NEW-AF: Rivaroxaban vs. Warfarin for Post Cardiac Surgery Atrial Fibrillation
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
This prospective, randomized, active-controlled, parallel arm study compares the safety and financial benefits of arterial thromboembolism prophylaxis with Warfarin vs. Rivaroxaban (A novel oral anticoagulant) in patients with new onset atrial fibrillation after sternotomy for cardiac operations.
Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
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Phase 3 |
Detailed Description
New onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is a common occurrence following cardiac surgery, occurring in 20-30% of patients post-operatively. Historically, Vitamin K antagonist therapy with Warfarin has been the treatment of choice for prophylaxis against stroke and systemic arterial thromboembolism in NOAF. Warfarin inhibits the Vitamin K dependent factors involved in both the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation cascades, thus decreasing systemic clotting. However, Warfarin therapy comes with many challenges including prolonged titration, tedious monitoring requirements and in some cases, increased bleeding risk.
The limitations associated with Warfarin may be mitigated by using new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) like Rivaroxaban which have no routine monitoring requirements. Rivaroxaban is a direct inhibitor of Factor Xa, a central reactant in both the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation cascades. Studies in non-operative patients with atrial fibrillation have shown that Rivaroxaban is non-inferior to Warfarin for stroke prophylaxis with similar risk profiles. This study aims to compare the efficacy, safety and financial cost of these two drugs when used for the management of new onset atrial fibrillation that occurs after cardiac operations.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
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Experimental: Rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: Direct inhibitor of Factor Xa, an enzyme that stimulates the formation of thrombin from prothrombin (A critical step in both the intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the coagulation cascade) Dosage form: Per Os (Oral) Dosage and Frequency: 20 mg every evening with the evening meal (No titration requirements). For patients with decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR between 15 ml/min and 50 ml/min), dosing will be decreased to 15 mg every evening with the evening meal. Duration: 30 days (Possibility of continuation after post-operative cardiology clinic visit) |
Drug: Rivaroxaban
Anticoagulant drug that works via direct inhibition of factor Xa. FDA approved for prophylaxis against stroke in non-valvular atrial fibrillation
Other Names:
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Active Comparator: Warfarin Warfarin: Competitive inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1, an important enzyme in the activation pathway for vitamin K dependent coagulation factors Dosage form: Per Os (Oral) Dosage and Frequency: Initial dose of 2 - 5 mg nightly after the evening meal (QHS) with appropriate titration to goal INR 2.0 - 3.0 (Initial dose based on weight, age, gender, co-morbidities and concurrent medications). INR will be checked daily to weekly depending on stability of dosing and medication regimen. Duration: 30 days (Possibility of continuation after post-operative Cardiology clinic visit) |
Drug: Warfarin
Anticoagulation drug that works via inhibition of vitamin K dependent clotting factors. FDA approved for prophylaxis against stroke in atrial fibrillation
Other Names:
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Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Postoperative Length of Stay [Up to 6 months following the cardiac operation]
Length of inpatient stay in days from time of departure from the operating room
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Episode of Major Bleeding (Defined as the occurrence of any of several events listed in the description. No specific scale, questionnaire or instrument will be used) [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
Major bleeding defined as re-operation or other therapeutic intervention for bleeding (including but not limited to colonoscopy, upper endoscopy and urologic procedures for hematuria), development of any intracranial bleeding, cessation of study drug for bleeding concerns, reversal of study drug for bleeding concerns and/or new transfusion requirement > 2 units of blood after drug administration
- Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
Rates of cerebrovascular accident including stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA)
- Other systemic embolism [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
Rates of non-neurological systemic arterial embolism involving any organ system
- Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or Pulmonary Embolism (PE) [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
Occurrence of pathologic venous thrombo-embolism including DVT and PE
- Minor Bleeding [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
Minor bleeding defined as blood transfusions <= 2 units or drop in hemoglobin greater 3g/dL following administration of study drugs
- Number of Transfusions [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
The number of units of blood transfused for each participant after initiation of study drugs
- Hospital Readmission [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
Readmissions will be counted in this calculation if patients are admitted to the hospital. Emergency room visits without admission and outpatient visits will not count toward this calculation of readmission rates.
