Comparison of Acute Sauna With Exercise and Sauna
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
Sauna bathing has been associated with a lower risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, improved vascular endothelial and cardiac function, reduced oxidative stress and lower blood pressure. Earlier studies conducted by the investigators have showed positive alterations of arterial stiffness and hemodynamics through sauna bathing.
Some studies have sought to utilize sauna bathing as an intervention after exercise with promising and synergistic results, although the effects on populations with cardiovascular risk factors are less clear. Furthermore, studies investigating the use of both exercise and sauna bathing in combination has been somewhat limited. However, results from some studies speculate that adjunctive exercise and sauna interventions may be useful for aging and clinical patient population groups.
Given that heat therapy and sauna use is gaining more worldwide popularity, the investigators sought to compare the acute hemodynamic effects between sauna use alone and a short bout of exercise followed by sauna exposure. It was hypothesize that the combination of exercise and sauna will elicit greater changes than sauna alone. To achieve this, we standardized the protocol duration (30 minutes).
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
|
N/A |
Detailed Description
In this crossover trial, all study participants underwent two interventions, each on a separate occasion (>72 hours apart). A standalone 30-minute sauna at 75°C (S), and 15-minutes of cycling on the stationary bike at 75% maximum heart rate, followed by 15-minutes of sauna exposure (ES). A cycling exercise test was conducted on a separate day prior to the experiment to ascertain individual maximal exercise heart rates, which was then used to calculate individual 75% maximum.
After the first 15-minute period of S, the participants left the sauna room to have a quick shower (<30 seconds) before going back for the second 15-minute period. The same sauna bathing room (75°C) was used for all participants and the cycling exercise was conducted within 10 meters of the sauna room to minimize transit time during ES. Participants were instructed to abstain from eating 2h, caffeine 12h and alcohol 24h prior to the measurements. Food intake was not standardized. Fluid was consumed ad libitum. A medical physician was in attendance at all times and participants were allowed to leave the sauna or stop the experiment at any time if they felt uncomfortable.
Brachial blood pressures and pulse wave velocity (PWV) as a measure of arterial stiffness, were taken in their respective order at three different time points; before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and after a 30-minute recovery (POST30). Transit time from the cessation of the intervention to POST measurements were kept under 60 seconds. All measurements were performed by the same assessor to minimize ascertainment biases.
Participants were permitted to take a quick shower (<30 seconds) before POST measurements were taken. Water temperature or the shower was not controlled and participants could freely select their desired temperature. Thereafter, they were instructed to rest in a designated waiting lounge (mean temperature 21°C) in a seated position for a duration of 30-minutes before the last measurement (POST30) was taken.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Active Comparator: Sauna alone Sauna exposure for 30 minutes |
Other: Sauna bathing
Passive heat exposure
|
| Experimental: Exercise and Sauna Cycling exercise for 15 minutes followed by sauna for 15 minutes |
Other: Aerobic exercise
15 minutes of aerobic exercise using stationary bicycle
Other: Sauna bathing
Passive heat exposure
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Brachial blood pressure [Single session (30 minutes)]
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure
- Central blood pressure [Single session (30 minutes)]
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured using ECG and Pulsepen
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Arterial Stiffness [Single session (30 minutes)]
Pulsewave velocity (PWV)
- Augmentation Index [Single session (30 minutes)]
Supplement to PWV
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- Free of a prior diagnosis of CVD, exhibits at least one of the following cardiovascular risk factors: a history of smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, or family history of coronary heart disease (CHD).
Exclusion Criteria:
- recent musculoskeletal injuries or surgery (less than 6 months ago), mental illnesses, under 30 years of age or over 75 at time of recruitment, health conditions that may contraindicate study parameters.
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | University of Jyväskylä | Jyväskylä | Keski-Suomi | Finland | 40014 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- University of Jyvaskyla
- Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research
- Business Finland
- Harvia Finland Oy
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Jari A Laukkanen, PhD/MD, Central Finland Central Hospital
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
- Laukkanen T, Kunutsor SK, Zaccardi F, Lee E, Willeit P, Khan H, Laukkanen JA. Acute effects of sauna bathing on cardiovascular function. J Hum Hypertens. 2018 Feb;32(2):129-138. doi: 10.1038/s41371-017-0008-z. Epub 2017 Dec 21.
- Lee E, Laukkanen T, Kunutsor SK, Khan H, Willeit P, Zaccardi F, Laukkanen JA. Sauna exposure leads to improved arterial compliance: Findings from a non-randomised experimental study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018 Jan;25(2):130-138. doi: 10.1177/2047487317737629. Epub 2017 Oct 19.
- Lee E, Willeit P, Laukkanen T, Kunutsor SK, Zaccardi F, Khan H, Laukkanen JA. Acute effects of exercise and sauna as a single intervention on arterial compliance. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020 Jul;27(10):1104-1107. doi: 10.1177/2047487319855454. Epub 2019 Jun 8.
- Sauna