FORTE: Five or Ten Year Colonoscopy for 1-2 Non-Advanced Adenomatous Polyps

Sponsor
NRG Oncology (Other)
Overall Status
Recruiting
CT.gov ID
NCT05080673
Collaborator
National Cancer Institute (NCI) (NIH)
9,500
165
2
528.9
57.6
0.1

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

This trial examines colorectal cancer incidence in participants with 1 to 2 non-advanced adenomas randomized to surveillance colonoscopy at 10 years compared to participants randomized to surveillance colonoscopy at 5 and 10 years.

Condition or Disease Intervention/Treatment Phase
  • Procedure: 5-year and 10 Year Surveillance Colonoscopy after Qualifying Colonoscopy
N/A

Detailed Description

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among men and women in the United States (US). The lifetime risk of colorectal cancer in both men and women in the US is approximately 6%. About 93% of colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnoses are in patients older than 50 years (Siegel 2014). Randomized controlled trials show that screening for CRC significantly decreases CRC incidence and mortality (Schoen 2012, Atkin 2010, Mandel 1999, Mandel 2000). CRC screening has received a Grade A recommendation from the US Preventive Services Task Force.

In the U.S., colonoscopy is the most utilized screening modality for CRC. On a population basis, screening rates, which were around 40-50%, have now increased to 65%, and a goal to increase to 80% compliance is being promoted (CDC 2011, CDC 2013, Meester 2015).

Adenomatous polyps are the acknowledged precursors of colorectal cancer. Identification and removal of adenomas is the mechanism by which screening is effective in reducing CRC incidence and subsequent mortality. "Advanced" adenomas are adenomas which are greater than or equal to 1 cm, or have a "villous" component (tubulovillous or villous), or have foci of high grade dysplasia. Advanced adenomas are associated with increased long-term risk of cancer, even years after colonoscopy (Click 2018). The prevalence of advanced adenomas at screening colonoscopy is 5-10% (Ferlitsch 2011, Imperiale 2014). Non-advanced adenomas are adenomas greater than 1 cm with neither villous components nor high grade dysplasia. Non-advanced adenomas are much more common than advanced adenomas, present in around 30% of colonoscopy exams (Ferlitsch 2011, Imperiale 2014).

After detection of adenomas, patients are advised to return periodically for surveillance colonoscopy. Patients with 1-2 non-advanced adenomas are recommended by guidelines to return in 5 - 10 years for follow-up surveillance colonoscopy (Lieberman 2012). However, there are no guidelines on how to triage individuals to 5 as opposed to 10 years. Furthermore, there is limited evidence supporting the effectiveness of surveillance colonoscopy in reducing CRC incidence. A retrospective study in patients with advanced adenomas demonstrated benefit (Atkin 2017), but the study was not randomized and did not include patients with 1-2 non-advanced adenomas. The only randomized trial of surveillance colonoscopy was reported in the early 1990's, when participants were randomized to 3 vs. 1- and 3- year surveillance (Winawer 1993). No difference in advanced adenoma detection was observed when comparing participants examined at the two screening intervals, and as a result, guidelines were modified with participants advised to return every 3 years after adenomatous polyp detection. The recommended interval for non-advanced adenomas was gradually lengthened to the current standard, but there is no randomized, controlled data to support that interval. Furthermore, observational data of surveillance colonoscopy practice in the U.S. demonstrate that recommended intervals are often not adhered to, and individuals return for repeat testing well ahead of guideline recommendations (Schoen 2010, Lieberman 2014).

Furthermore, if anything, retrospective, natural history studies of non-advanced adenomas do not support the association of non-advanced adenoma with a higher risk of subsequent colorectal cancer (Atkin 1992, Spencer 1984, Loberg 2014). For example, in a classic study from the United Kingdom, patients with small rectosigmoid adenomas, even if multiple, did not have an increased risk of CRC compared to the general population, over a 14-year mean follow-up time (Atkin 1992). In a recent observational study from Norway, participants with a low-risk adenoma followed over a median of 7.7 years (maximum 19 years) without subsequent surveillance colonoscopy, had a lower CRC mortality than the general population (Loberg 2014), implying that although the initial colonoscopy may be protective, subsequent follow-up colonoscopy was not required. More recently, several studies have reported that individuals with non-advanced adenomas do not have an increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to those with no adenomas (Click 2018, Lieberman 2019, Lee 2019).

