Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Cognitive Function and Upper Limb Motor Function in People With Chronic Stroke
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
Upper limb impairment is present in more than 85% of people with stroke, which greatly affect the quality of life, social participation, and performance of daily activities of people with stroke. Previous study also revealed that 53.4% of people after stroke experienced cognitive impairment. Different cognitive domains might be affected following stroke, such as attention, memory, language, and orientation, and the problems with memory are often prominent. Yet, there is no effective treatment for the post-stroke cognitive impairment.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) applied on thoracic region and transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) are simple and non-invasive treatment to improve upper limb motor function and cognitive function. However, no existing studies have explored on the effects of TENS and tVNS on cognitive function in people with stroke. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of TENS on improving upper limb function and cognitive function in people with chronic stroke. Also, this study will investigate the cortical response of people with stroke during TENS by using EEG power spectrum analysis.
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
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N/A |
Detailed Description
This study aims to investigate the effects of three intervention protocols in people with stroke. The participants in Group A will receive TENS on C6 and T5 level of the spine with upper limb exercises. The participants in Group B will receive tVNS on the cymba conchae of left outer ear with upper limb exercises. The participants in Group C will receive placebo tVNS with upper limb exercises.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Experimental: spine TENS The participants will be received eighteen 45-minute sessions of intervention, 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks. |
Device: spine TENS
The participants in Group A will receive TENS (Burst mode, 9 pulses per burst, pulse frequency = 160 Hz, burst frequency = 2 Hz) with upper limb exercises. The electrical stimulation will be generated by the neurostimulator (MH8000P; MEDIHIGHTEC MEDICAL CO., LTD., Taiwan). Two 7.5 × 12.6 cm electrodes will be attached between C6 and T5 level on each side of spinal column and with 2 cm from the spine. Intensity of TENS will be individually selected by the participants according to tolerance levels.
|
| Experimental: tVNS The participants will be received eighteen 45-minute sessions of intervention, 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks. |
Device: tVNS
The participants in Group B will receive tVNS (pulse frequency = 25Hz, pulse duration = 0.3 ms) on the cymba conchae of left outer ear with upper limb exercises.The electrical stimulation will be generated by the neurostimulator (MH8000P; MEDIHIGHTEC MEDICAL CO., LTD., Taiwan). Intensity of tVNS will be individually selected by the participants according to tolerance levels. Previous studies showed that it was effective to improve the upper limb motor function in people with stroke and cognitive function in people with mild cognitive function.
|
| Placebo Comparator: Control The participants will be received eighteen 45-minute sessions of intervention, 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks. |
Device: Control
The participants in Group C will receive placebo tVNS with upper limb exercises, where the stimulation will be delivered by placebo-TENS device with disconnected electrical circuit.
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Electroencephalogram measurement [Baseline (0 week)]
A 20-channel Electroencephalogram (EEG) (Neurostyle Pte. Ltd.; Singapore) will be mounted on the scalp following the 10-20 system to capture the whole-brain EEG. The EEG signals will be collected with a sampling frequency of 256 Hz and then filtered by band-pass filter from 1 Hz to 100 Hz and notch filter of 50 Hz. EEG measurements will be prepared during the 20-minute rest. Before and after the stimulation, EEG signals will be recorded for 3 minutes. During the stimulation, EEG measurements will be also taken for 3 minutes.
- Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity [Baseline (0 week)]
The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) assesses the motor control, which included the reflex, synergistic and isolated movements and coordination of the upper extremity. It is a 3-point ordinal scale with 33 items and the total score ranges from 0 to 66. In this scale, "0" represents "cannot perform", "1" represents "performs partially" and "2" represents "performs fully". The higher score indicates better motor control of the upper extremity. The FMA-UE has an excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.98) in people with stroke.
- Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity [Mid-intervention (3 week)]
The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) assesses the motor control, which included the reflex, synergistic and isolated movements and coordination of the upper extremity. It is a 3-point ordinal scale with 33 items and the total score ranges from 0 to 66. In this scale, "0" represents "cannot perform", "1" represents "performs partially" and "2" represents "performs fully". The higher score indicates better motor control of the upper extremity. The FMA-UE has an excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.98) in people with stroke.
- Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity [Post-intervention (6 week)]
The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) assesses the motor control, which included the reflex, synergistic and isolated movements and coordination of the upper extremity. It is a 3-point ordinal scale with 33 items and the total score ranges from 0 to 66. In this scale, "0" represents "cannot perform", "1" represents "performs partially" and "2" represents "performs fully". The higher score indicates better motor control of the upper extremity. The FMA-UE has an excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.98) in people with stroke.
- Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity [1-month follow-up (10 week)]
The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) assesses the motor control, which included the reflex, synergistic and isolated movements and coordination of the upper extremity. It is a 3-point ordinal scale with 33 items and the total score ranges from 0 to 66. In this scale, "0" represents "cannot perform", "1" represents "performs partially" and "2" represents "performs fully". The higher score indicates better motor control of the upper extremity. The FMA-UE has an excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.98) in people with stroke.
- Muscle strength [Baseline (0 week)]
A hand-held dynamometer (Model 01165; Lafayette Instrument, Indiana, USA) will be used to measure the muscle force generated by biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles of affected and unaffected sides. The participant will be instructed to perform isometric contraction and resistance will be applied by the examiner to avoid movement of the arm during the measurement. Two trials will be performed for each muscle group and the mean force of two trials will be recorded.
- Muscle strength [Mid-intervention (3 week)]
A hand-held dynamometer (Model 01165; Lafayette Instrument, Indiana, USA) will be used to measure the muscle force generated by biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles of affected and unaffected sides. The participant will be instructed to perform isometric contraction and resistance will be applied by the examiner to avoid movement of the arm during the measurement. Two trials will be performed for each muscle group and the mean force of two trials will be recorded.
- Muscle strength [Post-intervention (6 week)]
A hand-held dynamometer (Model 01165; Lafayette Instrument, Indiana, USA) will be used to measure the muscle force generated by biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles of affected and unaffected sides. The participant will be instructed to perform isometric contraction and resistance will be applied by the examiner to avoid movement of the arm during the measurement. Two trials will be performed for each muscle group and the mean force of two trials will be recorded.
- Muscle strength [1-month follow-up (10 week)]
A hand-held dynamometer (Model 01165; Lafayette Instrument, Indiana, USA) will be used to measure the muscle force generated by biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles of affected and unaffected sides. The participant will be instructed to perform isometric contraction and resistance will be applied by the examiner to avoid movement of the arm during the measurement. Two trials will be performed for each muscle group and the mean force of two trials will be recorded.
- Muscle stiffness [Baseline (0 week)]
The muscle stiffness of biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles will be quantified by MyotonPRO device (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The MyotonPRO device will be placed perpendicularly to the skin surface and apply mechanical impulses on the muscles to generate damped oscillations of the underlying tissue. The biceps brachii measurements will be performed at the long head of the muscle in the middle of the arm. The triceps brachii measurements will be performed at the medial head of the muscle in the middle of the arm. Muscle stiffness will be described as newton-meter (N/m), where the higher value indicates the higher stiffness of the tissue.
- Muscle stiffness [Mid-intervention (3 week)]
The muscle stiffness of biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles will be quantified by MyotonPRO device (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The MyotonPRO device will be placed perpendicularly to the skin surface and apply mechanical impulses on the muscles to generate damped oscillations of the underlying tissue. The biceps brachii measurements will be performed at the long head of the muscle in the middle of the arm. The triceps brachii measurements will be performed at the medial head of the muscle in the middle of the arm. Muscle stiffness will be described as newton-meter (N/m), where the higher value indicates the higher stiffness of the tissue.
- Muscle stiffness [Post-intervention (6 week)]
The muscle stiffness of biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles will be quantified by MyotonPRO device (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The MyotonPRO device will be placed perpendicularly to the skin surface and apply mechanical impulses on the muscles to generate damped oscillations of the underlying tissue. The biceps brachii measurements will be performed at the long head of the muscle in the middle of the arm. The triceps brachii measurements will be performed at the medial head of the muscle in the middle of the arm. Muscle stiffness will be described as newton-meter (N/m), where the higher value indicates the higher stiffness of the tissue.
