Effect of ORAL DEXMEDETOMIDINE, KETAMINE, OR MIDAZOLAM as Preioperative Medications.
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
Anxiety preceding surgery results in hemodynamic instability, metabolic side effects, increased post-operative pain, and agitation during emergence. Therefore, pharmacological interventions are used to reduce pre-operative anxiety and enhance anesthetic induction without delaying recovery. The premedication must be administered in a manner that is safe, painless, and without significant adverse effects. [1,2]
. In children, the incidence of emergency agitation or delirium after general anesthesia ranges from 10% to 80% and significantly increases the incidence of other complications after anesthesia, such as self-injury, prolonged postanesthesia care unit (PACU) stay, frustration of parents and care providers, etc.[3]
. Numerous pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques, including sedative premedication, parental presence, and training programs for participants and their parents, have been investigated to reduce anxiety and enhance compliance during anesthesia induction. [4]
. An ideal premedication prescription should sedate a child to facilitate separation from parents, thus simplifying anesthesia induction and creating a pleasant surgical experience for both children and parents. [5]
. Anxiolysis is the major objective of premedication in children, as it facilitates separation from parents and facilitates the induction of anesthesia.
Premedication may also induce amnesia, the prevention of physiologic stress, vagolysis, a decrease in total anesthetic requirements, a lower likelihood of aspiration, decreased salivation and secretions, antiemesis, and analgesia. All drugs have the potential to make people sleepy and slow their breathing, so they must be given with extreme care and closely watched. [6]
. Ketamine is a useful sedative and analgesic for preventing preoperative anxiety in children; it exerts its analgesic effect through the reversible antagonist action of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. It has analgesic and sedative effects in different doses of administration. Ketamine is often administered orally and is αreported to be safe and effective in pediatric patients. [7,8,9,10]
. An effective sedative and analgesic with minimal respiratory depressive effects is dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenoceptor agonist. It also reduces the hemodynamic stress response due to its sympatholytic effect. These characteristics make it a possible anesthetic premedication. [11]
. Midazolam, a water-soluble benzodiazepine, is commonly used as a preanesthetic medicine in children due to its several favorable effects: sedation, anxiolysis, antegrade amnesia, rapid onset, and brief duration of action. [12]
. Adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy are the most common surgical procedures done on children. [13]
. Hence, the present study will be conducted to objectively evaluate, the perioperative effects of oral dexmedetomidine, ketamine, or midazolam premedication in patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy.
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
|
Phase 4 |
Detailed Description
Anxiety preceding surgery results in hemodynamic instability, metabolic side effects, increased post-operative pain, and agitation during emergence. Therefore, pharmacological interventions are used to reduce pre-operative anxiety and enhance anesthetic induction without delaying recovery. The premedication must be administered in a manner that is safe, painless, and without significant adverse effects. [1,2]
. In children, the incidence of emergency agitation or delirium after general anesthesia ranges from 10% to 80% and significantly increases the incidence of other complications after anesthesia, such as self-injury, prolonged postanesthesia care unit (PACU) stay, frustration of parents and care providers, etc.[3]
. Numerous pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques, including sedative premedication, parental presence, and training programs for participants and their parents, have been investigated to reduce anxiety and enhance compliance during anesthesia induction. [4]
. An ideal premedication prescription should sedate a child to facilitate separation from parents, thus simplifying anesthesia induction and creating a pleasant surgical experience for both children and parents. [5]
. Anxiolysis is the major objective of premedication in children, as it facilitates separation from parents and facilitates the induction of anesthesia.
Premedication may also induce amnesia, the prevention of physiologic stress, vagolysis, a decrease in total anesthetic requirements, a lower likelihood of aspiration, decreased salivation and secretions, antiemesis, and analgesia. All drugs have the potential to make people sleepy and slow their breathing, so they must be given with extreme care and closely watched. [6]
. Ketamine is a useful sedative and analgesic for preventing preoperative anxiety in children; it exerts its analgesic effect through the reversible antagonist action of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. It has analgesic and sedative effects in different doses of administration. Ketamine is often administered orally and is αreported to be safe and effective in pediatric patients. [7,8,9,10]
. An effective sedative and analgesic with minimal respiratory depressive effects is dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenoceptor agonist. It also reduces the hemodynamic stress response due to its sympatholytic effect. These characteristics make it a possible anesthetic premedication. [11]
. Midazolam, a water-soluble benzodiazepine, is commonly used as a preanesthetic medicine in children due to its several favorable effects: sedation, anxiolysis, antegrade amnesia, rapid onset, and brief duration of action. [12]
. Adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy are the most common surgical procedures done on children. [13]
. Hence, the present study will be conducted to objectively evaluate, the perioperative effects of oral dexmedetomidine, ketamine, or midazolam premedication in patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Experimental: Group D; oral Dexmedetomidine will receive 4 micrograms/kg oral Dexmedetomidine diluted in paracetamol [Paracetamol syrup 150 mg/5ml] at a dose of 15 mg/kg given 45 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia. |
Drug: oral Dexmedetomidine
will receive 4 micrograms/kg oral Dexmedetomidine diluted in paracetamol [Paracetamol syrup 150 mg/5ml] at a dose of 15 mg/kg given 45 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia
|
| Experimental: Group K; oral ketamine group will receive 6 mg/kg oral ketamine diluted in paracetamol [Paracetamol syrup 150 mg/5ml] at a dose of 15 mg/kg 45 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia. |
Drug: oral ketamine
will receive 6 mg/kg oral ketamine diluted in paracetamol [Paracetamol syrup 150 mg/5ml] at a dose of 15 mg/kg 45 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia
|
| Experimental: Group M; oral Midazolam group will receive 0.3 mg/kg (maximum 20 mg) oral Midazolam diluted in paracetamol [Paracetamol syrup 150 mg/5ml] at a dose of 15 mg/kg given 45 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia |
Drug: oral Midazolam
will receive 0.3 mg/kg (maximum 20 mg) oral Midazolam diluted in paracetamol [Paracetamol syrup 150 mg/5ml] at a dose of 15 mg/kg given 45 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- measure sedative effectes of Dexmedetomidine, Ketamine, or Midazolam using modified observer's assessment of alertness/sedation scale and parental separation anxiety scale. [12 months]
measure sedative effectes of Dexmedetomidine, Ketamine, or Midazolam using modified observer's assessment of alertness/sedation scale and parental separation anxiety scale.
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Amount of analgesia required postperative [12 months]
Amount of analgesia required postperative (Analgesia is maintained using diclofenac 1 mg/kg suppository. If 7-10 severe discomfort pain in the FLACC behavioral pain scale is heard, pethidine 1mg/kg/dose once, will be administered for persistent score in the 12-hour postoperative period.)
- Measure Emergence agitation and delirium during recovery [12 months]
Measure Emergence agitation and delirium during recovery using Emergence agitation and recovery profile will be evaluated using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). In addition, the Paediatric anaesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) scale to evaluate the patients' recovery profile.
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
-
All patients within the age range of 3 to 8 years old.
-
Elective non complicated adenotonsillectomy.
-
ASA I or II physical status.
Exclusion Criteria:
-
Refusal of the patient's parents or legal guardians to give informed consent.
-
History of allergy to any of the study drugs.
-
Preoperative intake of opioid or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs within 24 h before surgery.
-
Neurological and/or psychological diseases.
-
Associated cardio-respiratory illness
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Menoufia university hospitails | Shibīn Al Kawm | Menoufia | Egypt | 32111 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- Menoufia University
Investigators
None specified.Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
None provided.- 11\2022 ANES 15