Another recent major development affecting screening is that practitioners of colonoscopy are now recommended to monitor and insure their adenoma detection rates are high. Data from Poland (Kaminski 2010) and Kaiser Permanente in California (Corley 2014) have demonstrated that a higher adenoma detection rate (ADR) is associated with a lower long-term risk of interval CRC, or cancer occurring after colonoscopy. Our understanding of these observations is premised on the notion that leaving pre-neoplastic tissue (adenomas) in situ, (such as what occurs with a lower ADR), increases the chance that an adenoma left behind will subsequently transform into cancer. The concern over interval cancers has stimulated quality concerns about the practice of colonoscopy. Guidelines for a recommended ADR at screening colonoscopy are rising, from the initial targets of 15% in women and 25% in men (Lieberman 2012) to 20% in women and 30% in men or 25% overall. ADRs in clinical studies are now commonly over 30% and some practitioners report rates exceeding 50%. However, adenomas that are detected when the ADR is high or as it increases over time are generally small, non-advanced adenomas.

Current clinical practice favoring colonoscopy-based screening with increased emphasis on detection of adenomas, most of which will turn out to be small, non-advanced adenomas, will greatly increase demand for utilization of surveillance colonoscopy exams in the coming decades. Yet, the evidence for determining the benefit, optimal timing, and recommended frequency of surveillance colonoscopy is unknown. A randomized, clinical trial to demonstrate the difference in yield between 5- or 10-year surveillance for participants with non-advanced adenoma is needed to guide clinical practice. Only a randomized trial will be authoritative enough to define good clinical practice and directly influence clinical care.

Study Design

Study Type:
Interventional
Anticipated Enrollment :
9500 participants
Allocation:
Randomized
Intervention Model:
Parallel Assignment
Intervention Model Description:
SurveillanceSurveillance
Masking:
None (Open Label)
Primary Purpose:
Other
Official Title:
Five or Ten Year Colonoscopy for 1-2 Non-Advanced Adenomatous Polyps
Actual Study Start Date :
Oct 6, 2021
Anticipated Primary Completion Date :
Nov 1, 2035
Anticipated Study Completion Date :
Nov 1, 2065

Arms and Interventions

Arm Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: Arm 1

5-Year and 10-Year Surveillance Colonoscopy after Qualifying Colonoscopy

Procedure: 5-year and 10 Year Surveillance Colonoscopy after Qualifying Colonoscopy
The five- and ten-year colonoscopies, in addition to any unscheduled colonoscopies, will be performed according to currently accepted guidelines for the performance of quality colonoscopy. Participants will be given the standardized colonoscopy preparation instructions per institutional standards.

Experimental: Arm 2

10-Year Surveillance Colonoscopy after Qualifying Colonoscopy

Procedure: 5-year and 10 Year Surveillance Colonoscopy after Qualifying Colonoscopy
The five- and ten-year colonoscopies, in addition to any unscheduled colonoscopies, will be performed according to currently accepted guidelines for the performance of quality colonoscopy. Participants will be given the standardized colonoscopy preparation instructions per institutional standards.

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

  1. Incidence of colorectal cancer [10 years]

    To examine colorectal cancer incidence in participants with 1 to 2 non-advanced adenomas randomized to surveillance colonoscopy at 10 years compared to participants randomized to surveillance colonoscopy at 5 and 10 years.

Other Outcome Measures

  1. Incidence of advanced adenoma [10 years]

    To examine advanced adenoma incidence in participants with 1 to 2 non-advanced adenomas randomized to surveillance colonoscopy at 10 years compared to participants randomized to surveillance colonoscopy at 5 and 10 years.

  2. Colorectal cancer mortality [10 years]

    To examine colorectal cancer mortality in participants with 1 to 2 non-advanced adenomas randomized to surveillance colonoscopy at 10 years compared to participants randomized to surveillance colonoscopy at 5 and 10 years.

