Randomized Trial: Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Childhood Asthma (VDAART)

• Sponsor: Brigham and Women's Hospital (Other)
• Overall Status: Active, not recruiting
• CT.gov ID: NCT00920621
• Collaborator: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) (NIH)
• Enrollment: 876
• Locations: 3
• Arms: 2
• Duration (Months): 173
• Patients Per Site: 292
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 1.7

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

Vitamin D supplementation given to pregnant women will prevent asthma in their offspring and children.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Asthma	Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D 3 cholecalciferol; Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D3	Phase 3

Detailed Description

Asthma is one of the leading causes of morbidity in children with 60% of all cases diagnosed by age 3. Thus, finding factors that can lead to prevention of this disease would be of great public health importance. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among pregnant women, and thus, represents a potentially modifiable factor for the prevention of disease. Due to the effect of vitamin D in modulating immune responses, we believe that vitamin D deficiency in pregnant mothers leads to faulty immune system development in the neonate, predisposing them to asthma and allergy. We have observational data from two independent birth cohort studies that higher maternal intakes of vitamin D during pregnancy are each independently associated with a 50% reduction in risk for recurrent wheezing and asthma in 3- and 5-yr old children. However, in order to recommend this as a universal treatment to prevent asthma, a randomized, controlled, clinical trial is necessary. Therefore, we propose a two arm, double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, clinical trial of Vitamin D, to determine whether higher vitamin D intake and levels in the pregnant mother will prevent asthma and allergy in the child at age 3. We will identify pregnant women who have asthma or allergies or whose partner has asthma or allergies, from obstetric clinics in the three clinical centers participating in this trial. We will recruit 870 pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy and randomize them to one of two treatment arms of a 4-year clinical trial: 4000 IU of Vitamin D in addition to usual prenatal vitamins, n=435; and usual prenatal vitamins alone, n=435. Our primary specific aim is to determine whether adequate vitamin D supplementation in the pregnant mother is associated with reduced incidence of asthma in the child during the first 3 years of life. The sub-aims of the study will include (1) To determine whether adequate vitamin D supplementation in the pregnant mother is associated with reduced secondary outcomes in the child of (a) allergic sensitization, (b) doctor's diagnosis of eczema and (c) lower respiratory tract infections during the first 3 years of life; and (2) To determine whether adequate vitamin D supplementation in the pregnant mother is associated with improved vitamin D status in the mothers and their offspring through measurement of 25(OH)D levels in maternal plasma, cord blood, and children's blood at 1 and 3 yrs of age and (3)To determine whether sufficient vitamin D supplementation in the pregnant mother is associated with reduced incidence of preterm birth (birth <37 weeks gestation), preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and/or Hemolytic anemia, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelet count (HELLP syndrome) (PB/PE) compared to a usual care control group in VDAART.

VDAART Analysis Plan (Addendum to Protocol)

All analyses of primary and secondary outcomes stated in the VDAART Protocol will be performed using the intent-to-treat (ITT) paradigm, unless specifically stated.

1. Definition of outcomes.

1. Asthma and recurrent wheezing. The primary outcome of the trial will be development of a doctor's diagnosis of asthma and/or recurrent wheeze. While asthma is acknowledged to have its roots in early life, making a definite diagnosis is difficult until the child is older, and wheezing illnesses may be precursors of an asthma diagnosis. Thus, we will have a composite definition for the primary outcome.

• Asthma will be defined as a parent's report of physician's diagnosis at any time during the first three years of life, based on questionnaire responses. For time-to-event analyses, the time of incident asthma will be determined by the time of first positive questionnaire response.

• Recurrent wheezing will be defined as at least one report of wheezing in the third year of life plus any report of wheezing in any of the first two years of life.

