Impact of Pre-Sedation Virtual Reality Game on Post-Discharge Negative Behaviors in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
The purpose of this study is to evaluate if a virtual reality (VR) distraction game played prior to procedural sedation for long bone fracture reduction will improve post-discharge negative behavior changes following discharge from the pediatric Emergency Department (ED).
Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
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N/A |
Detailed Description
This randomized control trial will investigate the use of a virtual reality (VR) distraction game prior to IV ketamine procedural sedation for long bone fracture reduction. Prior studies have demonstrated that children undergoing anesthesia or procedural sedation can have lingering negative behavioral changes lasting several weeks after discharge home. Children who are anxious have higher rates of developing negative behavior changes. Opiate pain control and pre-operative instructional workshops have demonstrated efficacy in decreasing negative behavior outcomes. There is some evidence that distraction techniques, such as VR, can alleviate pre-procedural anxiety and pain during procedures. To our knowledge, evaluating the use of a non-pharmacologic, virtual reality intervention and its effects on reducing post-discharge negative behavior changes following discharge from the Emergency Department has not been evaluated.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
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Experimental: Virtual Reality Group The children in the experimental group will receive the standard of care (access to in room activity including television (TV) distraction if desired, parent support and distraction at bedside, and quiet time) in addition to our intervention, an interactive virtual reality game, played for a minimum of 5 minutes prior to procedural sedation. |
Other: Virtual Reality Game
The virtual reality headset, device, and software, created by Stanford's Childhood Anxiety Reduction through Innovation and Technology (CHARIOT)program/Weightless Studio, LLC will be utilized in this study. Children in the VR intervention group will be allowed to select a distraction-based game to play with active VR content featuring interactive avatars and interactive experiences tailored to the pediatric population that allow players to do things such as control penguins sliding down a mountain while collecting pebbles for points, control puppies running in space to collect treats to the rhythm of music, and control an asteroid miner exploring an asteroid belt and collecting points based on color of asteroids collected. The game will last a minimum of 5 minutes in duration, provided participant tolerance. The participant may play longer if desired prior to receiving procedural sedation and the total length of activity played will be documented.
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No Intervention: Standard of Care The children in the control group receiving standard of care will have access to in room activity including TV distraction if desired, parent support and distraction at bedside, and quiet time. |
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Post-Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire (PHBQ) [24 months]
Post-Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire, a parent-report tool, with 27 items in six categories, comprising general, separation, and sleep anxieties, eating disturbance, aggression towards authority, apathy/withdrawal accesses negative behavioral changes in children post-surgery, hospitalization (Kain et al., 1996, Kain et al., 1999) or after minor ED procedures (Brodzinski et al., 2013). It takes 10 minutes and is given prior to the sedation and at 1-week via text/email, phone, or mail follow up post-discharge. Parents compare their child's behavior pre-hospitalization to post using the following: much less than before (1), less than before (2), same as before (3), more than before (4), and much more than before (5). Scores above 3 indicate greater maladaptive behavioral changes, below 3 indicate improvements and 3 indicates no change in behavior.
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS) [24 months]
The m-YPAS assesses study participant's anxiety at the time of induction of anesthesia. It is completed in <1 minute, reliable, and its validity compares favorably to the State Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (Kain, Z. 1997). The Emergency Department provider completes the m-YPAS twice during the study: on patient arrival/enrollment and immediately preceding sedation after VR intervention or standard of care. m-YPAS categories are activity, vocalizations, emotional expressivity, state of apparent arousal, and use of parent). Each item has Likert-type responses reflecting children behaviors and is rated from 1 to 4 or 1 to 6 (depending on the item), and higher numbers indicate the highest severity within that item. Scores range from 23-100 and a score >30 is defined as anxious.
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- Children ages 6 years to 17.5 years old receiving procedural sedation with IV ketamine in the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Emergency Department for long bone fracture reduction
Exclusion Criteria:
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Moderate to severe developmental delay
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Non-English-speaking participants or parent/guardian
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Taking psychotropic medications
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History of severe motion sickness
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Currently experiencing nausea/vomiting
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History of severe visual impairment
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History of seizures
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Expected admission to the hospital post-procedure
Contacts and Locations
Locations
Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
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1 | Children's Hospital of Wisconsin | Milwaukee | Wisconsin | United States | 53226 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- Medical College of Wisconsin
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Amy Drendel, DO, MS, Medical College of Wisconsin
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
- Asl Aminabadi N, Erfanparast L, Sohrabi A, Ghertasi Oskouei S, Naghili A. The Impact of Virtual Reality Distraction on Pain and Anxiety during Dental Treatment in 4-6 Year-Old Children: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2012 Fall;6(4):117-24. doi: 10.5681/joddd.2012.025. Epub 2012 Nov 12.
- Brodzinski H, Iyer S. Behavior changes after minor emergency procedures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2013 Oct;29(10):1098-101. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182a5ff07.
- CHARIOT Program - Childhood Anxiety Reduction through Innovation and Technology - Stanford Children's Health. (n.d.). Retrieved August 7, 2018, from https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/innovation/chariot
- Jenkins BN, Fortier MA, Kaplan SH, Mayes LC, Kain ZN. Development of a short version of the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale. Anesth Analg. 2014 Sep;119(3):643-650. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000350.
- Jenkins BN, Kain ZN, Kaplan SH, Stevenson RS, Mayes LC, Guadarrama J, Fortier MA. Revisiting a measure of child postoperative recovery: development of the Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire for Ambulatory Surgery. Paediatr Anaesth. 2015 Jul;25(7):738-45. doi: 10.1111/pan.12678. Epub 2015 May 9.
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- Kain ZN, Mayes LC, O'Connor TZ, Cicchetti DV. Preoperative anxiety in children. Predictors and outcomes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996 Dec;150(12):1238-45.
- Kain ZN, Wang SM, Mayes LC, Caramico LA, Hofstadter MB. Distress during the induction of anesthesia and postoperative behavioral outcomes. Anesth Analg. 1999 May;88(5):1042-7.
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- Kühlmann AYR, Lahdo N, Staals LM, van Dijk M. What are the validity and reliability of the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale-Short Form in children less than 2 years old? Paediatr Anaesth. 2019 Feb;29(2):137-143. doi: 10.1111/pan.13536. Epub 2018 Dec 23.
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- Sinha M, Christopher NC, Fenn R, Reeves L. Evaluation of nonpharmacologic methods of pain and anxiety management for laceration repair in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics. 2006 Apr;117(4):1162-8.
- Thung A, Tumin D, Uffman JC, Tobias JD, Buskirk T, Garrett W, Karczewski A, Saadat H. The Utility of the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale for Predicting Success in Pediatric Patients Undergoing MRI Without the Use of Anesthesia. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 Sep;15(9):1232-1237. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2017.12.022. Epub 2018 Mar 2.
- Wismeijer AA, Vingerhoets AJ. The use of virtual reality and audiovisual eyeglass systems as adjunct analgesic techniques: a review of the literature. Ann Behav Med. 2005 Dec;30(3):268-78. Review.
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