bed size and collateral blood flow in dogs. Cardiovasc Res. 1981 Nov;15(11):668-74.
• Seiler C, Kirkeeide RL, Gould KL. Basic structure-function relations of the epicardial coronary vascular tree. Basis of quantitative coronary arteriography for diffuse coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1992 Jun;85(6):1987-2003.
• Seiler C, Kirkeeide RL, Gould KL. Measurement from arteriograms of regional myocardial bed size distal to any point in the coronary vascular tree for assessing anatomic area at risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Mar 1;21(3):783-97.
• Wu E, Judd RM, Vargas JD, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Kim RJ. Visualisation of presence, location, and transmural extent of healed Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Lancet. 2001 Jan 6;357(9249):21-8.

• Responsible Party: The Medicines Company
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02565147
• Other Study ID Numbers: MDCO-BIV-12-02; 2012-002314-39
• First Posted: Oct 1, 2015
• Last Update Posted: Oct 5, 2018
• Last Verified: Dec 1, 2017

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: No
• Product Manufactured in and Exported from the U.S.: No
• Keywords provided by The Medicines Company: STEMI, infarct size, CMR, bivalirudin
• Additional relevant MeSH terms: Myocardial Infarction; Infarction; Heparin; Bivalirudin

Study Results

Participant Flow

Pre-assignment Detail	Enrolled participants who underwent successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) defined as thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) Flow of 2 or 3, underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) at 5 days, and were without major protocol deviations were included in the per-protocol population (primary/secondary analyses).

Arm/Group Title	PPCI With Bivalirudin	PPCI With Heparin
Arm/Group Description	Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 milligrams [mg]/kilogram [kg]) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/hours [h]) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.	Unfractionated heparin (UFH) was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An activated clotting time (ACT) ≥250 seconds (s) at the end of the procedure was recommended.
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	38	40
Received Study Drug	38	40
Per-Protocol Population	28	36
COMPLETED	32	37
NOT COMPLETED	6	3

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	PPCI With Bivalirudin	PPCI With Heparin	Total
Arm/Group Description	Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 mg/kg) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/h) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.	UFH was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An ACT ≥250 s at the end of the procedure was recommended.	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	38	40	78
Age (Years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [Years]	63.6 (11.4)	61.2 (13.2)	62.4 (12.3)
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	10 26.3%	6 15%	16 20.5%
Male	28 73.7%	34 85%	62 79.5%
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected (Count of Participants)
Count of Participants [Participants]	0 0%
Region of Enrollment (Count of Participants)
Netherlands	21 55.3%	22 55%	43 55.1%
France	17 44.7%	18 45%	35 44.9%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	CMR Assessment Of Infarct Size At Day 5
Description	Size of cardiac infarct, expressed as grams, as assessed by CMR. The use of CMR has dramatically improved the ability for accurate infarct size estimations and is therefore currently considered the gold standard. The number of participants and their mean reported infarct size, as grams, at Day 5 are presented.
Time Frame	5 days post PPCI

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

All enrolled participants who underwent successful PPCI and CMR without major protocol deviations (Per-Protocol Population).

Arm/Group Title	PPCI With Bivalirudin	PPCI With Heparin
Arm/Group Description	Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 mg/kg) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/h) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.	UFH was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An ACT ≥250 s at the end of the procedure was recommended.
Measure Participants	28	36
Mean (Standard Deviation) [Grams]	25.0 (19.7)	27.1 (20.7)

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	PPCI With Bivalirudin, PPCI With Heparin
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority
	Comments
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.7505
	Comments
	Method	Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
	Comments

2. Secondary Outcome

Title	CMR Assessment Of Myocardial Salvage Index (MSI) At Day 5
Description	MSI is a CMR-derived parameter of myocardial recovery and treatment efficacy that allows comparisons among infarcts of different sizes. MSI is calculated as the difference between the area at risk (AAR) and the final infarct size, divided by the AAR, and it is expressed as a percentage of AAR. An MSI of 100% indicates maximum treatment success, whereas an MSI of 0% indicates no treatment benefit. The number of participants and their mean-reported MSI at Day 5 are presented.
Time Frame	5 days post PPCI

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

All enrolled participants who underwent successful PPCI and CMR without major protocol deviations (Per-Protocol Population) and participants with a successful CMR assessment of MSI.

Arm/Group Title	PPCI With Bivalirudin	PPCI With Heparin
Arm/Group Description	Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 mg/kg) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/h) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.	UFH was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An ACT ≥250 s at the end of the procedure was recommended.
Measure Participants	12	15
Mean (Standard Deviation) [Percentage of AAR]	39.4 (19.3)	51.2 (21.7)

3. Secondary Outcome

Title	CMR Assessment Of Micro-vascular Obstruction (MVO) At Day 5
Description	Early and late assessment of MVO, expressed as grams, as assessed by CMR. MVO is an established complication of coronary reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. MVO occurs in the setting of reperfusion following prolonged myocardial ischemia and provides incremental prognostic information beyond infarct size, to which it is related. Early MVO is a prolonged (approximately 60 s) perfusion deficit in dynamic gadolinium (Gd) first-pass images that is determined within 2 minutes (min) of administration of the Gd-based contrast agent. Late MVO is usually assessed as a hypointense infarct core on late-Gd-enhancement images acquired 10 min after contrast administration. The number of participants and their mean reported early and late MVO, as grams, at Day 5 are presented.
Time Frame	5 days post PPCI

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

All enrolled participants who underwent successful PPCI and CMR without major protocol deviations (Per-Protocol Population) and participants with a successful CMR assessment of MVO.

