4-Hydroxytamoxifen or Tamoxifen Citrate in Treating Women With Newly Diagnosed Ductal Breast Carcinoma in Situ

• Sponsor: Northwestern University (Other)
• Overall Status: Completed
• CT.gov ID: NCT00952731
• Collaborator: National Cancer Institute (NCI) (NIH)
• Enrollment: 27
• Location: 1
• Arms: 2

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

This randomized phase II trial is studying 4-hydroxytamoxifen to see how well it works compared with tamoxifen citrate in treating women with newly diagnosed ductal breast carcinoma in situ. Estrogen can cause the growth of breast cancer cells. Hormone therapy using tamoxifen may fight breast cancer by blocking the use of estrogen by the tumor cells. It is not yet known whether topical tamoxifen causes less damage to normal tissue than systemic tamoxifen in treating patients with ductal carcinoma in situ.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Ductal Breast Carcinoma in Situ; Estrogen Receptor-positive Breast Cancer	Drug: oral placebo; Drug: afimoxifene; Drug: tamoxifen citrate; Drug: placebo gel	Phase 2

Detailed Description

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled presurgical trial of 0.228% 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-OHT) gel vs. oral tamoxifen (TAM) 20 mg daily. The study population will consist of 112 pre- and postmenopausal women with any grade DCIS, ER positive, non-palpable DCIS with no evidence of invasion found on diagnostic core needle biopsy (DCNB). In order to accrue a total of 112 participants with DCIS over a period of 22 months, 20 eligible participants total will be screened at the three participating institutions per month with a planned average monthly recruitment of 5 participants total per month. We assume that 22 women (20% of the recruited population, 11 women per arm) will be inevaluable because of the presence of unanticipated invasive disease in the therapeutic surgical excisional (TSE) specimen, or the absence of residual DCIS in the TSE, so that a total of 90 women (45 per arm) will be evaluable for the study endpoints. These estimates are based on numbers from the Lynn Sage Database of NU: over the six-year period 2000-2005, the fraction of women diagnosed with DCIS on core needle biopsy who were found to have no residual DCIS in the TSE was 2.5% and that of women with invasive disease (T1a or greater) in the TSE when the DCNB showed pure DCIS was 13.3%, very similar to the data reported by Bonnett et. al. [56] who found that 13% of pure DCIS lesions seen on DCNB (29/122) were in fact invasive in the TSE. With regard to racial/ethnic groups, 25.6% of the DCIS population at NU were of non-European ancestry (18% African, 4% Hispanic, 3.5% other). WU has higher fractions of African American women with DCIS (24% and 21% respectively).

The participants will be consented following diagnostic core needle biopsy at the time of initial surgical consultation. Baseline assessments include medical history, nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) collection, explanation of gel application, BESS questionnaire (symptom assessment) and blood draw for clinical and research labs including plasma estradiol, progesterone and FSH (rushed), CBC, chemistry profile, liver and renal function tests, Factor VIII, von Willebrand Factor, Factor IX, and total protein S, plasma for insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and DNA extraction for assessment of polymorphisms in tamoxifen metabolism genes. At Northwestern plasma and RNA from blood will be collected pre- and post-treatment and will be stored for future proteomic and gene expression fingerprinting

No run-in period is planned. The intervention phase will begin within 5 days following randomization and end on the day prior to surgical resection. The 4-OHT group will apply active gel 2 mg daily to each breast for 4-10 weeks and take oral placebo. The TAM group will take 20 mg TAM orally daily and apply gel placebo. The last dose of study medication will be used on the morning of the day prior to surgery.

Participants will be shipped two 100 ml canisters of 4-OHT or placebo gel plus 130 capsules of tamoxifen or oral placebo at the time of randomization. Participants will take study agents for 4-10 week (minimum). However, if surgery needs to be delayed beyond the 8 week study period for clinical reasons (eg scheduling with plastic surgery) the participant will be sent additional medication by mail to allow continuation of therapy until the day before surgery up to a maximum duration of 10 weeks.