Recognizing that wheezing symptoms may be modified by medication use, variable age of onset, and other variables, the following will be included in the composite outcome:

• children who had at least one wheezing episode (during the 1st 2 years of life), plus an asthma controller medication (defined as steroid inhalers or nebulizers OR steroid pills or liquids OR leukotriene modifiers) in the third year

• children who did not report any wheezing in the first 2 years but who report 2 separate episodes of wheezing in the third year OR are on controller medication (defined as above) on at least 2 separate reports in the third year OR at least 1 report of wheezing and at least 1 separate report of controller medication use in the third year

For recurrent wheezing (and the other wheezing phenotypes), the time of incident recurrent wheezing will be determined by the time of first report of wheezing, for time-to-event analyses. In the event that the child meets the definition based solely on the use of controller medication, the first report of use of this controller medication will be used to determine the time of onset of wheezing for time-to-event analyses.

For these outcomes, because the questions were asked every 3 months, and recognizing that missing questionnaires occurred, event times will be treated as interval-censored.

1. Eczema. Eczema will be defined as a positive response to parent's report of physician's diagnosis at any time during the first three years of life based on the questionnaire responses.

2. Lower respiratory tract infections (LRI). Lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) will be defined based on parental responses to questionnaires. LRIs will be defined as a parental report of a physician's diagnosis of pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, or croup (laryngotracheobronchitis). LRIs may occur multiple times over a three-year period in a child. Information on repeated episodes of LRI will be employed for rate estimation and comparison.

3. Total and specific IgE. Total and specific serum IgE will be measured from cord blood samples, and from year 3 samples from the children. Total IgE will be analyzed as a continuous outcome. Sensitization will be defined as any specific IgE ≥ 0.35 IU.

1. Secondary Analyses.

1. Analyses based on levels. Secondary analyses using baseline and follow-up maternal 25OHD levels will be performed. We will investigate the effect of baseline and follow-up maternal levels separately on the development of primary and secondary outcomes in the trial. Additionally, we will categorize mothers into categories based on joint baseline and follow-up levels. Mothers who have baseline levels and follow-up levels ≥ 40 mg/dl will be categorized in the HI-HI group; those who have baseline levels and follow-up levels < 40 mg/dl will be categorized in the LO-LO group; mothers who do not meet these definitions will be categorized either in the HI-LO or LO-HI groups based on their baseline and follow-up levels.

2. We also performed metabolomics on the children at age 1 and 3 and eventually age 6. We are assessing the association with vitamin D, asthma, and other phenotypes such as food allergies, IgE, and lung function with metabolites and genetic variants.

3. As an ancillary study, we have collected stool samples from the mothers in the 3rd trimester, and samples from the infants and children at 3-6 months, 1 year, and 3 years. We will sequence the stool samples for the microbiome, and we will assess the effects of the early life microbiome on the development of asthma, allergies (including food allergies and sensitization), growth and development, and obesity.

4. In a secondary analyses, we will determine the effect of 17q21 genotype on the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of asthma/wheeze. We will compute hazard ratios for the reduction in asthma/wheeze risk associated with prenatal supplementation, stratified by rs12936231. rs12936231 is a functional SNP influencing expression of ORMDL3, and given the role of ORMDL3 as a key sphingolipid biosynthesis regulator, we will subsequently investigate the relative abundance of sphingolipids between those in the vitamin D Intervention arm and those in the placebo group, stratified by 17q21 genotype. Relative abundance is quantified by normalizing the peak area of a metabolite to the median peak area of that metabolite within the same batch on the day the sample was run. The normalized peak area is then median scaled and imputed with the minimum across all samples. In this way, we can directly compare abundances relative to other samples for each metabolite. Relative abundance has no unit of measure. Finally we will identify interactions between prenatal vitamin D supplementation, rs12936231 genotype and sphingolipid metabolism in the risk of asthma/wheeze by age three. We will replicate this analysis in the COPSAC2010 population (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT00856947).

