Anesthesia Technique and Lower Limb Revascularization Patency
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
The role of regional anesthesia in lower extremity revascularization procedures on reducing graft failure and need for reoperation remains unclear. In this study, we will analyze data from the multicenter National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP®) to assess the association between regional anesthesia (RA) and graft outcomes, as compared to general anesthesia (GA). Our primary objective is to determine for patients undergoing elective open lower limb revascularization, whether RA (spinal, epidural, and peripheral nerve block), compared to GA or general anesthesia with regional anesthesia (GA+RA), is associated with higher rates of patent graft within 30 days postoperatively (primary outcome).
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
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Detailed Description
Lower limb (infrainguinal) revascularization surgeries are performed for patients with blood flow occlusion, with the goals of improving pain and function. Graft patency is associated with higher quality of life scores. However, open lower limb revascularization is associated with a significant risk of graft failure. Multiple anesthesia options exist for elective open lower limb revascularization, including general and regional (spinal, epidural, peripheral nerve block). The literature has shown mixed results regarding the superiority of regional anesthesia over general anesthesia for morbidity and mortality. In this study, we will analyze data from the multicenter National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP®) to assess the association between regional anesthesia (RA) and graft outcomes, as compared to general anesthesia (GA).Our primary objective is to determine for patients undergoing elective open lower limb revascularization, whether RA (spinal, epidural, and peripheral nerve block), compared to GA or general anesthesia with regional anesthesia (GA+RA), is associated with higher rates of patent graft within 30 days postoperatively (primary outcome). Our secondary outcomes are major reintervention, amputation, bleeding requiring transfusion or secondary procedure, venous thromboembolism (VTE), myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke, pneumonia, discharge destination, postoperative length of stay, readmission rate, and death, all within 30 days postoperatively. There will be two composite outcomes: thromboembolism, and morbidity and mortality. We hypothesize that the use of RA is associated with increased graft patency after elective lower limb revascularization compared to GA. Compared to GA, RA is associated with decreased rates of major reintervention, amputation, death (30 days), bleeding requiring transfusion or secondary procedure, VTE, MI or stroke, pneumonia, mortality, composite thromboembolism, and composite morbidity and mortality.; Compared to GA, RA is associated with increased rates of discharge destination being home.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Regional Anesthesia (RA) RA Includes spinal, epidural, peripheral nerve block, excludes local infiltration (unlikely that any major open revascularization can be done under local) Defined as: NSQIP Principal (ANESTHES) or additional (ANESTHES_OTHER) anesthesia technique = regional, spinal, epidural, or MAC (in NSQIP RA/Spinal/Local + MAC are coded as MAC; while this includes local + MAC, it would be unlikely that local anesthesia would be sufficient for open revascularization) |
Procedure: NSQIP Lower Extremity Open (LEO) procedure-targeted dataset (i.e. undergoing Lower extremity open revascularization) from 2014-2019
Infrainguinal, open lower extremity revascularization procedures
|
| General Anesthesia (GA) GA Defined as: NSQIP Principal or additional anesthesia technique = general Since GA is selected as the principal anesthetic technique by default when multiple techniques are present, GA + RA could potentially have been coded as GA if the optional variable of additional anesthesia technique is not filled in, leading to differential misclassification of patients with GA + RA (most likely epidural and peripheral nerve block) in the GA group. |
Procedure: NSQIP Lower Extremity Open (LEO) procedure-targeted dataset (i.e. undergoing Lower extremity open revascularization) from 2014-2019
Infrainguinal, open lower extremity revascularization procedures
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Graft Patency [30 days]
Derived using NSQIP variables "Most Severe Procedural Outcome" LEO_MOSTSEVOUTCOME and "Untreated Loss of Patency" (i.e. not patent and no procedure done) LEO_ULP Yes if LEO_MOSTSEVOUTCOME is any of Clinically Patent Graft Patent graft, no stenosis Patent graft with stenosis No if LEO_MOSTSEVOUTCOME is any of Death Image-proven graft thrombosis or clinically evident thrombosis with no planned intervention Major Amputation New bypass in the treated arterial segment Not documented Other Revised graft with stenosis Revised graft, no current stenosis No if LEO_ULP = "yes"
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Major reintervention [30 days]
1. Major reintervention, using NSQIP variable "Major Reintervention on the Bypass" defined as ""Yes" if the patient underwent a subsequent procedure (new or revision lower extremity bypass operation, jump/interposition graft revision, bypass graft thrombectomy/thrombolysis) within 30 days of the original primary operation."
- Amputation [30 days]
2. Amputation, using NSQIP variable "Major Amputation (Transtibial or Proximal)", defined as ""Yes" if the patient underwent transtibial or more proximal amputation on the ipsilateral leg within 30 days of the original primary operation."
- Bleeding requiring transfusion [30 days]
- Venous thromboembolism [30 days]
- MI or stroke [30 days]
- Pneumonia [30 days]
- length of postoperative hospital stay [30 days]
- Discharge destination [30 days]
dichotomize as home vs. not home
- Readmission rate [30 days]
- death [30 days or in-hospital admission]
- Composite thromboembolism [30 days]
combination of venothromboembolism, MI, stroke
- Composite Morbidity and Mortality [30 days]
combination of bleeding requiring transfusion, venothromboembolism, MI, stroke, pneumonia, death
Other Outcome Measures
- Confounders [day of surgery]
age, bleeding diathesis, severe COPD, total operating, time, renal failure, functional status, cardiac valvular disease, diabetes
- Confounders [day of surgery]
INR, PTT
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
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All elective cases within the NSQIP Lower Extremity Open (LEO) procedure-targeted dataset (i.e. undergoing Lower extremity open revascularization) from 2014-2019 will be included.