  3. Incidence of stage III-IV colorectal cancer [10 years]

    To examine stage III-IV colorectal cancer incidence in participants with 1 to 2 non-advanced adenomas randomized to surveillance colonoscopy at 10 years compared to participants randomized to surveillance colonoscopy at 5 and 10 years.

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study:
50 Years to 70 Years
Sexes Eligible for Study:
All
Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
No
Inclusion Criteria:
  • • The participant must have signed and dated an IRB-approved consent form that conforms to federal and institutional guidelines.

  • Participants with a first-time diagnosis of 1-2 non-advanced tubular adenomas (less than 10 mm without tubulovillous or villous changes or high grade or severe dysplasia) from the qualifying colonoscopy within 4 years prior to randomization.

  • Sessile serrated polyps/adenomas, as long as they do not meet the criteria for advanced adenomas, will be considered as non-advanced adenomas.

  • Qualifying colonoscopy must be a complete colonoscopy with visualization of the cecum and with adequate cleansing within 4 years prior to randomization.

  • Complete excision of all observed polyps in qualifying colonoscopy

  • Participants must be able to read or understand English or Spanish.

Exclusion Criteria:
  • • Prior history of colorectal cancer or colorectal adenomas including sessile serrated polyps/adenomas excluding those found on the qualifying colonoscopy.

  • Prior history of a hyperplastic polyp measuring greater than or equal to 1 cm in size.

  • Traditional serrated adenomas found on the qualifying colonoscopy.

  • Hyperplastic polyp measuring less than or equal to 1 cm in size found on the qualifying colonoscopy.

  • Previous malignancies unless the patient has been disease-free for 5 or more years prior to randomization and is deemed by the physician to be at low risk for recurrence. Patients with the following cancers are eligible if diagnosed and treated within the past 5 years: all in situ cancers and basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

  • Colonoscopy performed after the qualifying colonoscopy but prior to randomization.

  • Incomplete qualifying colonoscopy (e.g., cecum not visualized).

  • Incomplete endoscopic excision of adenomatous polyps based on colonoscopist impression at qualifying colonoscopy. (Excision of all hyperplastic rectosigmoid polyps is not required.)

  • Sub-total colectomy or total proctocolectomy. (Segmental resections are allowed.)

  • Family history of CRC diagnosed at greater than or equal to 60 years of age in a first degree relative (mother, father, child, sibling) or in two first degree relatives with CRC at any age.

  • Participants with a clinical diagnosis of a significant heritable risk for colorectal cancer (Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer [Lynch Syndrome]).

  • Participants tested positive for a Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer [Lynch Syndrome] genetic mutation that increases risk of colorectal cancer.

  • Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's Disease, ulcerative colitis).

  • Life expectancy less than 10 years due to comorbid conditions in the opinion of the investigator.

  • Other comorbid conditions that would prevent the participant from having colonoscopies or would prevent required follow-up.