VDAART Year 6 Analysis Plan

PRIMARY ANALYSIS: The null hypothesis of no treatment effect will be tested in a Cox Proportional Hazards Model of time to physician diagnosed asthma or onset of recurrent wheeze, adjusted for maternal levels of Vitamin D recorded at 10-18 weeks gestation, allowing for level by treatment interaction, and for any other relevant baseline covariates (race, maternal education, and clinical center), using the methods of Tsiatis et al. (Stat Med. 2008 October 15; 27(23): 4658-4677) to maximize precision of estimated treatment effect. The significance level for the test of no treatment effect will be 0.05.

SECONDARY ANALYSES: Effect estimates from all secondary analyses will be reported as point estimates with nominal 95% confidence intervals. Estimates will be derived from models adjusted for baseline maternal levels of Vitamin D as noted above.

Current active asthma, late onset recurrent wheeze, allergic sensitization, any allergic rhinitis, MD-diagnosed food allergy, food allergy with symptoms, eczema: Analysis is confined to individuals who provide data after age 5. Loss to followup is reasonably balanced between arms. Logistic regression will be used to test the hypothesis that there is no effect of treatment on risk of current active asthma. Separate tests will be conducted for no treatment effect on risk of late onset recurrent wheeze, on risk of allergic sensitization defined using specific IgE greater than or equal to 0.35IU, and on risk of allergic rhinitis birth to age 6. Similar models will be used separately to assess treatment effect on risk of eczema, active eczema, and food allergies.

Lower respiratory infections: The count of LRI per unit time will be modeled using negative binomial regression with covariates including treatment arm.

Impulse oscillometry: Analysis of treatment effect on impulse oscillometry components will be based on data available for 6 year old children, and will use linear modeling with adjustment for maternal baseline Vitamin D. A secondary analysis will examine treatment effect on trends in these measures through ages 4-6. This test will be based on mixed effects modeling.

Spirometry: Spirometric outcomes will be analyzed using linear models with transformations as needed, adjusting for race, age, sex and height. Bronchodilator response will be dichotomized at 10% of pre-challenge values, analyzed with logistic regression.

VDAART Asthma and/or Recurrent Wheeze Definitions for Primary Analysis (Time-to-Event)

Physician-diagnosed asthma Report of physician-diagnosed asthma at any time in the first 6 years of life. The time of onset will be the first report of wheeze OR the first report of use of asthma medication.

Recurrent wheeze - no diagnosis of asthma Caregiver report of wheeze OR use of any asthma medication on two separate years over the first 6 years. The time of onset will be the first report of wheeze OR the first report of use of asthma medication.

VDAART Year 6 Analyses - Definitions for Secondary Outcomes

Current Active Asthma Report of physician-diagnosed asthma at any time in the first 6 years of life, PLUS after the 5th birthday a) report of child's use of any asthma medication (see below) OR b) report of wheeze.

Recurrent Wheeze at age 6 yrs - no diagnosis of asthma At least 1 caregiver report of wheeze OR use of any asthma medication prior to the 3rd birthday, PLUS a report of wheeze OR use of any asthma medication after the 3rd birthday.

Late onset Recurrent wheeze - no diagnosis of asthma, wheeze, or asthma medication use prior to 3rd birthday A report of wheezing OR use of any asthma medication after the 5th birthday PLUS either wheezing or use of any asthma medication after the 3rd birthday but before the 5th birthday (between 3yrs and 5 yrs).

Total and specific IgE. Total and specific serum IgE will be measured year 6 samples from the children.

1. Total IgE will be analyzed as a continuous outcome.

2. Sensitization will be defined as any specific IgE ≥ 0.35 IU to the panel of allergens.

Allergic Rhinitis. This will be a positive response to the question "Since the last time we talked has a health care provider said that [CHILD] has hay fever, allergic rhinitis, or allergies involving the eyes or nose?" Any positive response from birth through age 6.

Eczema.

1. Ever eczema - positive response to "…has a health care provider said that [CHILD] has eczema?" at any time from birth through age 6.