On the day prior to surgery, baseline assessments will be repeated (with the exception of menopausal determination and tamoxifen metabolism gene polymorphisms, but with the addition of blood draw for tamoxifen metabolites and E and Z 4-OHT isomer determination). Under unavoidable circumstances, the end of intervention visit will be allowed on the day of surgery prior to TSE. During the TSE breast adipose tissue from the surgical sample will be snap frozen and stored at -800C for measurement of TAM metabolites. The paraffin block of the DCNB and TSE samples will be acquired by the recruiting institution and 10 sections from each specimen submitted to the NU Pathology Core Facility (NU PCF). The sections will be cut in batches (with pre- and post-samples in the same batch), shipped cold, and processed for immunohistochemistry within a week of sectioning.

Compliance assessment will occur through patient diaries, pill counts and the weighing of returned drug (gel) canisters.

Patients will be assessed for adverse events at the post-surgical visit (approximately 7-14 days after surgery) and by phone at 30 days following the last dose of study agent.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 27 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double (Participant, Investigator)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: Pre-surgical Phase IIb Trial of Transdermal 4-Hydroxytamoxifen vs. Oral Tamoxifen in Women With Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast
• Study Start Date: Dec 1, 2009
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Sep 1, 2011

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: oral placebo, afimoxifene 4-hydroxytamoxifen gel 2mg/breast applied daily. Oral placebo taken daily.	Drug: oral placebo; Oral placebo taken daily for 4-10 weeks.; Other Names: PLCB ; Drug: afimoxifene; 2mg/breast applied daily in the form of a gel for 4-10 weeks.; Other Names: 4-Hydroxy-Tamoxifen 4-hydroxytamoxifen
Active Comparator: tamoxifen citrate, placebo gel) Placebo gel applied to the breasts daily. 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules).	Drug: tamoxifen citrate; 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules) for 4-10 weeks.; Other Names: Nolvadex TAM tamoxifen TMX ; Drug: placebo gel; Placebo gel applied to breasts daily for 4-10 weeks.; Other Names: PLCB

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Difference Between Ki-67 Labeling Index in Tissue Samples Taken at Baseline and Post-treatment [Baseline and after 4-10 weeks of treatment]

   Ki-67 was measured in matched core and excision tissue samples containing DCIS (Ductal Carcinoma In-Situ) lesions, the core sample was at baseline while the excision sample was at surgery (after approximately 4-10 weeks of treatment).

Secondary Outcome Measures

1. Difference in Mean Score for Vasomotor Symptoms Including Hot Flashes From Baseline to Time of Surgery [Baseline and after 4-10 weeks of treatment]

   Hot flashes were assessed by the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Eight Symptom Scale (BESS) questionnaire. This questionnaire measures the incidence of a number of symptoms by asking participants how frequently they experienced them on a scale of 0-4 (0 being Not at All and 4 being Extremely often). BESS questionnaire was administered at baseline and time of surgery. The incidence of vasomotor symptoms (including hot flashes, night sweats, and cold sweats) was measured at baseline (Day 0) and end of treatment prior to surgery (at least 4 weeks later or up to 10 weeks, depending on scheduled surgery date), and changes in the mean score for hot flashes were observed.

2. Difference in vWF Coagulation Protein in Blood Collected at Baseline and Just Prior to Surgery [Baseline to immediately before surgery (after approximately 4-10 weeks)]

   The difference between vWF coagulation protein in blood samples collected at baseline and before surgery were measured using the immune-turbidimetric assay.

3. Difference in Factor VIII Coagulation Protein in Blood Collected at Baseline and Just Prior to Surgery [Baseline and immediately before surgery (after approximately 4-10 weeks)]

   The difference between Factor VIII coagulation protein in blood samples collected at baseline and before surgery was measured with VisuLize antigen ELISA Kits.

