Human Algorithm Interactions for Acute Respiratory Failure Diagnosis
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
Artificial intelligence (AI) shows promising in identifying abnormalities in clinical images. However, systematically biased AI models, where a model makes inaccurate predictions for entire subpopulations, can lead to errors and potential harms. When shown incorrect predictions from an AI model, clinician diagnostic accuracy can be harmed. This study aims to study the effectiveness of providing clinicians with image-based AI model explanations when provided AI model predictions to help clinicians better understand the logic of an AI model's prediction. It will evaluate whether providing clinicians with AI model explanations can improve diagnostic accuracy and help clinicians catch when models are making incorrect decisions. As a test case, the study will focus on the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure because determining the underlying causes of acute respiratory failure is critically important for guiding treatment decisions but can be clinically challenging.
To determine if providing AI explanations can improve clinician diagnostic accuracy and alleviate the potential impact of showing clinicians a systematically biased AI model, a randomized clinical vignette survey study will be conducted. During the survey, study participants will be shown clinical vignettes of patients hospitalized with acute respiratory failure, including the patient's presenting symptoms, physical exam, laboratory results, and chest X-ray. Study participants will then be asked to assess the likelihood that heart failure, pneumonia and/or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the underlying diagnosis. During specific vignettes in the survey, participants will also be shown standard or systematically biased AI models that provide an estimate the likelihood that heart failure, pneumonia and/or COPD is the underlying diagnosis. Clinicians will be randomized see AI predictions alone or AI predictions with explanations when shown AI models. This survey design will allow for testing the hypothesis that systematically biased models would harm clinician diagnostic accuracy, but commonly used image-based explanations would help clinicians partially recover their performance.
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
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N/A |
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Experimental: AI model biased for heart failure, no AI explanation Participants in this arm will be shown standard AI model predictions during 3 patient clinical vignettes within the survey and systematically biased AI model predictions during 3 clinical vignettes. When shown systematically biased AI model predictions, the model will be biased against heart failure, always predicting that heart failure is present with high likelihood in patients with a body mass index (BMI) at or above 30. Standard predictions will be shown for the other 2 diagnoses. Participants in this arm will not be shown an AI explanation when shown AI model predictions. |
Other: Artificial Intelligence model predictions without explanation
During 6 clinical vignettes, participants will see AI model predictions without a corresponding AI explanation. The AI model will provide a score for each diagnosis (heart failure, pneumonia, COPD) on a scale of 0-100 estimating how likely the patient's presentation was due to each of these diagnoses. In 3 of the clinical vignettes, participants will be shown standard AI model predictions and 3 vignettes they will be shown systematically biased AI model predictions, with the model specifically biased against one of the three diagnoses.
Other: AI model biased against heart failure
In 3 clinical vignettes, participants will be shown systematically biased AI model predictions with the model specifically biased against heart failure, always predicting that heart failure is present with high likelihood in survey vignette patients with a body mass index (BMI) at or above 30. Standard predictions will be shown for the other 2 diagnoses (pneumonia, COPD).
|
| Experimental: AI model biased for pneumonia, no AI explanation Participants in this arm will be shown standard AI model predictions during 3 patient clinical vignettes within the survey and systematically biased AI model predictions during 3 clinical vignettes. When shown systematically biased AI model predictions, the model will be biased against pneumonia, always predicting that pneumonia is present with high likelihood in patients 80 years or older. Standard predictions will be shown for the other 2 diagnoses. Participants in this arm will not be shown an AI explanation when shown AI model predictions. |
Other: Artificial Intelligence model predictions without explanation
During 6 clinical vignettes, participants will see AI model predictions without a corresponding AI explanation. The AI model will provide a score for each diagnosis (heart failure, pneumonia, COPD) on a scale of 0-100 estimating how likely the patient's presentation was due to each of these diagnoses. In 3 of the clinical vignettes, participants will be shown standard AI model predictions and 3 vignettes they will be shown systematically biased AI model predictions, with the model specifically biased against one of the three diagnoses.
Other: AI model biased against pneumonia
In 3 clinical vignettes, participants will be shown systematically biased AI model predictions with the model specifically biased against pneumonia, always predicting that pneumonia is present with high likelihood in survey vignette patients 80 years or older. Standard predictions will be shown for the other 2 diagnoses (heart failure, COPD).
|
| Experimental: AI model biased for COPD, no AI explanation Participants in this arm will be shown standard AI model predictions during 3 patient clinical vignettes within the survey and systematically biased AI model predictions during 3 clinical vignettes. When shown systematically biased AI model predictions, the model will be biased against COPD, always predicting that COPD is present with high likelihood when a pre-processing filter was applied to the patient's X-ray. Standard predictions will be shown for the other 2 diagnoses. Participants in this arm will not be shown an AI explanation when shown AI model predictions. |
Other: Artificial Intelligence model predictions without explanation
During 6 clinical vignettes, participants will see AI model predictions without a corresponding AI explanation. The AI model will provide a score for each diagnosis (heart failure, pneumonia, COPD) on a scale of 0-100 estimating how likely the patient's presentation was due to each of these diagnoses. In 3 of the clinical vignettes, participants will be shown standard AI model predictions and 3 vignettes they will be shown systematically biased AI model predictions, with the model specifically biased against one of the three diagnoses.