2. Persistent eczema. Ever eczema at any time in the 6 years plus positive response to "itchy rash which was coming and going but did not completely get better?" after the 3rd birthday.

Lower Respiratory Infections (LRI). Lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs) will be defined based on caregiver responses to questionnaires. LRIs will be defined as a caregiver report of a physician's diagnosis of pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, or croup (laryngotracheobronchitis). LRIs may occur multiple times over a six-year period in a child. Information on repeated episodes of LRI will be employed for rate estimation and comparison.

Food Allergies.

1. Doctor-diagnosis - any positive response from birth through age 6 to the question "In the last year, has a health care provider said that [CHILD] has food allergies?

2. Food allergy with symptoms - Doctor-diagnosis of food allergy PLUS any reaction to specific foods from the grid.

Lung Function.

1. Impulse oscillometry: R5, R20, AX, X5, R5-20, and R5-20% These variables will be used as continuous variables. The variables are measured at 4, 5, and 6 years of age. The primary analysis will look at values at 6 yrs of age, and a secondary analysis will investigate the trajectory (longitudinal analysis) from age 4 through 6 yrs.

2. Spirometry: pre- and post-bronchodilator FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC; Bronchodilator Response (BDR**). Analyses will adjust for race, age, sex, and height.

• Asthma medication: rescue (inhaled beta-agonists or systemic corticosteroids) or controller medication (inhaled corticosteroids monotherapy, ICS/Long-acting beta-agonists, or leukotriene modifiers) ** A positive BDR will be defined as a change of 10% from the baseline FEV1 after inhalation of albuterol

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 876 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double (Participant, Investigator)
• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Official Title: Randomized Trial: Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Childhood Asthma (VDAART)
• Study Start Date: Sep 1, 2009
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Jan 21, 2015
• Anticipated Study Completion Date: Feb 1, 2024

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: Vitamin D treatment vitamin D treatment plus prenatal multivitamins	Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D 3 cholecalciferol; Dosage form oral Dosage 4000IU Vitamin D 3 cholecalciferol; Other Names: vitamin D vitamin D3 cholecalciferol ; Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D3; 4000 IU of vitamin D3 administered orally once a day during pregnancy
Placebo Comparator: placebo placebo plus prenatal multivitamins	Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D3; 4000 IU of vitamin D3 administered orally once a day during pregnancy

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Asthma or Recurrent Wheeze in First 3 Years of Life [First 3 years of life.]

   Parental report of physician diagnosis of asthma or occurrence of recurrent wheeze in the child's first 3 years of life ascertained from questionnaires administered every 3 months. *For some variables the "negative" count incorporates "negative and indeterminate."

2. Achieved Maternal 25(OH)D Level of ≥ 30 ng/mL at Third Trimester Sampling. [32-38 weeks gestation]

   Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement at third trimester during pregnancy

Secondary Outcome Measures

1. Child Positive-specific IgE Tests From Blood Collection at 3 Year Visit. [3 years]

   Child positive-specific IgE tests from blood collection at 3 year visit.

2. Child Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Measurement From Blood Collection at 1 Year Visit. [1 year visit]

   Child serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement from blood collection at 1 year visit.

3. Parental Report of Physician Diagnosed Eczema (With Rash) in the Child's First 3 Years of Life. [Child's first 3 years of life.]

   Parental report of physician diagnosis of eczema with rash in typical distribution in the child's first 3 years of life ascertained from questionnaires administered every 3 months. *For some variables the "negative" count incorporates "negative and indeterminate."

4. Parental Report of Physician Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in the Child's First 3 Years of Life. [Child's first 3 years of life.]

   Parental report of physician diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) in the child's first 3 years of life. LRI defined as physician diagnosed bronchitis, bronchiolitis, croup, or pneumonia ascertained from questionnaires administered every 3 months.

5. Child Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Measurement From Blood Collection at 3 Year Visit. [Blood collection at childs' 3 year visit.]