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Hybrid procedures (where patients had both open and endovascular repair) are included, as long as there is an open component.
Exclusion Criteria:
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Patients will be excluded if they underwent urgent or emergency surgery (identified using NSQIP variable EMERGNCY=1 OR ELECTSURG=0)
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local was the only anesthetic technique listed in principal and additional anesthesia technique.
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missing data on exposure, procedure name, or status of elective surgery. This includes having "other" or "unknown" for BOTH principal and additional anesthesia technique
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Patients with INR >= 1.5 on day of surgery
Contacts and Locations
Locations
No locations specified.Sponsors and Collaborators
- University of British Columbia
- Dr. Xue Chen (Janny) Ke
- Dr. Alana Flexman
- Dr. Stephan Schwarz
- Dr. P. Shaun MacDonald
Investigators
None specified.Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
- Barbosa FT, Jucá MJ, Castro AA, Cavalcante JC. Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower-limb revascularization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 29;(7):CD007083. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007083.pub3. Review.
- Christopherson R, Beattie C, Frank SM, Norris EJ, Meinert CL, Gottlieb SO, Yates H, Rock P, Parker SD, Perler BA, et al. Perioperative morbidity in patients randomized to epidural or general anesthesia for lower extremity vascular surgery. Perioperative Ischemia Randomized Anesthesia Trial Study Group. Anesthesiology. 1993 Sep;79(3):422-34.
- Fereydooni A, O'Meara T, Popescu WM, Dardik A, Ochoa Chaar CI. Utilization and Outcomes of Local Anesthesia and Peripheral Nerve Block for Hybrid Lower Extremity Revascularization. J Endovasc Ther. 2020 Feb;27(1):94-101. doi: 10.1177/1526602819887382. Epub 2019 Nov 20.
- Gao C, Weng C, He C, Xu J, Yu L. Comparison of regional and local anesthesia for arteriovenous fistula creation in end-stage renal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol. 2020 Aug 31;20(1):219. doi: 10.1186/s12871-020-01136-1.
- Ghanami RJ, Hurie J, Andrews JS, Harrington RN, Corriere MA, Goodney PP, Hansen KJ, Edwards MS. Anesthesia-based evaluation of outcomes of lower-extremity vascular bypass procedures. Ann Vasc Surg. 2013 Feb;27(2):199-207. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2012.04.006. Epub 2012 Sep 1.
- Goodney PP, Nolan BW, Schanzer A, Eldrup-Jorgensen J, Bertges DJ, Stanley AC, Stone DH, Walsh DB, Powell RJ, Likosky DS, Cronenwett JL; Vascular Study Group of Northern New England. Factors associated with amputation or graft occlusion one year after lower extremity bypass in northern New England. Ann Vasc Surg. 2010 Jan;24(1):57-68. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2009.06.015. Epub 2009 Sep 11.
- Grip O, Wanhainen A, Michaëlsson K, Lindhagen L, Björck M. Open or endovascular revascularization in the treatment of acute lower limb ischaemia. Br J Surg. 2018 Nov;105(12):1598-1606. doi: 10.1002/bjs.10954. Epub 2018 Jul 25.
- Jorgensen MS, Farres H, James BLW, Li Z, Almerey T, Sheikh-Ali R, Clendenen S, Robards C, Erben Y, Oldenburg WA, Hakaim AG. The Role of Regional versus General Anesthesia on Arteriovenous Fistula and Graft Outcomes: A Single-Institution Experience and Literature Review. Ann Vasc Surg. 2020 Jan;62:287-294. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.05.016. Epub 2019 Aug 2. Review.
- Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, Coresh J; CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009 May 5;150(9):604-12. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Sep 20;155(6):408.
- Nguyen LL, Moneta GL, Conte MS, Bandyk DF, Clowes AW, Seely BL; PREVENT III Investigators. Prospective multicenter study of quality of life before and after lower extremity vein bypass in 1404 patients with critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2006 Nov;44(5):977-83; discussion 983-4.
- Roberts DJ, Nagpal SK, Kubelik D, Brandys T, Stelfox HT, Lalu MM, Forster AJ, McCartney CJ, McIsaac DI. Association between neuraxial anaesthesia or general anaesthesia for lower limb revascularisation surgery in adults and clinical outcomes: population based comparative effectiveness study. BMJ. 2020 Nov 25;371:m4104. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m4104.
- Sgroi MD, McFarland G, Mell MW. Utilization of regional versus general anesthesia and its impact on lower extremity bypass outcomes. J Vasc Surg. 2019 Jun;69(6):1874-1879. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.08.190. Epub 2019 Feb 18.
- Wiis JT, Jensen-Gadegaard P, Altintas Ü, Seidelin C, Martusevicius R, Mantoni T. One-week postoperative patency of lower extremity in situ bypass graft comparing epidural and general anesthesia: retrospective study of 822 patients. Ann Vasc Surg. 2014 Feb;28(2):295-300. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2013.01.027. Epub 2013 Sep 29.
- H20-03437