Correlation Between the Occurrence of School Bullying, Victimization, and the Occurrence of Deleterious Oral Habits.
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
To determine the correlation between the occurrence of bullying, victimization, and deleterious oral habit in a group of Egyptian school children.
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Detailed Description
Bullying is a major educational and public health problem among school-aged children that has a short and long negative effect on their physiological and psychosocial health.
Bullying among school children is widely spreading and has different forms including physical as hitting, kicking, or verbal as an insult social as spreading rumors or the social exclusion or psychological as stalking or cyberbullying as online hacking.
Bullying affects children greatly in different manners as lack of self-esteem, lack of concentration, depression, anxiety, and expressing feeling of loneliness. The World Health Organization (WHO) stated that "the frequency of bullying was estimated to be 8- 30 % and may reach 50% in many studies and In Egypt, the prevalence of bullying according to UNICEF was 77.8% among adolescent rural school students in other words 1 in 3 students experience bullying regularly, a recent study in Egypt showed the prevalence of bullying and victimization was high (67.5%) among studied group.
Deleterious oral habits are one of the public health problems that are commonly seen among children, it is defined as repeated orofacial muscular activities without a functional benefit Deleterious oral habits depend mainly on frequency, onset, and duration of habit which causes malocclusion such as open bite, deep bite, crossbite, and overjet that affects children's quality of life and cause psychological and esthetic problem, recent study In Alexandria, Egypt found that most seen oral habits in age 6 to 12 years are nail-biting 41.07% then tongue thrust 29.4% then mouth breathing with 15.9% and the least thumb sucking with 15.1%.
Children exposed to emotional stress and anxiety as bullying or need for comfort is considered as a main contributing factor to having an oral habit as children use oral habit as a source of safety and as a mechanism to release tension, pain, and anger through it. It is seen in children as bruxism, pacifier sucking, thumb sucking, mouth breathing, tongue thrusting, lip sucking, and biting and nail-biting.
Children at age of 8 years start to interact more with each other and become more observed so dental appearance becomes a site for bullying. the relationship between oral habit and bullying should be investigated because this type of abuse is a huge problem with serious psychosocial problems, Where the prevalence of children/adolescents being bullied ranges from 5.7% to 20.6%, bullied students are more likely to experience serious academic, social, psychological, and oral health problems there for more research into bullying is required to develop effective bullying prevention programs.
Study Design
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Presence, duration, and frequency of Oral habits (Bruxism, Nail biting) [baseline]
Measure presence, duration, and frequency of Oral habits (Bruxism, Nail biting) through a questionnaire answered by parent including 3 questions with answeres yes and no or a. Did not notice in the past couple of months b. Only once or twice c. 2 or 3 times a month d. About once a week e. Several times a week
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Prevalence of Bullying and victimization [baseline]
Measure Prevalence of Bullying and victimization through a questionnaire answered by the child
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
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Children between 8 to 10 years
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Children who attended schools
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Egyptian children
Exclusion Criteria:
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Children who were taking antidepressants and anticonvulsant drugs
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Children with cognitive/neurological disorders
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Children with any syndromes such as ectodermal dysplasia or Down syndrome
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Children with a history of an obvious alternative cause for malocclusion (e.g., trauma)
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Participants' caregivers refuse to give consent
Contacts and Locations
Locations
No locations specified.Sponsors and Collaborators
- Cairo University
Investigators
None specified.Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Additional Information:
- School violence and bullying: Global status and trends, drivers and consequences
- New UNESCO Report on School Violence and Bullying to be released at International Symposium on issue affecting millions worldwide
- Behind the numbers: Ending school violence and bullying
- Bullying Among Early Adolescent Egyptian School Students
- VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN IN EGYPT Quantitative Survey and Qualitative Study in Cairo, Alexandria and Assiut
- Bullying and Victimization among Adolescents in Governmental Schools in Aswan City, Upper Egypt
- Prevalence of oral habits among a group of Egyptian school children, and their knowledge regarding its bad effect on oral health
- PREVELANCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORAL HABITS AMONG SCHOOL-CHILDREN AGED 6-12 YEARS IN ALEXANDRIA (A SURVEY STUDY)
- Deleterious Oral Habits among School Going Children - A Cross-Sectional Study
Publications
- Ahmed GK, Metwaly NA, Elbeh K, Galal MS, Shaaban I. Prevalence of school bullying and its relationship with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: a cross-sectional study. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2022;58(1):60. doi: 10.1186/s41983-022-00494-6. Epub 2022 May 23.
- Alonso LS, Serra-Negra JM, Abreu LG, Martins IM, Tourino LFPG, Vale MP. Association between possible awake bruxism and bullying among 8- to 11-year-old children/adolescents. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2022 Jan;32(1):41-48. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12789. Epub 2021 May 7.
- Beckman L, Hellstrom L, von Kobyletzki L. Cyber bullying among children with neurodevelopmental disorders: A systematic review. Scand J Psychol. 2020 Feb;61(1):54-67. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12525. Epub 2019 Feb 28.
- Dubey VP, Kievisiene J, Rauckiene-Michealsson A, Norkiene S, Razbadauskas A, Agostinis-Sobrinho C. Bullying and Health Related Quality of Life among Adolescents-A Systematic Review. Children (Basel). 2022 May 24;9(6):766. doi: 10.3390/children9060766.
- Gaete J, Valenzuela D, Godoy MI, Rojas-Barahona CA, Salmivalli C, Araya R. Validation of the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ-R) Among Adolescents in Chile. Front Psychol. 2021 Apr 12;12:578661. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.578661. eCollection 2021.
- Gomez-Baya D, Garcia-Moro FJ, Nicoletti JA, Lago-Urbano R. A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects by Bullying and School Exclusion on Subjective Happiness in 10-Year-Old Children. Children (Basel). 2022 Feb 18;9(2):287. doi: 10.3390/children9020287.
- Hayat MJ, Powell A, Johnson T, Cadwell BL. Statistical methods used in the public health literature and implications for training of public health professionals. PLoS One. 2017 Jun 7;12(6):e0179032. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179032. eCollection 2017.
- Kyriakides L, Kaloyirou C, Lindsay G. An analysis of the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire using the Rasch measurement model. Br J Educ Psychol. 2006 Dec;76(Pt 4):781-801. doi: 10.1348/000709905X53499.
- Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Raphael KG, Wetselaar P, Glaros AG, Kato T, Santiago V, Winocur E, De Laat A, De Leeuw R, Koyano K, Lavigne GJ, Svensson P, Manfredini D. International consensus on the assessment of bruxism: Report of a work in progress. J Oral Rehabil. 2018 Nov;45(11):837-844. doi: 10.1111/joor.12663. Epub 2018 Jun 21.
- Stewart RW, Drescher CF, Maack DJ, Ebesutani C, Young J. The Development and Psychometric Investigation of the Cyberbullying Scale. J Interpers Violence. 2014 Aug;29(12):2218-2238. doi: 10.1177/0886260513517552. Epub 2014 Jan 14.
- Weng X, Chui WH, Liu L. Bullying Behaviors among Macanese Adolescents-Association with Psychosocial Variables. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Aug 7;14(8):887. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14080887.
- effect of bullying on children