   Child serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement from blood collection at 3 year visit.

6. Any Allergic Sensitization in the Child's First 3 Years of Life. [Child's first 3 years of life.]

   Any allergic sensitization in the child's first 3 years of life. *For some variables the "negative" count incorporates "negative and indeterminate."

7. Mass Spec Vitamin D Value From Cord Blood at Delivery [Blood collection at delivery]

   Mass Spec Vitamin D value from cord blood at delivery

8. Sphingolipid Profile [1 year]

   Mass spec measured relative abundance of five metabolites of the sphingolipid metabolism pathway in plasma samples extracted at the year one visit.

9. Sphingolipid Profile [3 years]

   Mass spec measured relative abundance of five metabolites of the sphingolipid metabolism pathway in plasma samples extracted at the year three visit.

10. Child 17q21 Genotype [3 years]

    Genotype at the rs12936231 SNP

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years to 39 Years
• Sexes Eligible for Study: Female
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Inclusion Criteria:

• Personal history of asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis or a history of asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis in the biological father of the child

• Gestational age between 10 and 18 weeks at the time of randomization

• Maternal age between 18 and 39 years

• Not a current smoker

• English or Spanish speaking

• Intent to participate for the full 4 years (through Pregnancy and then until the 3rd birthday of the child)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Not meeting inclusion criteria

• Gestational age greater than 18 weeks

• Presence of chronic medical conditions

• Taking vitamin D supplements containing more than 2000 IU/day of vitamin D3

• Multiple gestation pregnancy (twins, triplets)

• Pregnancy achieved by assisted reproduction techniques (e.g., IUI, IVF)

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	Robert Zeiger, MD	San Diego	California	United States
2	George O'Connor, MD	Boston	Massachusetts	United States
3	Leonard Bacharier, MD	Saint Louis	Missouri	United States

Sponsors and Collaborators

• Brigham and Women's Hospital
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Scott T Weiss, Brigham and Women's Hospital

Study Documents (Full-Text)

None provided.

More Information

Publications

None provided.

• Responsible Party: Scott T. Weiss, Principal Investigator, Brigham and Women's Hospital
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00920621
• Other Study ID Numbers: 655; 5U01HL091528-03; HL091528-01A1
• First Posted: Jun 15, 2009
• Last Update Posted: Mar 9, 2022
• Last Verified: Mar 1, 2022

• Keywords provided by Scott T. Weiss, Principal Investigator, Brigham and Women's Hospital: Asthma; Vitamin D; Randomized Control Trial
• Additional relevant MeSH terms: Asthma; Vitamin D; Ergocalciferols; Cholecalciferol; Vitamins

Study Results

Participant Flow

Recruitment Details	VDAART was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Enrollment began October 2009 and completed follow-up January 2015 in 3 medical centers in the United Stated. 881 pregnant women age 18-39 at high risk for having children with asthma were randomized at 10-18 weeks gestation. 5 did not meet inclusion criteria and were removed.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment (Mothers)	Placebo (Mothers)	Vitamin D Treatment (Offspring)	Placebo (Offspring)
Arm/Group Description	Mothers' assigned to vitamin D (daily 4,000 IU vitamin D plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D).	Mothers' assigned to placebo (daily placebo pill plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D). Serves as the "Control" (providing the current standard of care during pregnancy).	Offspring of mothers' assigned to vitamin D (daily 4,000 IU vitamin D plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D)	Offspring of mothers' assigned to placebo (daily placebo pill plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D). Serves as the "Control"
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	440	436	440	436
COMPLETED	386	391	405	401
NOT COMPLETED	54	45	35	35