- Muscle stiffness [1-month follow-up (10 week)]
The muscle stiffness of biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles will be quantified by MyotonPRO device (Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia). The MyotonPRO device will be placed perpendicularly to the skin surface and apply mechanical impulses on the muscles to generate damped oscillations of the underlying tissue. The biceps brachii measurements will be performed at the long head of the muscle in the middle of the arm. The triceps brachii measurements will be performed at the medial head of the muscle in the middle of the arm. Muscle stiffness will be described as newton-meter (N/m), where the higher value indicates the higher stiffness of the tissue.
- Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test - Third edition [Baseline (0 week)]
The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test - Third edition (RBMT-3) examines the everyday memory function with 14 subtests, including the assessment for visual, verbal, recall, recognition, immediate, and delayed memory. The scaled score of each subtest and total scaled score will be computed by converting raw scores based on different age group. Higher scaled score indicates better memory function. The RBMT-3 has demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.997) and intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.924) and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.643 - 0.832) in people with dementia, mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults.
- Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test - Third edition [Mid-intervention (3 week)]
The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test - Third edition (RBMT-3) examines the everyday memory function with 14 subtests, including the assessment for visual, verbal, recall, recognition, immediate, and delayed memory. The scaled score of each subtest and total scaled score will be computed by converting raw scores based on different age group. Higher scaled score indicates better memory function. The RBMT-3 has demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.997) and intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.924) and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.643 - 0.832) in people with dementia, mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults.
- Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test - Third edition [Post-intervention (6 week)]
The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test - Third edition (RBMT-3) examines the everyday memory function with 14 subtests, including the assessment for visual, verbal, recall, recognition, immediate, and delayed memory. The scaled score of each subtest and total scaled score will be computed by converting raw scores based on different age group. Higher scaled score indicates better memory function. The RBMT-3 has demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.997) and intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.924) and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.643 - 0.832) in people with dementia, mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults.
- Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test - Third edition [1-month follow-up (10 week)]
The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test - Third edition (RBMT-3) examines the everyday memory function with 14 subtests, including the assessment for visual, verbal, recall, recognition, immediate, and delayed memory. The scaled score of each subtest and total scaled score will be computed by converting raw scores based on different age group. Higher scaled score indicates better memory function. The RBMT-3 has demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.997) and intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.924) and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.643 - 0.832) in people with dementia, mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults.
- Digit Span Test [Baseline (0 week)]
The Digit Span Test (DST) consists of two parts to measure the verbal short-term memory and working memory of an individual, which are digit span forwards and digit span backwards. The participants are presented with a series of numbers. In the digit span forward (DSF), they are required to repeat the numbers in forward order. In the digit span backward (DSB), they are asked to repeat the numbers in reverse order. The length of digits in each string increases from 3 to 9 in DSF and from 2 to 8 in DSB. Two trials are presented at each length. The test is interrupted when participant failed to either trial at equal digit length. If the participants correctly recall the sequence in either first and second trial, 1 point will be scored. The total score of DSF and DSB are 16 and 14 respectively. The intra-rater reliability of DSF and DSB are 0.891 and 0.598 respectively in older adults with neurocognitive disorder.
- Digit Span Test [Mid-intervention (3 week)]
The Digit Span Test (DST) consists of two parts to measure the verbal short-term memory and working memory of an individual, which are digit span forwards and digit span backwards. The participants are presented with a series of numbers. In the digit span forward (DSF), they are required to repeat the numbers in forward order. In the digit span backward (DSB), they are asked to repeat the numbers in reverse order. The length of digits in each string increases from 3 to 9 in DSF and from 2 to 8 in DSB. Two trials are presented at each length. The test is interrupted when participant failed to either trial at equal digit length. If the participants correctly recall the sequence in either first and second trial, 1 point will be scored. The total score of DSF and DSB are 16 and 14 respectively. The intra-rater reliability of DSF and DSB are 0.891 and 0.598 respectively in older adults with neurocognitive disorder.