- Therapy related costs of anticoagulation [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
Specific drug related costs will be estimated in dollars for patients in each intervention arm. This will include costs of all administered drug doses as well as costs of associated laboratory studies and mileage based costs of travel to INR testing centers
- Performance on the EUROQOL (EQ-5D) Quality of Life Instrument [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
Participants will be administered the EUROQOL-5D-3L (5 dimensions, 3 levels) questionnaire to derive an estimate of the health state. This is comprised of a 5 questions survey and a single visual analog scale highlighting perceived health levels For the 5 questions survey, each question related to mobility, selfcare, mood, pain and/or functionality is answered on a three point scale with higher number representing worse outcomes. The entire dataset is used to generate a health state based on the unique pattern of answers. These health states are then compared against standardized country-based value sets which provide an assessment of quality of life based on societal preferences. The visual analog scale is single answer between 0 and 100 representing the patient's perception of their health state. 0 represents the worst health imaginable and 100 represents the best.
- Average score on the Perception of Anticoagulant Treatment Questionnaire (PACT-Q2) [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
Participants will be administered the PACT-Q2 questionnaire which is comprised of a convenience subscale and a satisfaction subscale. For the convenience subscale, each of 13 questions is answered on a 1-5 rating scale with higher numbers representing worse outcomes. A sub-scale score is generated by inverting the score from each element and calculating the sum. Range on the inverted scale is 13 - 65. Higher scores represent better outcomes. For the satisfaction subscale, each of 7 questions is answered on a 1-5 rating scale with higher numbers representing better outcomes. The total score on this subscale is generated by adding up scores from all elements. Range on this subscale is 7-35. Higher scores represent better outcomes. A composite score is generated by adding up scores from both subscales and recalibrating on a 0-100 scale by adding the scores together and applying the formula: COMPOSITE SCORE=100×(Sum-20)/80. Higher scores represent more favorable outcomes.
- Rate of ongoing atrial fibrillation [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
EKGs will be obtained at various time points during the study to determine whether participants remain in atrial fibrillation during the follow up period. From each EKG, existence of p-waves, regularity of the overall wave form and heart rate will be evaluated to determine if patients remain in atrial fibrillation or if they have spontaneously converted to a normal sinus rhythm.
- Rate of Mortality [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
Mortality during study follow up will be documented and rates will compared across intervention groups. Cause of death will be documented
- Rates of adverse clinical outcomes [Up to 30 days after discharge from the initial postoperative hospitalization]
Other adverse clinical outcomes will be documented and rates compared between intervention arms including: Acute Kidney Injury, Infection, Heart Failure, Pericardial Effusion, Myocardial infarction, Pleural Effusion and Hepatic dysfunction
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
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Male or Female ≥ 18 years
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At least one of the following procedures: coronary artery bypass grafting, aortic valve repair, mitral valve repair, non-mechanical aortic valve replacement, any combination of these procedures
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Two or more episodes of New Onset Atrial Fibrillation (each lasting > 20 minutes) or persistent atrial fibrillation lasting > 24 hours (Or for >18 hours over a 24-hour interval)
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If female of child-bearing age, use of adequate contraception
Exclusion Criteria:
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Pre-existing paroxysmal atrial fibrillation before cardiac surgery
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Pre-existing indications for therapeutic anticoagulation (Including but not limited to PE, DVT, mechanical valve)
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Moderate-to-severe mitral valve stenosis not surgically corrected
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Pre-existing allergy to study medications
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Recent (< 1 year) or ongoing pregnancy (Urine pregnancy test will be obtained for women of child bearing age at the time of enrollment into the study)
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Stroke within 1 month prior to surgery or postoperatively prior to initiation of study drugs
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Postoperative bleeding episode prior to initiation of study drug
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Severe dysfunction of another organ system including GFR < 30 ml/min, baseline INR > 1.7, ileus or other gastrointestinal pathology hindering ability to absorb oral medications, and known coagulation pathway deficiencies
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Postoperative need for non-aspirin anti-platelet therapy that cannot be discontinued when therapeutic anticoagulation is initiated
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Patient taking medications with known major interactions with study drugs with no therapeutic alternatives)
Contacts and Locations
Locations
Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Massachusetts General Hospital | Boston | Massachusetts | United States | 02114 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- Massachusetts General Hospital
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Asishana A Osho, MD, MPH, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Principal Investigator: Thoralf M Sundt, MD, Massachusetts General Hospital
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
- Anderson E, Johnke K, Leedahl D, Glogoza M, Newman R, Dyke C. Novel oral anticoagulants vs warfarin for the management of postoperative atrial fibrillation: clinical outcomes and cost analysis. Am J Surg. 2015 Dec;210(6):1095-102; discussion 1102-3. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.07.005. Epub 2015 Sep 18.