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment (Mothers)	Placebo (Mothers)	Vitamin D Treatment (Children)	Placebo (Children)	Total
Arm/Group Description	Mothers' assigned to vitamin D (daily 4,000 IU vitamin D plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D)	Mothers' assigned to placebo (daily placebo pill plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D). Serves as the "Control" (providing the current standard of care during pregnancy).	Children of mothers' assigned to vitamin D (daily 4,000 IU vitamin D plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D).	Children of mothers' assigned to placebo (daily placebo pill plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D). Serves as the "Control" (providing the current standard of care during pregnancy).	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	440	436	405	401	1682
Age (years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [years]	27.5 (5.5)	27.3 (5.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	27.4 (5.6)
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	440 100%	436 100%	204 50.4%	181 45.1%	1261 75%
Male	0 0%	0 0%	201 49.6%	220 54.9%	421 25%
Race/Ethnicity, Customized (Count of Participants)
Black	190 43.2%	190 43.6%	199 49.1%	191 47.6%	770 45.8%
White Hispanic	59 13.4%	61 14%	53 13.1%	51 12.7%	224 13.3%
White non-Hispanic	114 25.9%	116 26.6%	82 20.2%	79 19.7%	391 23.2%
Other	77 17.5%	69 15.8%	71 17.5%	80 20%	297 17.7%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Asthma or Recurrent Wheeze in First 3 Years of Life
Description	Parental report of physician diagnosis of asthma or occurrence of recurrent wheeze in the child's first 3 years of life ascertained from questionnaires administered every 3 months. *For some variables the "negative" count incorporates "negative and indeterminate."
Time Frame	First 3 years of life.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Some measures have missing data due to collection, technical, and processing issues.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Children of mother's assigned 4400 IU Vitamin D	Children of mother's assigned 400 IU Vitamin D.
Measure Participants	405	401
Children positive	98 22.3%	120 27.5%
Children negative	307 69.8%	281 64.4%

2. Primary Outcome

Title	Achieved Maternal 25(OH)D Level of ≥ 30 ng/mL at Third Trimester Sampling.
Description	Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement at third trimester during pregnancy
Time Frame	32-38 weeks gestation

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Some measures have missing data due to collection, technical, and processing issues.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Mothers' assigned to vitamin D (daily 4,000 IU vitamin D plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D).	Mothers' assigned to placebo (daily placebo pill plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D). Serves as the "Control" (providing the current standard of care during pregnancy).
Measure Participants	386	391
25(OH)D level of ≥ 30 ng/mL , women positive	289 65.7%	133 30.5%
25(OH)D level of ≥ 30 ng/mL , women negative	97 22%	258 59.2%

3. Secondary Outcome

Title	Child Positive-specific IgE Tests From Blood Collection at 3 Year Visit.
Description	Child positive-specific IgE tests from blood collection at 3 year visit.
Time Frame	3 years

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Some measures have missing data due to collection, technical, and processing issues.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Children of mother's assigned 4400 IU Vitamin D	Children of mother's assigned 400 IU Vitamin D.
Measure Participants	278	263
Measure completed tests	3876	3651
Number [Positive-specific IgE tests]	414	452

4. Secondary Outcome

Title	Child Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Measurement From Blood Collection at 1 Year Visit.
Description	Child serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement from blood collection at 1 year visit.
Time Frame	1 year visit

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Some measures have missing data due to collection, technical, and processing issues.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Children of mother's assigned 4400 IU Vitamin D	Children of mother's assigned 400 IU Vitamin D.
Measure Participants	322	309
Mean (Standard Deviation) [ng/mL]	29.3 (9.2)	30.1 (10.8)

5. Secondary Outcome

Title	Parental Report of Physician Diagnosed Eczema (With Rash) in the Child's First 3 Years of Life.
Description	Parental report of physician diagnosis of eczema with rash in typical distribution in the child's first 3 years of life ascertained from questionnaires administered every 3 months. *For some variables the "negative" count incorporates "negative and indeterminate."
Time Frame	Child's first 3 years of life.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Some measures have missing data due to collection, technical, and processing issues.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Children of mother's assigned 4400 IU Vitamin D	Children of mother's assigned 400 IU Vitamin D.
Measure Participants	405	401
Children positive	83 18.9%	89 20.4%
Children negative	322 73.2%	312 71.6%