- Digit Span Test [Post-intervention (6 week)]
The Digit Span Test (DST) consists of two parts to measure the verbal short-term memory and working memory of an individual, which are digit span forwards and digit span backwards. The participants are presented with a series of numbers. In the digit span forward (DSF), they are required to repeat the numbers in forward order. In the digit span backward (DSB), they are asked to repeat the numbers in reverse order. The length of digits in each string increases from 3 to 9 in DSF and from 2 to 8 in DSB. Two trials are presented at each length. The test is interrupted when participant failed to either trial at equal digit length. If the participants correctly recall the sequence in either first and second trial, 1 point will be scored. The total score of DSF and DSB are 16 and 14 respectively. The intra-rater reliability of DSF and DSB are 0.891 and 0.598 respectively in older adults with neurocognitive disorder.
- Digit Span Test [1-month follow-up (10 week)]
The Digit Span Test (DST) consists of two parts to measure the verbal short-term memory and working memory of an individual, which are digit span forwards and digit span backwards. The participants are presented with a series of numbers. In the digit span forward (DSF), they are required to repeat the numbers in forward order. In the digit span backward (DSB), they are asked to repeat the numbers in reverse order. The length of digits in each string increases from 3 to 9 in DSF and from 2 to 8 in DSB. Two trials are presented at each length. The test is interrupted when participant failed to either trial at equal digit length. If the participants correctly recall the sequence in either first and second trial, 1 point will be scored. The total score of DSF and DSB are 16 and 14 respectively. The intra-rater reliability of DSF and DSB are 0.891 and 0.598 respectively in older adults with neurocognitive disorder.
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment [Baseline (0 week)]
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a screening tool to detect cognitive impairment of an individual with a total score of 30. The MoCA assesses different cognitive domains, including executive functioning, immediate and delayed memory, visuospatial abilities, attention, working memory, language, and orientation to time and place. It can identify dementia from controls with a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 91.8% with a cut-off score of 22.
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment [Mid-intervention (3 week)]
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a screening tool to detect cognitive impairment of an individual with a total score of 30. The MoCA assesses different cognitive domains, including executive functioning, immediate and delayed memory, visuospatial abilities, attention, working memory, language, and orientation to time and place. It can identify dementia from controls with a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 91.8% with a cut-off score of 22.
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment [Post-intervention (6 week)]
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a screening tool to detect cognitive impairment of an individual with a total score of 30. The MoCA assesses different cognitive domains, including executive functioning, immediate and delayed memory, visuospatial abilities, attention, working memory, language, and orientation to time and place. It can identify dementia from controls with a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 91.8% with a cut-off score of 22.
- Montreal Cognitive Assessment [1-month follow-up (10 week)]
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a screening tool to detect cognitive impairment of an individual with a total score of 30. The MoCA assesses different cognitive domains, including executive functioning, immediate and delayed memory, visuospatial abilities, attention, working memory, language, and orientation to time and place. It can identify dementia from controls with a sensitivity of 92.3% and specificity of 91.8% with a cut-off score of 22.
- Trail Making Test [Baseline (0 week)]
Trail Making Test (TMT) can assess the attention and cognitive flexibility of individuals. The test is divided into part A and part B. In part A, the circle is numbered (i.e., 1 to 25). The subjects should draw lines in numeric order of the listed circle. In part B, the circles include both numbers (i.e., 1 to 13) and words (i.e., A to L). The subjects should draw the lines in a specific sequence between number and word (i.e., 1 to A to 2 to B etc.). A shorter time recorded in the test indicated the better performance. The test-retest reliability has been tested in people with stroke (ICC = 0.94 and 0.86 for Part A and Part B, respectively).
- Trail Making Test [Mid-intervention (3 week)]
Trail Making Test (TMT) can assess the attention and cognitive flexibility of individuals. The test is divided into part A and part B. In part A, the circle is numbered (i.e., 1 to 25). The subjects should draw lines in numeric order of the listed circle. In part B, the circles include both numbers (i.e., 1 to 13) and words (i.e., A to L). The subjects should draw the lines in a specific sequence between number and word (i.e., 1 to A to 2 to B etc.). A shorter time recorded in the test indicated the better performance. The test-retest reliability has been tested in people with stroke (ICC = 0.94 and 0.86 for Part A and Part B, respectively).