4. Difference in Factor IX Coagulation Protein in Blood Collected at Baseline and Just Prior to Surgery [Baseline and immediately before surgery (after approximately 4-10 weeks)]

   The difference between Factor IX coagulation protein in blood samples collected at baseline and before surgery was measured with VisuLize antigen ELISA Kits.

5. Difference in Protein S Coagulation Protein in Blood Collected at Baseline and Just Prior to Surgery [Baseline and immediately before surgery (after approximately 4-10 weeks)]

   The difference between protein S coagulation protein in blood samples collected at baseline and before surgery was measured using an ELISA Kit.

Other Outcome Measures

1. Compare Concentrations of Tamoxifen and Its Metabolites (4-hydroxytamoxifen, Endoxifen, N-desmethyl Tamoxifen (NDT)) Obtained From Samples on the Day of Surgery [Day of surgery (after approximately 4-10 weeks)]

   Concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites: 4-hydroxytamoxifen, endoxifen, and NDT were measured in breast tissue, blood, and Nipple Aspirate Fluid (NAF) that was collected on the day of surgery.

2. Drug Metabolite Levels in the Two Study Groups by CYP2D6 Polymorphism Status [28-70 days]

   Descriptive statistics and confidence intervals will be provided.

3. 4-OHT Affects Known Tamoxifen-modulated Pathways [28-70 days]

   Descriptive statistics and confidence intervals will be provided.

4. TAM Metabolite Concentrations and Estrogen Response Markers in Nipple Aspiration Fluid (NAF) [28-70 days]

   Descriptive statistics and confidence intervals will be provided.

5. E and Z 4-OHT Isomers [28-70 days]

   Descriptive statistics and confidence intervals will be provided.

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years and Older
• Sexes Eligible for Study: Female
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosis of hormone receptor positive (more than 5% cells staining for ER + and/ or PR +), any grade (using definition of Page and Lagios) ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) with or without evidence of microinvasion on diagnostic core needle biopsy within the previous 60 days.

2. Women of age ≥ 18 years. Because no dosing or adverse event data are currently available on the use of 4-hydroxytamoxifen in participants <18 years of age, children are excluded from this study but will be eligible for future pediatric trials, if applicable.

3. ECOG performance status ≥1 (Karnofsky ≥70%)

4. Participants must have normal organ and marrow function as defined below:

5. Leukocytes≥3,000/uL

6. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)≥1,500/uL

7. Platelets≥100,000/uL

8. Total bilirubin within normal institutional limits

9. AST (SGOT)/ALT (SGPT)≤1.5 X institutional ULN

10. Creatinine within normal institutional limits

11. Women of child-bearing potential must agree to practice barrier birth control, abstinence, or use non-hormonal IUDs from the time that the first pregnancy test is performed throughout the duration of the study and for three months after cessation of study drug. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she should inform her study physician immediately.

12. Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document.

13. Ability and willingness to schedule surgical resection of DCIS lesion for 4-10 weeks (28-70 days) following the start of study agent.

14. Willingness to avoid exposing breast skin to natural or artificial sunlight (i.e. tanning beds) for the 4-10 weeks of study agent dosing.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Prior history of, or at high risk to develop, thromboembolic disease will be excluded.

2. Must not have taken exogenous sex hormones since biopsy diagnosing DCIS and must agree not to use exogenous sex hormones while on study.

3. Must not have taken tamoxifen or other selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) within 2 years prior to entering the study. Women who have discontinued SERM therapy because of thromboembolic or uterine toxicity, will be excluded regardless of duration of use.

4. May not be receiving any other investigational agents.

5. History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to 4-hydroxytamoxifen or tamoxifen.

6. Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements.

7. Pregnant women are excluded from this study because tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen has the potential for teratogenic or abortifacient effects. Women are excluded from enrolling within 3 months of the most recent pregnancy. Women must avoid becoming pregnant in the 3 months following the use of study agent.

8. Women must not have breastfed within three months prior to DCNB. Women who are breast feeding are excluded from entry into this trial because there is an unknown but potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with tamoxifen or 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Women must agree to forego breastfeeding for three months following the use of study agent.