Arm/Group Title	PPCI With Bivalirudin	PPCI With Heparin
Arm/Group Description	Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 mg/kg) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/h) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.	UFH was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An ACT ≥250 s at the end of the procedure was recommended.
Measure Participants	28	36
CMR Early MVO Assessment	5.3 (5.8)	7.7 (6.3)
CMR Late MVO Assessment	3.7 (5.7)	4.2 (4.5)

4. Secondary Outcome

Title	CMR Assessment Of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) At Day 5
Description	Percentage of cardiac LVEF as assessed by CMR. LVEF is a measurement of the percentage of blood ejected out of the left ventricle with each contraction. The number of participants and their mean reported LVEF, as a percentage of blood, at Day 5 are presented.
Time Frame	5 days post PPCI

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

All enrolled participants who underwent successful PPCI and CMR without major protocol deviations (Per-Protocol Population).

Arm/Group Title	PPCI With Bivalirudin	PPCI With Heparin
Arm/Group Description	Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 mg/kg) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/h) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.	UFH was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An ACT ≥250 s at the end of the procedure was recommended.
Measure Participants	28	36
Mean (Standard Deviation) [Percentage of Blood]	48.5 (11.0)	48.6 (10.9)

5. Secondary Outcome

Title	CMR Assessment Of LVEF At Day 90
Description	Percentage of cardiac LVEF as assessed by CMR. LVEF is a measurement of the percentage of blood ejected out of the left ventricle with each contraction. The number of participants and their mean reported LVEF, as a percentage of blood, at Day 90 are presented.
Time Frame	90 days post PPCI

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

All enrolled participants who underwent successful PPCI and CMR without major protocol deviations (Per-Protocol Population) and participants with a successful CMR assessment of LVEF at Day 90.

Arm/Group Title	PPCI With Bivalirudin	PPCI With Heparin
Arm/Group Description	Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 mg/kg) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/h) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.	UFH was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An ACT ≥250 s at the end of the procedure was recommended.
Measure Participants	22	29
Mean (Standard Deviation) [Percentage of Blood]	54.6 (12.0)	49.1 (12.1)

6. Secondary Outcome

Title	TIMI Flow And Myocardial Blush Grade (MBG) At End Of PPCI
Description	TIMI flow (grade 0-3) is an angiographic determination of briskness of epicardial coronary blood flow: TIMI 0 flow (no perfusion); TIMI 1 flow (penetration without perfusion); TIMI 2 flow (partial reperfusion); TIMI 3 flow (complete perfusion/normal flow). MBG (grade 0-3) is an angiographic method for determination of blood flow in the distal myocardial vascular bed. Blush grades: 0 = failure of dye to enter the micro-vasculature; 1 = dye slowly enters but fails to exit the micro-vasculature; 2 = delayed entry and exit of dye from the micro-vasculature; 3 = normal entry and exit of dye from the micro-vasculature. Blush that is only mildly intense throughout the washout phase, but fades minimally, is also classified as grade 3. The number of participants and their mean reported TIMI flow and MBG grades at the end of PPCI are presented.
Time Frame	1 day (end of PPCI)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

All enrolled participants who underwent successful PPCI and CMR without major protocol deviations (Per-Protocol Population) and participants with a detectable TIMI Flow and MBG at the end of PPCI.

Arm/Group Title	PPCI With Bivalirudin	PPCI With Heparin
Arm/Group Description	Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 mg/kg) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/h) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.	UFH was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An ACT ≥250 s at the end of the procedure was recommended.
Measure Participants	28	36
TIMI Flow Grade	2.8 (0.4)	2.8 (0.4)
MBG	1.8 (1.2)	1.5 (1.2)

7. Secondary Outcome

Title	Percentage of Participants With In-Hospital Net Adverse Cardiac Events (NACE) At Day 5
Description	The NACE at 5 days is the composite of major bleeding (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium Type 3 or greater [BARC type ≥3]), death, re-infarction, and ischaemia driven revascularization (IDR). In brief, BARC ≥3 includes: Type 3a-3c, clinical, laboratory, and/or imaging evidence of bleeding; Type 4, coronary artery bypass grafting-related bleeding; Type 5, fatal bleeding that directly results in death that is either clinically suspicious or is confirmed as the cause of death. A participant was defined to have a composite event if the participant experienced at least 1 of the components. If the participant did not have any of the components, then he or she did not have the composite endpoint. If a participant had more than 1 of the components, he or she was only counted once in the determination of the total number of participants experiencing the composite endpoint. The percentage of participants with in-hospital NACE up to Day 5 is presented.
Time Frame	5 days post PPCI or at discharge, whichever occurs first

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

All enrolled participants who underwent successful PPCI and CMR without major protocol deviations (Per-Protocol Population).