- Trail Making Test [Post-intervention (6 week)]
Trail Making Test (TMT) can assess the attention and cognitive flexibility of individuals. The test is divided into part A and part B. In part A, the circle is numbered (i.e., 1 to 25). The subjects should draw lines in numeric order of the listed circle. In part B, the circles include both numbers (i.e., 1 to 13) and words (i.e., A to L). The subjects should draw the lines in a specific sequence between number and word (i.e., 1 to A to 2 to B etc.). A shorter time recorded in the test indicated the better performance. The test-retest reliability has been tested in people with stroke (ICC = 0.94 and 0.86 for Part A and Part B, respectively).
- Trail Making Test [1-month follow-up (10 week)]
Trail Making Test (TMT) can assess the attention and cognitive flexibility of individuals. The test is divided into part A and part B. In part A, the circle is numbered (i.e., 1 to 25). The subjects should draw lines in numeric order of the listed circle. In part B, the circles include both numbers (i.e., 1 to 13) and words (i.e., A to L). The subjects should draw the lines in a specific sequence between number and word (i.e., 1 to A to 2 to B etc.). A shorter time recorded in the test indicated the better performance. The test-retest reliability has been tested in people with stroke (ICC = 0.94 and 0.86 for Part A and Part B, respectively).
- Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire [Baseline (0 week)]
The 23-item Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ) evaluates participation and activity levels based on the three domains of routine activities, social engagement, and emotional well-being. Each item is measured on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never; 1 = rarely; 2 = sometimes; 3 = often; 4 = always). The higher scores represent greater difficulties with participation and activities. Good to excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.81 - 0.96) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.83 - 0.96) have been shown for this instrument in people with motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease.
- Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire [Mid-intervention (3 week)]
The 23-item Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ) evaluates participation and activity levels based on the three domains of routine activities, social engagement, and emotional well-being. Each item is measured on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never; 1 = rarely; 2 = sometimes; 3 = often; 4 = always). The higher scores represent greater difficulties with participation and activities. Good to excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.81 - 0.96) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.83 - 0.96) have been shown for this instrument in people with motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease.
- Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire [Post-intervention (6 week)]
The 23-item Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ) evaluates participation and activity levels based on the three domains of routine activities, social engagement, and emotional well-being. Each item is measured on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never; 1 = rarely; 2 = sometimes; 3 = often; 4 = always). The higher scores represent greater difficulties with participation and activities. Good to excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.81 - 0.96) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.83 - 0.96) have been shown for this instrument in people with motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease.
- Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire [1-month follow-up (10 week)]
The 23-item Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ) evaluates participation and activity levels based on the three domains of routine activities, social engagement, and emotional well-being. Each item is measured on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never; 1 = rarely; 2 = sometimes; 3 = often; 4 = always). The higher scores represent greater difficulties with participation and activities. Good to excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.81 - 0.96) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.83 - 0.96) have been shown for this instrument in people with motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease.
- 12-item Short-Form Survey (second version) [Baseline (0 week)]
The 12-item Short-Form Survey (second version) (SF-12v2) will be used to measure the health-related quality of life of individuals. This instrument contains eight domains: physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating better quality of life. It has good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.48 - 0.81) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.67 - 0.82) in healthy adults.
- 12-item Short-Form Survey (second version) [Mid-intervention (3 week)]
The 12-item Short-Form Survey (second version) (SF-12v2) will be used to measure the health-related quality of life of individuals. This instrument contains eight domains: physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating better quality of life. It has good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.48 - 0.81) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.67 - 0.82) in healthy adults.
- 12-item Short-Form Survey (second version) [Post-intervention (6 week)]
The 12-item Short-Form Survey (second version) (SF-12v2) will be used to measure the health-related quality of life of individuals. This instrument contains eight domains: physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating better quality of life. It has good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.48 - 0.81) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.67 - 0.82) in healthy adults.
- 12-item Short-Form Survey (second version) [1-month follow-up (10 week)]
The 12-item Short-Form Survey (second version) (SF-12v2) will be used to measure the health-related quality of life of individuals. This instrument contains eight domains: physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating better quality of life. It has good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.48 - 0.81) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.67 - 0.82) in healthy adults.
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
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aged between 50 and 80;
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have suffered from a single stroke at least 1 year;
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had volitional control of the non-paretic arm and at least minimal antigravity movement in the paretic shoulder;
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scored 7 or above in the Abbreviated Mental Test.