9. Must not have any dermatologic conditions resulting in skin breakdown in the area of gel application.

10. Must not have a history of previous ipsilateral radiation to the affected breast.

11. Must not have had a breast reduction or augmentation within the 6 months prior to first dose of study agents. Patients who have had breast implants more than 6 months prior to first dose of study agents will be eligible.

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	Northwestern University	Chicago	Illinois	United States	60611

Sponsors and Collaborators

• Northwestern University
• National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Seema Khan, Northwestern University

Study Documents (Full-Text)

None provided.

More Information

Publications

None provided.

• Responsible Party: Seema Khan, Professor, Northwestern University
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00952731
• Other Study ID Numbers: NWU07-9-02; NCI-2013-00452; NCI 07-9-02; NCI-2013-00452; P30CA060553; N01CN35157
• First Posted: Aug 6, 2009
• Last Update Posted: Jul 21, 2015
• Last Verified: Jul 1, 2015

• Additional relevant MeSH terms: Carcinoma; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma in Situ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast; Breast Carcinoma In Situ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Tamoxifen; Afimoxifene

Study Results

Participant Flow

Recruitment Details	Between November 2009 and July 2011, subjects were recruited at Northwestern University and Washington University. The original accrual goal was 112, however, the study was halted early due to drug supply issues.
Pre-assignment Detail	A total of 31 subjects were registered to the study but only 27 were randomized and began the study. Three participants were deemed ineligible and 1 withdrew consent before randomization.

Arm/Group Title	Treatment Gel + Oral Placebo	Placebo Gel + Oral Treatment
Arm/Group Description	4-hydroxytamoxifen gel 2mg/breast applied daily. Oral placebo taken daily. oral placebo: Oral placebo taken daily for 4-10 weeks. afimoxifene: 2mg/breast applied daily in the form of a gel for 4-10 weeks.	Placebo gel applied to the breasts daily. 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules). tamoxifen citrate: 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules) for 4-10 weeks. placebo gel: Placebo gel applied to breasts daily for 4-10 weeks.
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	13	14
Randomization	13	14
Treatment & Pre-Surgery	12	14
Surgery	12	14
Follow-up	12	14
COMPLETED	12	14
NOT COMPLETED	1	0

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	Treatment Gel + Oral Placebo	Placebo Gel + Oral Treatment	Total
Arm/Group Description	4-hydroxytamoxifen gel 2mg/breast applied daily. Oral placebo taken daily. oral placebo: Oral placebo taken daily for 4-10 weeks. afimoxifene: 2mg/breast applied daily in the form of a gel for 4-10 weeks.	Placebo gel applied to the breasts daily. 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules). tamoxifen citrate: 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules) for 4-10 weeks. placebo gel: Placebo gel applied to breasts daily for 4-10 weeks.	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	13	14	27
Age, Customized (participants) [Number]
40-49 years	1 7.7%	2 14.3%	3 11.1%
50-59 years	4 30.8%	7 50%	11 40.7%
60-69 years	6 46.2%	4 28.6%	10 37%
70-79 years	0 0%	1 7.1%	1 3.7%
80-89 years	2 15.4%	0 0%	2 7.4%
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	13 100%	14 100%	27 100%
Male	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Race (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
American Indian or Alaska Native	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Asian	1 7.7%	0 0%	1 3.7%
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Black or African American	4 30.8%	7 50%	11 40.7%
White	8 61.5%	6 42.9%	14 51.9%
More than one race	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Unknown or Not Reported	0 0%	1 7.1%	1 3.7%
Region of Enrollment (participants) [Number]
United States	13 100%	14 100%	27 100%
Menopausal status (participants) [Number]
Pre-Menopausal	4 30.8%	3 21.4%	7 25.9%
Post-Menopausal	9 69.2%	11 78.6%	20 74.1%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Difference Between Ki-67 Labeling Index in Tissue Samples Taken at Baseline and Post-treatment
Description	Ki-67 was measured in matched core and excision tissue samples containing DCIS (Ductal Carcinoma In-Situ) lesions, the core sample was at baseline while the excision sample was at surgery (after approximately 4-10 weeks of treatment).
Time Frame	Baseline and after 4-10 weeks of treatment

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

18 total subjects were evaluable for immunohistochemistry marker testing including the Ki-67 labeling index. Of the 26 participants who completed study treatment 2 did not have matching samples available for testing and 6 were excluded because of insufficient DCIS lesion in their samples for testing.