Contacts and Locations

Locations

Site City State Country Postal Code
1 Cancer Center at Saint Joseph's Phoenix Arizona United States 85004
2 CHI Saint Vincent Cancer Center Hot Springs Hot Springs Arkansas United States 71913
3 Mission Hope Medical Oncology - Arroyo Grande Arroyo Grande California United States 93420
4 Epic Care-Dublin Dublin California United States 94568
5 Bay Area Breast Surgeons Inc Emeryville California United States 94608
6 Epic Care Partners in Cancer Care Emeryville California United States 94608
7 UCLA / Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center Los Angeles California United States 90095
8 Contra Costa Regional Medical Center Martinez California United States 94553-3156
9 Alta Bates Summit Medical Center - Summit Campus Oakland California United States 94609
10 Bay Area Tumor Institute Oakland California United States 94609
11 Pacific Central Coast Health Center-San Luis Obispo San Luis Obispo California United States 93401
12 Mission Hope Medical Oncology - Santa Maria Santa Maria California United States 93444
13 Kaiser Permanente-Vallejo Vallejo California United States 94589
14 Epic Care Cyberknife Center Walnut Creek California United States 94597
15 Penrose-Saint Francis Healthcare Colorado Springs Colorado United States 80907
16 Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers-Penrose Colorado Springs Colorado United States 80907
17 Saint Francis Cancer Center Colorado Springs Colorado United States 80923
18 Porter Adventist Hospital Denver Colorado United States 80210
19 Mercy Medical Center Durango Colorado United States 81301
20 Southwest Oncology PC Durango Colorado United States 81301
21 Saint Anthony Hospital Lakewood Colorado United States 80228
22 Littleton Adventist Hospital Littleton Colorado United States 80122
23 Longmont United Hospital Longmont Colorado United States 80501
24 Rocky Mountain Cancer Centers-Longmont Longmont Colorado United States 80501
25 Parker Adventist Hospital Parker Colorado United States 80138
26 Saint Mary Corwin Medical Center Pueblo Colorado United States 81004
27 Rush - Copley Medical Center Aurora Illinois United States 60504
28 John H Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County Chicago Illinois United States 60612
29 Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois United States 60612
30 Carle on Vermilion Danville Illinois United States 61832
31 Carle Physician Group-Effingham Effingham Illinois United States 62401
32 Carle Physician Group-Mattoon/Charleston Mattoon Illinois United States 61938
33 Carle Cancer Center Urbana Illinois United States 61801
34 The Carle Foundation Hospital Urbana Illinois United States 61801
35 Rush-Copley Healthcare Center Yorkville Illinois United States 60560
36 Medical Oncology and Hematology Associates-West Des Moines Clive Iowa United States 50325
37 Mercy Cancer Center-West Lakes Clive Iowa United States 50325
38 Alegent Health Mercy Hospital Council Bluffs Iowa United States 51503
39 Greater Regional Medical Center Creston Iowa United States 50801
40 Medical Oncology and Hematology Associates-Laurel Des Moines Iowa United States 50314
41 Mercy Medical Center - Des Moines Des Moines Iowa United States 50314
42 Mercy Medical Center-West Lakes West Des Moines Iowa United States 50266
43 Flaget Memorial Hospital Bardstown Kentucky United States 40004
44 Commonwealth Cancer Center-Corbin Corbin Kentucky United States 40701
45 Saint Joseph Radiation Oncology Resource Center Lexington Kentucky United States 40504
46 Saint Joseph Hospital East Lexington Kentucky United States 40509
47 Saint Joseph London London Kentucky United States 40741
48 Jewish Hospital Louisville Kentucky United States 40202
49 Saints Mary and Elizabeth Hospital Louisville Kentucky United States 40215
50 UofL Health Medical Center Northeast Louisville Kentucky United States 40245
51 Jewish Hospital Medical Center South Shepherdsville Kentucky United States 40165
52 Bronson Battle Creek Battle Creek Michigan United States 49017
53 Helen DeVos Children's Hospital at Spectrum Health Grand Rapids Michigan United States 49503
54 Mercy Health Saint Mary's Grand Rapids Michigan United States 49503
55 Spectrum Health at Butterworth Campus Grand Rapids Michigan United States 49503
56 Bronson Methodist Hospital Kalamazoo Michigan United States 49007
57 West Michigan Cancer Center Kalamazoo Michigan United States 49007
58 Ascension Borgess Cancer Center Kalamazoo Michigan United States 49009