6. Secondary Outcome

Title	Parental Report of Physician Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in the Child's First 3 Years of Life.
Description	Parental report of physician diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) in the child's first 3 years of life. LRI defined as physician diagnosed bronchitis, bronchiolitis, croup, or pneumonia ascertained from questionnaires administered every 3 months.
Time Frame	Child's first 3 years of life.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Some measures have missing data due to collection, technical, and processing issues.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Children of mother's assigned 4400 IU Vitamin D	Children of mother's assigned 400 IU Vitamin D.
Measure Participants	405	401
Number [Number of lower respiratory infections]	222	276

7. Secondary Outcome

Title	Child Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Measurement From Blood Collection at 3 Year Visit.
Description	Child serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement from blood collection at 3 year visit.
Time Frame	Blood collection at childs' 3 year visit.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Some measures have missing data due to collection, technical, and processing issues.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Children of mother's assigned 4400 IU Vitamin D	Children of mother's assigned 400 IU Vitamin D.
Measure Participants	289	271
Mean (Standard Deviation) [ng/mL]	21.3 (10.4)	21.5 (8.5)

8. Secondary Outcome

Title	Any Allergic Sensitization in the Child's First 3 Years of Life.
Description	Any allergic sensitization in the child's first 3 years of life. *For some variables the "negative" count incorporates "negative and indeterminate."
Time Frame	Child's first 3 years of life.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Some measures have missing data due to collection, technical, and processing issues.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Children of mother's assigned 4400 IU Vitamin D	Children of mother's assigned 400 IU Vitamin D.
Measure Participants	278	261
Any sensitization	146 33.2%	144 33%
No sensitization	132 30%	117 26.8%

9. Secondary Outcome

Title	Mass Spec Vitamin D Value From Cord Blood at Delivery
Description	Mass Spec Vitamin D value from cord blood at delivery
Time Frame	Blood collection at delivery

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Some measures have missing data due to collection, technical, and processing issues.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Mothers' assigned to vitamin D (daily 4,000 IU vitamin D plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D).	Mothers' assigned to placebo (daily placebo pill plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D). Serves as the "Control" (providing the current standard of care during pregnancy).
Measure Participants	303	316
Mean (Standard Deviation) [ng/mL]	28.2 (12.4)	19.1 (9.7)

10. Secondary Outcome

Title	Sphingolipid Profile
Description	Mass spec measured relative abundance of five metabolites of the sphingolipid metabolism pathway in plasma samples extracted at the year one visit.
Time Frame	1 year

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Some measures have missing data due to collection, technical, and processing issues.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Children of mother's assigned 4400 IU Vitamin D	Children of mother's assigned 400 IU Vitamin D
Measure Participants	211	202
sphinganine-1-phosphate	0.32 (0.10)	0.32 (0.10)
sphinganine	0.33 (0.20)	0.31 (0.18)
phosphoethanolamine	0.33 (0.13)	0.34 (0.13)
sphingosine	0.34 (0.17)	0.33 (0.17)
sphingosine-1-phosphate	0.31 (0.06)	0.32 (0.06)

11. Secondary Outcome

Title	Sphingolipid Profile
Description	Mass spec measured relative abundance of five metabolites of the sphingolipid metabolism pathway in plasma samples extracted at the year three visit.
Time Frame	3 years

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Some measures have missing data due to collection, technical, and processing issues.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Children of mother's assigned 4400 IU Vitamin D	Children of mother's assigned 400 IU Vitamin D
Measure Participants	179	174
sphinganine-1-phosphate	0.34 (0.12)	0.32 (0.12)
sphinganine	0.39 (0.20)	0.37 (0.20)
phosphoethanolamine	0.31 (0.11)	0.30 (0.11)
sphingosine	0.38 (0.19)	0.37 (0.19)
sphingosine-1-phosphate	0.31 (0.07)	0.30 (0.08)

12. Secondary Outcome

Title	Child 17q21 Genotype
Description	Genotype at the rs12936231 SNP
Time Frame	3 years

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Some measures have missing data due to collection, technical, and processing issues.

Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Children of mother's assigned 4400 IU Vitamin D	Children of mother's assigned 400 IU Vitamin D
Measure Participants	311	307
CC	93 21.1%	78 17.9%
GC	152 34.5%	161 36.9%
GG	66 15%	68 15.6%

Adverse Events

Time Frame	From the point mothers entered the study until 2 years post delivery.
Adverse Event Reporting Description	Maternal and offspring SAEs were collected via a monthly electronic record review and via quarterly follow-up calls.
Arm/Group Title	Vitamin D Treatment (Mothers)		Placebo (Mothers)		Vitamin D Treatment (Offspring)		Placebo (Offspring)
Arm/Group Description	Mothers' assigned to vitamin D (daily 4,000 IU vitamin D plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D).		Mothers' assigned to placebo (daily placebo pill plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D). Serves as the "Control" (providing the current standard of care during pregnancy).		Offspring of mothers' assigned to vitamin D (daily 4,000 IU vitamin D plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D).		Offspring of mothers' assigned to placebo (daily placebo pill plus a multivitamin with 400 IU vitamin D). Serves as the "Control" (providing the current standard of care during pregnancy).
All Cause Mortality
	Vitamin D Treatment (Mothers)		Placebo (Mothers)		Vitamin D Treatment (Offspring)		Placebo (Offspring)
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/440 (0%)		1/436 (0.2%)		3/440 (0.7%)		3/436 (0.7%)
Serious Adverse Events
	Vitamin D Treatment (Mothers)		Placebo (Mothers)		Vitamin D Treatment (Offspring)		Placebo (Offspring)
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	75/440 (17%)		77/436 (17.7%)		58/440 (13.2%)		52/436 (11.9%)
General disorders
Hospitalization	32/440 (7.3%)	42	32/436 (7.3%)	45	0/440 (0%)	0	0/436 (0%)	0
Postpartum Hospitalization	7/440 (1.6%)	10	6/436 (1.4%)	8	0/440 (0%)	0	0/436 (0%)	0
Maternal Death	0/440 (0%)	0	1/436 (0.2%)	1	0/440 (0%)	0	0/436 (0%)	0
NICU	0/440 (0%)	0	0/436 (0%)	0	29/440 (6.6%)	36	18/436 (4.1%)	28
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions
HELLP	2/440 (0.5%)	2	1/436 (0.2%)	1	0/440 (0%)	0	0/436 (0%)	0
Preeclampsia	34/440 (7.7%)	36	37/436 (8.5%)	38	0/440 (0%)	0	0/436 (0%)	0
Pre-term delivery <32 weeks gestation	0/440 (0%)	0	0/436 (0%)	0	3/440 (0.7%)	5	7/436 (1.6%)	11
Major fetal or congenital anomaly	0/440 (0%)	0	0/436 (0%)	0	10/440 (2.3%)	17	13/436 (3%)	14
Still birth or intrauterine fetal death	0/440 (0%)	0	0/436 (0%)	0	13/440 (3%)	13	11/436 (2.5%)	11
Neonatal demise	0/440 (0%)	0	0/436 (0%)	0	3/440 (0.7%)	3	3/436 (0.7%)	3
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	Vitamin D Treatment (Mothers)		Placebo (Mothers)		Vitamin D Treatment (Offspring)		Placebo (Offspring)
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/440 (0%)		0/436 (0%)		0/440 (0%)		0/436 (0%)

Limitations/Caveats

[Not Specified]

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Certain Agreements

Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.