Prevention of Recurrent Infections Caused by Community Acquired Staphylococcus Aureus (CA-SA) in Children
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
The primary purpose of this study is to determine if adding bleach baths to routine ways for prevention of Staph infections is helpful. The amount added is a very weak amount. This would provide a relatively inexpensive method to help prevent recurrent skin infections caused by the Staph germ. The investigators will also be studying how often Staphylococcus aureus lives in the nose, throat, and groin area.
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
|
N/A |
Detailed Description
In many areas of the United States, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is now an established community pathogen (CA-MRSA). At Texas Children's Hospital (TCH), about 75% of S. aureus isolates recovered from healthy children with infections are CA-MRSA and > 90% of the CA-MRSA isolates are related to one clone, USA300, which also predominates throughout the U.S. From 8/05 to 7/06, 1400 children with CA-MRSA infection were seen at TCH; 60% were admitted to the hospital. Why the USA300 clone is so successful in spreading throughout the community is unclear, but it does harbor a unique set of genes not found in other S. aureus clones. The anterior nose in the most common area of the body colonized with S. aureus but it is not known if this is the primary site for colonization by CA-MRSA USA300 clone.
Approximately 3.5% of children at TCH have a proven recurrence of S. aureus infection within 12 months; we believe this is a minimal estimate and that overall at least 10% of children have recurrences. There is no consensus on the best strategies for preventing recurrent S. aureus infections or spread of S. aureus among family members. At TCH, in addition to routine preventative measures, we often recommend for the patients to take a bath at least twice a week in water to which one teaspoon of household bleach (Clorox) has been added per gallon of water. Anecdotally this approach has decreased the recurrence rate of S. aureus infections, but this common strategy among dermatologists has not been formally evaluated and is thus controversial.
Objectives
The primary objective is to test the hypothesis that in children who have a community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus (CA-SA) infection, sodium hypochlorite baths (Clorox) are a safe and effective component of a prevention strategy that will reduce recurrent medically attended skin and soft tissue infection (MA-SSI).
Specific Aims
-
Determine the recurrence rate (over a 12 month period) of medically attended skin and soft tissue infection visits in children initially evaluated in the TCH Emergency Center for whom a 3 month prevention strategy includes taking a bath twice a week in water to which sodium hypochlorite (Clorox) has been added and the recurrence rate in children for whom a similar prevention strategy has been recommended but without the bath component.
-
Determine the recurrence rate (over a 12 month period) of skin and soft tissue infection caused by CA-S. aureus in children for whom a 3-month prevention strategy includes taking a bath twice a week in water to which sodium hypochlorite (Clorox) has been added and the recurrence rate in children for whom a similar prevention strategy has been recommended but without the bath component.
-
Determine the + rates of S. aureus colonization of the anterior nares, pharynx, and groin for children being evaluated in the emergency center of Texas Children's Hospital (TCH) or admitted to TCH with suspected S. aureus infections.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Experimental: Routine Measures
|
Procedure: Routine Measures Group
Cultures will be obtained from the anterior nares of the nose, the throat and the groin using separate culturette swabs. S. aureus isolates will be identified and antibiotic susceptibility determined. Isolates will subsequently undergo testing for susceptibility to methicillin to determine if the isolate is an MSSA or MRSA strain. All patients and parents will be instructed orally and provided written instructions about routine measures employed for the prevention of S. aureus skin infections. Please see supplemental material from the publication Randomized Trial of "Bleach Baths" plus Routine Hygienic Measures vs Routine Hygienic Measures Alone for Prevention of Recurrent Infections Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014;58:679-682 for the details regarding routine measures.
Other Names:
|
| Experimental: Bleach Baths
|
Procedure: Bleach Bath Group (Bleach plus routine measures)
Cultures will be obtained from the anterior nares of the nose, the throat and the groin using culturette swabs. S. aureus isolates will be identified and antibiotic susceptibility determined. Isolates will subsequently undergo testing for susceptibility to methicillin to determine if the isolate is an MSSA or MRSA strain. Patients and parents will be instructed orally and provided written instructions about routine measures employed for the prevention of S. aureus skin infections. Patients will be given further oral and written instructions regarding clorox baths. Please see supplemental material from the publication Randomized Trial of "Bleach Baths" plus Routine Hygienic Measures vs Routine Hygienic Measures Alone for Prevention of Recurrent Infections Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014;58:679-682 for the details regarding instructions for bleach baths.