Other: AI model biased against COPD
In 3 clinical vignettes, participants will be shown systematically biased AI model predictions with the model specifically biased against COPD, always predicting that COPD is present with high likelihood in survey vignette patients where a pre-processing filter was applied to the patient's X-ray. Standard predictions will be shown for the other 2 diagnoses (heart failure, pneumonia).
|
| Experimental: AI model biased for heart failure, Image-based AI explanation presented Participants in this arm will be shown standard AI model predictions during 3 patient clinical vignettes within the survey and systematically biased AI model predictions during 3 clinical vignettes. When shown systematically biased AI model predictions, the model will be biased against heart failure, always predicting that heart failure is present with high likelihood in patients with a body mass index (BMI) at or above 30. Standard predictions will be shown for the other 2 diagnoses. Participants in this arm will also be shown AI explanation when shown AI model predictions. |
Other: Artificial intelligence model predictions with explanation
During 6 clinical vignettes, participants will see AI model predictions with explanation. The AI model will provide a score for each diagnosis on a scale of 0-100. In 3 clinical vignettes, participants will be shown standard AI model predictions and 3 vignettes they will be shown systematically biased AI model predictions with the model specifically biased against one of the three diagnoses. If the AI model provides a score above 50 an AI model explanation will be shown as gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) heatmaps overlaid on the chest X-ray that highlighted which regions of the image most affecting the AI model's prediction.
Other: AI model biased against heart failure
In 3 clinical vignettes, participants will be shown systematically biased AI model predictions with the model specifically biased against heart failure, always predicting that heart failure is present with high likelihood in survey vignette patients with a body mass index (BMI) at or above 30. Standard predictions will be shown for the other 2 diagnoses (pneumonia, COPD).
|
| Experimental: AI model biased for pneumonia, Image-based AI explanation presented Participants in this arm will be shown standard AI model predictions during 3 patient clinical vignettes within the survey and systematically biased AI model predictions during 3 clinical vignettes. When shown systematically biased AI model predictions, the model will be biased against pneumonia, always predicting that pneumonia is present with high likelihood in patients 80 years or older. Standard predictions will be shown for the other 2 diagnoses. Participants in this arm will also be shown AI explanation when shown AI model predictions. |
Other: Artificial intelligence model predictions with explanation
During 6 clinical vignettes, participants will see AI model predictions with explanation. The AI model will provide a score for each diagnosis on a scale of 0-100. In 3 clinical vignettes, participants will be shown standard AI model predictions and 3 vignettes they will be shown systematically biased AI model predictions with the model specifically biased against one of the three diagnoses. If the AI model provides a score above 50 an AI model explanation will be shown as gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) heatmaps overlaid on the chest X-ray that highlighted which regions of the image most affecting the AI model's prediction.
Other: AI model biased against pneumonia
In 3 clinical vignettes, participants will be shown systematically biased AI model predictions with the model specifically biased against pneumonia, always predicting that pneumonia is present with high likelihood in survey vignette patients 80 years or older. Standard predictions will be shown for the other 2 diagnoses (heart failure, COPD).
|
| Experimental: AI model biased for COPD, Image-based AI explanation presented Participants in this arm will be shown standard AI model predictions during 3 patient clinical vignettes within the survey and systematically biased AI model predictions during 3 clinical vignettes. When shown systematically biased AI model predictions, the model will be biased against COPD, always predicting that COPD is present with high likelihood when a pre-processing filter was applied to the patient's X-ray. Standard predictions will be shown for the other 2 diagnoses. Participants in this arm will also be shown AI explanation when shown AI model predictions. |
Other: Artificial intelligence model predictions with explanation
During 6 clinical vignettes, participants will see AI model predictions with explanation. The AI model will provide a score for each diagnosis on a scale of 0-100. In 3 clinical vignettes, participants will be shown standard AI model predictions and 3 vignettes they will be shown systematically biased AI model predictions with the model specifically biased against one of the three diagnoses. If the AI model provides a score above 50 an AI model explanation will be shown as gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) heatmaps overlaid on the chest X-ray that highlighted which regions of the image most affecting the AI model's prediction.
Other: AI model biased against COPD
In 3 clinical vignettes, participants will be shown systematically biased AI model predictions with the model specifically biased against COPD, always predicting that COPD is present with high likelihood in survey vignette patients where a pre-processing filter was applied to the patient's X-ray. Standard predictions will be shown for the other 2 diagnoses (heart failure, pneumonia).
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Participant diagnostic accuracy across clinical vignette settings [Day 0]
Diagnostic accuracy is defined as the number of correct diagnostic assessments over the total number of diagnostic assessments. After reviewing each individual patient clinical vignette within the survey, participants will be asked to make three separate diagnostic assessments for each clinical vignette, one for heart failure, pneumonia, and COPD. If the participant's assessment agrees with the reference label for each vignette, the diagnostic assessment is considered correct. Diagnostic assessments will be performed while participants are completing the survey (day 0), immediately after the participant reviews the clinical vignette. Participant diagnostic accuracy will be compared across vignette settings (no AI model, standard AI model, standard AI model with explanation, biased AI model, biased AI model with explanation).
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Treatment Selection Accuracy across clinical vignette settings [Day 0]
Treatment selection accuracy is defined as whether the participant choose the correct treatment for the patient in the clinical vignette, and could choose any combination of steroids, antibiotics, Intravenous (IV) diuretics, or none of these treatments for the patient. Treatment selection assessments will be performed while participants are completing the survey (day 0), immediately after the participant reviews the clinical vignette. Participant treatment selection accuracy will be compared across vignette settings (no AI model, standard AI model, standard AI model with explanation, biased AI model, biased AI model with explanation).
- Diagnosis specific diagnostic accuracy across clinical vignette settings [Day 0]
Diagnostic accuracy specific to heart failure, pneumonia, and COPD across vignette settings
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- Physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants that care for patients with acute respiratory failure as part of their clinical practice
Exclusion Criteria:
- Physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants that only provide patient care in outpatient settings
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | University of Michigan | Ann Arbor | Michigan | United States | 48103 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- University of Michigan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Michael Sjoding, MD, University of Michigan
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
None provided.- HUM00180745
- R01HL158626