Exclusion Criteria:
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have cardiac pacemaker or cochlear implant;
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have other neurological diseases;
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are taking medication that may affect measured outcomes;
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have skin lesions, infection, or inflammation near selected position;
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are participating in other drug/treatment programs.
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The Hong Kong Polytechnic University | Hong Kong | Hong Kong |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Shamay NG, PhD, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
- Agius Anastasi A, Falzon O, Camilleri K, Vella M, Muscat R. Brain Symmetry Index in Healthy and Stroke Patients for Assessment and Prognosis. Stroke Res Treat. 2017;2017:8276136. doi: 10.1155/2017/8276136. Epub 2017 Jan 30.
- Al-Qazzaz NK, Ali SH, Ahmad SA, Islam S, Mohamad K. Cognitive impairment and memory dysfunction after a stroke diagnosis: a post-stroke memory assessment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014 Sep 9;10:1677-91. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S67184. eCollection 2014.
- Ashford S, Slade M, Turner-Stokes L. Conceptualisation and development of the arm activity measure (ArmA) for assessment of activity in the hemiparetic arm. Disabil Rehabil. 2013 Aug;35(18):1513-8. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.743602. Epub 2013 Jan 7.
- Barbay M, Diouf M, Roussel M, Godefroy O; GRECOGVASC study group. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence in Post-Stroke Neurocognitive Disorders in Hospital-Based Studies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2018;46(5-6):322-334. doi: 10.1159/000492920. Epub 2018 Nov 30.
- Britton JW, Frey LC, Hopp JL, Korb P, Koubeissi MZ, Lievens WE, Pestana-Knight EM, St. Louis EK, authors. St. Louis EK, Frey LC, editors. Electroencephalography (EEG): An Introductory Text and Atlas of Normal and Abnormal Findings in Adults, Children, and Infants [Internet]. Chicago: American Epilepsy Society; 2016. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK390354/
- de Paula JJ, Malloy-Diniz LF, Romano-Silva MA. Reliability of working memory assessment in neurocognitive disorders: a study of the Digit Span and Corsi Block-Tapping tasks. Braz J Psychiatry. 2016 Jul-Sep;38(3):262-3. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1879. No abstract available.
- Desrosiers J, Noreau L, Rochette A, Bourbonnais D, Bravo G, Bourget A. Predictors of long-term participation after stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2006 Feb 28;28(4):221-30. doi: 10.1080/09638280500158372.
- Fong KNK, Lee KKL, Tsang ZPY, Wan JYH, Zhang YY, Lau AFC. The clinical utility, reliability and validity of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test-Third Edition (RBMT-3) in Hong Kong older adults with or without cognitive impairments. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2019 Jan;29(1):144-159. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2016.1272467. Epub 2017 Jan 4.
- Fugl-Meyer AR, Jaasko L, Leyman I, Olsson S, Steglind S. The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. a method for evaluation of physical performance. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1975;7(1):13-31.
- Ingwersen T, Wolf S, Birke G, Schlemm E, Bartling C, Bender G, Meyer A, Nolte A, Ottes K, Pade O, Peller M, Steinmetz J, Gerloff C, Thomalla G. Long-term recovery of upper limb motor function and self-reported health: results from a multicenter observational study 1 year after discharge from rehabilitation. Neurol Res Pract. 2021 Dec 27;3(1):66. doi: 10.1186/s42466-021-00164-7.
- Jenkinson C, Kelly L, Dummett S, Morley D. The Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ): development of a short form and index measure. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2019 Jul 29;10:227-232. doi: 10.2147/PROM.S210416. eCollection 2019.
- Kirshblum SC, Burns SP, Biering-Sorensen F, Donovan W, Graves DE, Jha A, Johansen M, Jones L, Krassioukov A, Mulcahey MJ, Schmidt-Read M, Waring W. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011). J Spinal Cord Med. 2011 Nov;34(6):535-46. doi: 10.1179/204577211X13207446293695. No abstract available.
- Lam ET, Lam CL, Fong DY, Huang WW. Is the SF-12 version 2 Health Survey a valid and equivalent substitute for the SF-36 version 2 Health Survey for the Chinese? J Eval Clin Pract. 2013 Feb;19(1):200-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01800.x. Epub 2011 Nov 29.
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