Other Names:
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Medically Attended Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (MA-SSI) [From time of enrollment until the first MA-SSI or 12 months following enrollment, whichever came first.]
Medically attended skin and soft tissue infections (MA-SSI) which is defined as a skin or soft tissue infection that has been evaluated and treated by a medical professional in an office, clinic, urgent care or emergency center setting.
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
-
Otherwise healthy children 3 months to 18 years seen in the emergency center of Texas Children's Hospital with suspected CA-S. aureus infections
-
Have a lesion which can be cultured (abscess or cellulitis with drainage, invasive infections)
-
Can be evaluated and treated in the emergency center and be followed as outpatients
-
Can be admitted to the hospital
Exclusion Criteria:
-
Children less than 3 months old or greater than 18 years
-
Immune deficiency or underlying condition other than reactive airway disease or simple eczema which is not being followed by a dermatologist
-
Patient has a history of 2 or more previous skin or soft tissue infections
-
Children with one previous episode whose family may have already employed the sodium hypochlorite baths
-
Families without a bathtub or running water
-
Families without a phone or primary care physician
-
Families unable or unwilling to comply with the prevention measures
-
Hypersensitivity to sodium hypochlorite
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Baylor College of Medicine | Houston | Texas | United States | 77030 |
| 2 | Texas Children's Hospital | Houston | Texas | United States | 77030 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- Baylor College of Medicine
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Sheldon L Kaplan, MD, Baylor College of Medicine
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Additional Information:
Publications
None provided.- Thrasher21631
Study Results
Participant Flow
| Recruitment Details | Children with probable community-associated Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue or invasive infections were randomized to routine daily hygienic measures with or without "bleach baths" twice a week for 3 months. |
|---|---|
| Pre-assignment Detail |
| Arm/Group Title | Routine Measures | Bleach Baths |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Routine Measures Group: Cultures will be obtained from the anterior nares of the nose, the throat and the groin using separate culturette swabs. S. aureus isolates will be identified and antibiotic susceptibility determined. Isolates will subsequently undergo testing for susceptibility to methicillin to determine if the isolate is an MSSA or MRSA strain. All patients and parents will be instructed orally and provided written instructions about routine measures employed for the prevention of S. aureus skin infections. | Bleach Bath Group: Cultures will be obtained from the anterior nares of the nose, the throat and the groin using culturette swabs. S. aureus isolates will be identified and antibiotic susceptibility determined. Isolates will subsequently undergo testing for susceptibility to methicillin to determine if the isolate is an MSSA or MRSA strain. Patients and parents will be instructed orally and provided written instructions about routine measures employed for the prevention of S. aureus skin infections. Patients will be given further oral and written instructions regarding clorox baths. |
| Period Title: Overall Study | ||
| STARTED | 492 | 495 |
| COMPLETED | 492 | 495 |
| NOT COMPLETED | 0 | 0 |
Baseline Characteristics
| Arm/Group Title | Routine Measures | Bleach Baths | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Routine Measures Group: Cultures will be obtained from the anterior nares of the nose, the throat and the groin using separate culturette swabs. S. aureus isolates will be identified and antibiotic susceptibility determined. Isolates will subsequently undergo testing for susceptibility to methicillin to determine if the isolate is an MSSA or MRSA strain. All patients and parents will be instructed orally and provided written instructions about routine measures employed for the prevention of S. aureus skin infections. | Bleach Bath Group: Cultures will be obtained from the anterior nares of the nose, the throat and the groin using culturette swabs. S. aureus isolates will be identified and antibiotic susceptibility determined. Isolates will subsequently undergo testing for susceptibility to methicillin to determine if the isolate is an MSSA or MRSA strain. Patients and parents will be instructed orally and provided written instructions about routine measures employed for the prevention of S. aureus skin infections. Patients will be given further oral and written instructions regarding clorox baths. | Total of all reporting groups |