- Butt JH, Xian Y, Peterson ED, Olsen PS, Rørth R, Gundlund A, Olesen JB, Gislason GH, Torp-Pedersen C, Køber L, Fosbøl EL. Long-term Thromboembolic Risk in Patients With Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery and Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA Cardiol. 2018 May 1;3(5):417-424. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0405. Erratum in: JAMA Cardiol. 2018 Jun 1;3(6):505.
- Charlton B, Adeboyeje G, Barron JJ, Grady D, Shin J, Redberg RF. Length of hospitalization and mortality for bleeding during treatment with warfarin, dabigatran, or rivaroxaban. PLoS One. 2018 Mar 28;13(3):e0193912. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193912. eCollection 2018.
- Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, Pogue J, Reilly PA, Themeles E, Varrone J, Wang S, Alings M, Xavier D, Zhu J, Diaz R, Lewis BS, Darius H, Diener HC, Joyner CD, Wallentin L; RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 17;361(12):1139-51. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0905561. Epub 2009 Aug 30. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 4;363(19):1877.
- Gillinov AM, Bagiella E, Moskowitz AJ, Raiten JM, Groh MA, Bowdish ME, Ailawadi G, Kirkwood KA, Perrault LP, Parides MK, Smith RL 2nd, Kern JA, Dussault G, Hackmann AE, Jeffries NO, Miller MA, Taddei-Peters WC, Rose EA, Weisel RD, Williams DL, Mangusan RF, Argenziano M, Moquete EG, O'Sullivan KL, Pellerin M, Shah KJ, Gammie JS, Mayer ML, Voisine P, Gelijns AC, O'Gara PT, Mack MJ; CTSN. Rate Control versus Rhythm Control for Atrial Fibrillation after Cardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med. 2016 May 19;374(20):1911-21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602002. Epub 2016 Apr 4.
- Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Wiviott SD, Halperin JL, Waldo AL, Ezekowitz MD, Weitz JI, Špinar J, Ruzyllo W, Ruda M, Koretsune Y, Betcher J, Shi M, Grip LT, Patel SP, Patel I, Hanyok JJ, Mercuri M, Antman EM; ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Investigators. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013 Nov 28;369(22):2093-104. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1310907. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
- Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, Al-Khalidi HR, Ansell J, Atar D, Avezum A, Bahit MC, Diaz R, Easton JD, Ezekowitz JA, Flaker G, Garcia D, Geraldes M, Gersh BJ, Golitsyn S, Goto S, Hermosillo AG, Hohnloser SH, Horowitz J, Mohan P, Jansky P, Lewis BS, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pais P, Parkhomenko A, Verheugt FW, Zhu J, Wallentin L; ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 15;365(11):981-92. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1107039. Epub 2011 Aug 27.
- Hawks MK, Bryce C. Rivaroxaban vs. Warfarin for Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Ablation and Cardioversion. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Oct 1;94(7):Online. Review.
- Megens MR, Churilov L, Thijs V. New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft and Long-Term Risk of Stroke: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Dec 22;6(12). pii: e007558. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.007558.
- Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W, Breithardt G, Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Piccini JP, Becker RC, Nessel CC, Paolini JF, Berkowitz SD, Fox KA, Califf RM; ROCKET AF Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 8;365(10):883-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1009638. Epub 2011 Aug 10.
- Spyropoulos AC, Ageno W, Albers GW, Elliott CG, Halperin JL, Hiatt WR, Maynard GA, Steg PG, Weitz JI, Suh E, Spiro TE, Barnathan ES, Raskob GE; MARINER Investigators. Rivaroxaban for Thromboprophylaxis after Hospitalization for Medical Illness. N Engl J Med. 2018 Sep 20;379(12):1118-1127. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1805090. Epub 2018 Aug 26.
- 2018P002307