59 Borgess Medical Center Kalamazoo Michigan United States 49048
60 Mercy Health Mercy Campus Muskegon Michigan United States 49444
61 Lakeland Hospital Niles Niles Michigan United States 49120
62 Cancer and Hematology Centers of Western Michigan - Norton Shores Norton Shores Michigan United States 49444
63 Spectrum Health Reed City Hospital Reed City Michigan United States 49677
64 Lakeland Medical Center Saint Joseph Saint Joseph Michigan United States 49085
65 Marie Yeager Cancer Center Saint Joseph Michigan United States 49085
66 Munson Medical Center Traverse City Michigan United States 49684
67 Metro Health Hospital Wyoming Michigan United States 49519
68 Riverwood Healthcare Center Aitkin Minnesota United States 56431
69 Sanford Joe Lueken Cancer Center Bemidji Minnesota United States 56601
70 Essentia Health Saint Joseph's Medical Center Brainerd Minnesota United States 56401
71 Fairview Ridges Hospital Burnsville Minnesota United States 55337
72 Minnesota Oncology - Burnsville Burnsville Minnesota United States 55337
73 Cambridge Medical Center Cambridge Minnesota United States 55008
74 Mercy Hospital Coon Rapids Minnesota United States 55433
75 Essentia Health - Deer River Clinic Deer River Minnesota United States 56636
76 Essentia Health Saint Mary's - Detroit Lakes Clinic Detroit Lakes Minnesota United States 56501
77 Essentia Health Cancer Center Duluth Minnesota United States 55805
78 Essentia Health Saint Mary's Medical Center Duluth Minnesota United States 55805
79 Miller-Dwan Hospital Duluth Minnesota United States 55805
80 Fairview Southdale Hospital Edina Minnesota United States 55435
81 Lake Region Healthcare Corporation-Cancer Care Fergus Falls Minnesota United States 56537
82 Essentia Health - Fosston Fosston Minnesota United States 56542
83 Unity Hospital Fridley Minnesota United States 55432
84 Essentia Health Hibbing Clinic Hibbing Minnesota United States 55746
85 Fairview Clinics and Surgery Center Maple Grove Maple Grove Minnesota United States 55369
86 Minnesota Oncology Hematology PA-Maplewood Maplewood Minnesota United States 55109
87 Saint John's Hospital - Healtheast Maplewood Minnesota United States 55109
88 Abbott-Northwestern Hospital Minneapolis Minnesota United States 55407
89 Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis Minnesota United States 55415
90 Health Partners Inc Minneapolis Minnesota United States 55454
91 Monticello Cancer Center Monticello Minnesota United States 55362
92 New Ulm Medical Center New Ulm Minnesota United States 56073
93 Essentia Health - Park Rapids Park Rapids Minnesota United States 56470
94 Fairview Northland Medical Center Princeton Minnesota United States 55371
95 North Memorial Medical Health Center Robbinsdale Minnesota United States 55422
96 Park Nicollet Clinic - Saint Louis Park Saint Louis Park Minnesota United States 55416
97 Regions Hospital Saint Paul Minnesota United States 55101
98 United Hospital Saint Paul Minnesota United States 55102
99 Essentia Health Sandstone Sandstone Minnesota United States 55072
100 Saint Francis Regional Medical Center Shakopee Minnesota United States 55379
101 Lakeview Hospital Stillwater Minnesota United States 55082
102 Sanford Thief River Falls Medical Center Thief River Falls Minnesota United States 56701
103 Essentia Health Virginia Clinic Virginia Minnesota United States 55792
104 Ridgeview Medical Center Waconia Minnesota United States 55387
105 Rice Memorial Hospital Willmar Minnesota United States 56201
106 Minnesota Oncology Hematology PA-Woodbury Woodbury Minnesota United States 55125
107 Sanford Cancer Center Worthington Worthington Minnesota United States 56187
108 Fairview Lakes Medical Center Wyoming Minnesota United States 55092
109 CHI Health Saint Francis Grand Island Nebraska United States 68803
110 CHI Health Good Samaritan Kearney Nebraska United States 68847
111 Saint Elizabeth Regional Medical Center Lincoln Nebraska United States 68510
112 Alegent Health Immanuel Medical Center Omaha Nebraska United States 68122
113 Alegent Health Bergan Mercy Medical Center Omaha Nebraska United States 68124
114 Alegent Health Lakeside Hospital Omaha Nebraska United States 68130
115 Creighton University Medical Center Omaha Nebraska United States 68131
116 Midlands Community Hospital Papillion Nebraska United States 68046
117 Morristown Medical Center Morristown New Jersey United States 07960
118 Sanford Bismarck Medical Center Bismarck North Dakota United States 58501
119 Essentia Health Cancer Center-South University Clinic Fargo North Dakota United States 58103