| Overall Participants | 492 | 495 | 987 |
| Age (Count of Participants) | |||
| <=18 years |
492
100%
|
495
100%
|
987
100%
|
| Between 18 and 65 years |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| >=65 years |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| Age (years) [Median (Full Range) ] | |||
| Median (Full Range) [years] |
1.92
|
1.8
|
1.85
|
| Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants) | |||
| Female |
253
51.4%
|
276
55.8%
|
529
53.6%
|
| Male |
239
48.6%
|
219
44.2%
|
458
46.4%
|
| Region of Enrollment (participants) [Number] | |||
| United States |
492
100%
|
495
100%
|
987
100%
|
Outcome Measures
| Title | Medically Attended Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (MA-SSI) |
|---|---|
| Description | Medically attended skin and soft tissue infections (MA-SSI) which is defined as a skin or soft tissue infection that has been evaluated and treated by a medical professional in an office, clinic, urgent care or emergency center setting. |
| Time Frame | From time of enrollment until the first MA-SSI or 12 months following enrollment, whichever came first. |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| [Not Specified] |
| Arm/Group Title | Routine Measures | Bleach Baths |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Routine Measures Group: Cultures will be obtained from the anterior nares of the nose, the throat and the groin using separate culturette swabs. S. aureus isolates will be identified and antibiotic susceptibility determined. Isolates will subsequently undergo testing for susceptibility to methicillin to determine if the isolate is an MSSA or MRSA strain. All patients and parents will be instructed orally and provided written instructions about routine measures employed for the prevention of S. aureus skin infections. | Bleach Bath Group: Cultures will be obtained from the anterior nares of the nose, the throat and the groin using culturette swabs. S. aureus isolates will be identified and antibiotic susceptibility determined. Isolates will subsequently undergo testing for susceptibility to methicillin to determine if the isolate is an MSSA or MRSA strain. Patients and parents will be instructed orally and provided written instructions about routine measures employed for the prevention of S. aureus skin infections. Patients will be given further oral and written instructions regarding clorox baths. |
| Measure Participants | 492 | 495 |
| Number (95% Confidence Interval) [percentage of partipants] |
20.9
|
17
|
Adverse Events
| Time Frame | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse Event Reporting Description | ||||
| Arm/Group Title | Routine Measures | Bleach Baths | ||
| Arm/Group Description | Routine Measures Group: Cultures will be obtained from the anterior nares of the nose, the throat and the groin using separate culturette swabs. S. aureus isolates will be identified and antibiotic susceptibility determined. Isolates will subsequently undergo testing for susceptibility to methicillin to determine if the isolate is an MSSA or MRSA strain. All patients and parents will be instructed orally and provided written instructions about routine measures employed for the prevention of S. aureus skin infections. | Bleach Bath Group: Cultures will be obtained from the anterior nares of the nose, the throat and the groin using culturette swabs. S. aureus isolates will be identified and antibiotic susceptibility determined. Isolates will subsequently undergo testing for susceptibility to methicillin to determine if the isolate is an MSSA or MRSA strain. Patients and parents will be instructed orally and provided written instructions about routine measures employed for the prevention of S. aureus skin infections. Patients will be given further oral and written instructions regarding clorox baths. | ||
All Cause Mortality |
||||
| Routine Measures | Bleach Baths | |||
| Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | |
| Total | / (NaN) | / (NaN) | ||
Serious Adverse Events |
||||
| Routine Measures | Bleach Baths | |||
| Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | |
| Total | 0/492 (0%) | 0/495 (0%) | ||
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events |
||||
| Routine Measures | Bleach Baths | |||
| Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | |
| Total | 0/492 (0%) | 1/495 (0.2%) | ||
| Eye disorders | ||||
| Burning eyes | 0/492 (0%) | 1/495 (0.2%) | ||
Limitations/Caveats
More Information
Certain Agreements
Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.
There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.
Results Point of Contact
| Name/Title | Sheldon L. Kaplan, MD |
|---|---|
| Organization | Texas Children's Hospital |
| Phone | 832-824-4330 |
| skaplan@bcm.edu |
- Thrasher21631