Arm/Group Title	PPCI With Bivalirudin	PPCI With Heparin
Arm/Group Description	Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 mg/kg) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/h) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.	UFH was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An ACT ≥250 s at the end of the procedure was recommended.
Measure Participants	28	36
Number [Percentage of Participants]	7.1 18.7%	8.3 20.8%

8. Secondary Outcome

Title	Death At Day 90
Description	Participant survival during the clinical follow-up period is presented as the number of participants with reported death at 90 days post PPCI.
Time Frame	90 days post PPCI

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

All enrolled participants who underwent successful PPCI and CMR without major protocol deviations (Per-Protocol Population).

Arm/Group Title	PPCI With Bivalirudin	PPCI With Heparin
Arm/Group Description	Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 mg/kg) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/h) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.	UFH was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An ACT ≥250 s at the end of the procedure was recommended.
Measure Participants	28	36
Number [Participants]	0 0%	1 2.5%

9. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	Index Of Microcirculatory Resistance (IMR)
Description	IMR, a predictor of clinical outcome, is a readily available, quantitative, and reproducible method for invasively assessing coronary microvascular function. It is measured using the thermodilution technique and defined as mean distal coronary pressure, expressed in millimeters (mm) of mercury (Hg), multiplied by the mean hyperemic transit time (s) (mmHg*s). Higher IMR values indicate poorer microcirculation and are associated with a worse clinical outcome. A cutoff point of 32 (associated with better clinical outcomes) was selected as the threshold. Only participants at study locations with previous experience in IMR measurements participated in this sub study. The number of participants and their mean reported IMR at the end of PPCI are presented.
Time Frame	1 day (end of PPCI)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

All participants enrolled into the randomized trial (Intent-to-treat [ITT] Population) who took part in the IMR sub study (IMR-ITT).

Arm/Group Title	PPCI With Bivalirudin	PPCI With Heparin
Arm/Group Description	Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 mg/kg) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/h) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.	UFH was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An ACT ≥250 s at the end of the procedure was recommended.
Measure Participants	25	25
Mean (Standard Deviation) [mmHg*s]	43.49 (21.62)	68.66 (35.77)

Adverse Events

Time Frame	Up to 5 days (±36 h) post randomization/discharge
Arm/Group Title	PPCI With Bivalirudin		PPCI With Heparin
Arm/Group Description	Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus (0.75 mg/kg) and an infusion (1.75 mg/kg/h) for the duration of the PPCI and continued for the first 4 h after completion of the procedure.		UFH was administered as a bolus according to standard of care for completion of PPCI per site. An ACT ≥250 s at the end of the procedure was recommended.
All Cause Mortality
	PPCI With Bivalirudin		PPCI With Heparin
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	1/38 (2.6%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Serious Adverse Events
	PPCI With Bivalirudin		PPCI With Heparin
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	6/38 (15.8%)		7/40 (17.5%)
Cardiac disorders
Cardiac arrest	0/38 (0%)		2/40 (5%)
Cardiac asthma	0/38 (0%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Cardiac failure	0/38 (0%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Cardiac tamponade	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)
Cardiac ventricular thrombosis	0/38 (0%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Cardiogenic shock	2/38 (5.3%)		0/40 (0%)
Coronary artery perforation	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)
Myocardial rupture	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)
Ventricular fibrillation	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)
Nervous system disorders
Transient ischaemic attack	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)
Psychiatric disorders
Delirium	0/38 (0%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Lung disorder	0/38 (0%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	PPCI With Bivalirudin		PPCI With Heparin
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	11/38 (28.9%)		6/40 (15%)
Cardiac disorders
Atrial fibrillation	2/38 (5.3%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Cardiac ventricular thrombosis	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)
Ventricular tachycardia	2/38 (5.3%)		0/40 (0%)
Bradycardia	0/38 (0%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Ventricular arrhythmia	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)
Gastrointestinal disorders
Constipation	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)
Vomiting	0/38 (0%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Immune system disorders
Drug hypersensitivity	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)
Infections and infestations
Pneumonia	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	0/38 (0%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Psychiatric disorders
Delirium	0/38 (0%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Renal and urinary disorders
Nephropathy toxic	0/38 (0%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Renal failure	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)
Urinary retention	0/38 (0%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	0/38 (0%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Lung disorder	1/38 (2.6%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Rash	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)
Vascular disorders
Hypotension	1/38 (2.6%)		1/40 (2.5%)
Phlebitis	1/38 (2.6%)		0/40 (0%)

Limitations/Caveats

Since the measured difference in infarct size at Day 5 (by CMR) was <18%, the study was terminated for futility at the interim analysis as pre-defined in the protocol.

More Information

Certain Agreements

Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

The only disclosure restriction on the PI is that the sponsor can review results communications prior to public release and can embargo communications regarding trial results for a period that is more than 60 days but less than or equal to 180 days. The sponsor cannot require changes to the communication and cannot extend the embargo.