120 Sanford South University Medical Center Fargo North Dakota United States 58103
121 Southpointe-Sanford Medical Center Fargo Fargo North Dakota United States 58103
122 Sanford Medical Center Fargo Fargo North Dakota United States 58104
123 Sanford Broadway Medical Center Fargo North Dakota United States 58122
124 Sanford Roger Maris Cancer Center Fargo North Dakota United States 58122
125 Essentia Health - Jamestown Clinic Jamestown North Dakota United States 58401
126 Good Samaritan Hospital - Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio United States 45220
127 Bethesda North Hospital Cincinnati Ohio United States 45242
128 TriHealth Cancer Institute-Westside Cincinnati Ohio United States 45247
129 TriHealth Cancer Institute-Anderson Cincinnati Ohio United States 45255
130 UPMC-Presbyterian Hospital Pittsburgh Pennsylvania United States 15213
131 Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center Charleston South Carolina United States 29401
132 Prisma Health Greenville Memorial Hospital Greenville South Carolina United States 29605
133 Sanford Cancer Center Oncology Clinic Sioux Falls South Dakota United States 57104
134 Sanford USD Medical Center - Sioux Falls Sioux Falls South Dakota United States 57117-5134
135 Saint Joseph Regional Cancer Center Bryan Texas United States 77802
136 Harrison Medical Center Bremerton Washington United States 98310
137 Highline Medical Center-Main Campus Burien Washington United States 98166
138 Saint Elizabeth Hospital Enumclaw Washington United States 98022
139 Saint Francis Hospital Federal Way Washington United States 98003
140 Saint Clare Hospital Lakewood Washington United States 98499
141 Franciscan Research Center-Northwest Medical Plaza Tacoma Washington United States 98405
142 Ascension Saint Elizabeth Hospital Appleton Wisconsin United States 54915
143 Duluth Clinic Ashland Ashland Wisconsin United States 54806
144 Northwest Wisconsin Cancer Center Ashland Wisconsin United States 54806
145 Ascension Southeast Wisconsin Hospital - Elmbrook Campus Brookfield Wisconsin United States 53045
146 Ascension Calumet Hospital Chilton Wisconsin United States 53014
147 Marshfield Medical Center-EC Cancer Center Eau Claire Wisconsin United States 54701
148 Ascension Saint Francis - Reiman Cancer Center Franklin Wisconsin United States 53132
149 Ascension Southeast Wisconsin Hospital - Franklin Franklin Wisconsin United States 53132
150 Essentia Health-Hayward Clinic Hayward Wisconsin United States 54843
151 Marshfield Medical Center-Marshfield Marshfield Wisconsin United States 54449
152 Ascension Columbia Saint Mary's Hospital Ozaukee Mequon Wisconsin United States 53097
153 Ascension Southeast Wisconsin Hospital - Saint Joseph Campus Milwaukee Wisconsin United States 53210
154 Ascension Columbia Saint Mary's Hospital - Milwaukee Milwaukee Wisconsin United States 53211
155 Ascension Saint Francis Hospital Milwaukee Wisconsin United States 53215
156 Marshfield Clinic-Minocqua Center Minocqua Wisconsin United States 54548
157 Cancer Center of Western Wisconsin New Richmond Wisconsin United States 54017
158 Ascension Mercy Hospital Oshkosh Wisconsin United States 54904
159 Ascension All Saints Hospital Racine Wisconsin United States 53405
160 Marshfield Medical Center-Rice Lake Rice Lake Wisconsin United States 54868
161 Essentia Health-Spooner Clinic Spooner Wisconsin United States 54801
162 Marshfield Clinic Stevens Point Center Stevens Point Wisconsin United States 54482
163 Essentia Health Saint Mary's Hospital - Superior Superior Wisconsin United States 54880
164 Ascension Medical Group Southeast Wisconsin - Mayfair Road Wauwatosa Wisconsin United States 53226
165 Marshfield Medical Center - Weston Weston Wisconsin United States 54476

Sponsors and Collaborators

  • NRG Oncology
  • National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Investigators

  • Study Chair: Robert Schoen, MD, University of Pittsburgh

Study Documents (Full-Text)

None provided.

More Information

Publications

None provided.
Responsible Party:
NRG Oncology
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
NCT05080673
Other Study ID Numbers:
  • NRG-CC005
  • NCI-2020-00733
First Posted:
Oct 18, 2021
Last Update Posted:
Apr 1, 2022
Last Verified:
Mar 1, 2022
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product:
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product:
No
Additional relevant MeSH terms:

Study Results

No Results Posted as of Apr 1, 2022