Arm/Group Title	Treatment Gel + Oral Placebo	Placebo Gel + Oral Treatment
Arm/Group Description	4-hydroxytamoxifen gel 2mg/breast applied daily. Oral placebo taken daily. oral placebo: Oral placebo taken daily for 4-10 weeks. afimoxifene: 2mg/breast applied daily in the form of a gel for 4-10 weeks.	Placebo gel applied to the breasts daily. 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules). tamoxifen citrate: 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules) for 4-10 weeks. placebo gel: Placebo gel applied to breasts daily for 4-10 weeks.
Measure Participants	9	9
Mean (Standard Deviation) [percentage of 300 DCIS cells]	-3.4 (5.0)	-5.1 (5.5)

2. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	Compare Concentrations of Tamoxifen and Its Metabolites (4-hydroxytamoxifen, Endoxifen, N-desmethyl Tamoxifen (NDT)) Obtained From Samples on the Day of Surgery
Description	Concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites: 4-hydroxytamoxifen, endoxifen, and NDT were measured in breast tissue, blood, and Nipple Aspirate Fluid (NAF) that was collected on the day of surgery.
Time Frame	Day of surgery (after approximately 4-10 weeks)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

3. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	Drug Metabolite Levels in the Two Study Groups by CYP2D6 Polymorphism Status
Description	Descriptive statistics and confidence intervals will be provided.
Time Frame	28-70 days

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

4. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	4-OHT Affects Known Tamoxifen-modulated Pathways
Description	Descriptive statistics and confidence intervals will be provided.
Time Frame	28-70 days

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

5. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	TAM Metabolite Concentrations and Estrogen Response Markers in Nipple Aspiration Fluid (NAF)
Description	Descriptive statistics and confidence intervals will be provided.
Time Frame	28-70 days

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

6. Secondary Outcome

Title	Difference in Mean Score for Vasomotor Symptoms Including Hot Flashes From Baseline to Time of Surgery
Description	Hot flashes were assessed by the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Eight Symptom Scale (BESS) questionnaire. This questionnaire measures the incidence of a number of symptoms by asking participants how frequently they experienced them on a scale of 0-4 (0 being Not at All and 4 being Extremely often). BESS questionnaire was administered at baseline and time of surgery. The incidence of vasomotor symptoms (including hot flashes, night sweats, and cold sweats) was measured at baseline (Day 0) and end of treatment prior to surgery (at least 4 weeks later or up to 10 weeks, depending on scheduled surgery date), and changes in the mean score for hot flashes were observed.
Time Frame	Baseline and after 4-10 weeks of treatment

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

1 patient who did not complete the treatment period due expired drug supply was not evaluable for this outcome measure.

Arm/Group Title	Treatment Gel + Oral Placebo	Placebo Gel + Oral Treatment
Arm/Group Description	4-hydroxytamoxifen gel 2mg/breast applied daily. Oral placebo taken daily. oral placebo: Oral placebo taken daily for 4-10 weeks. afimoxifene: 2mg/breast applied daily in the form of a gel for 4-10 weeks.	Placebo gel applied to the breasts daily. 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules). tamoxifen citrate: 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules) for 4-10 weeks. placebo gel: Placebo gel applied to breasts daily for 4-10 weeks.
Measure Participants	12	14
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	0.33 (0.64)	0.55 (1.05)

7. Secondary Outcome

Title	Difference in vWF Coagulation Protein in Blood Collected at Baseline and Just Prior to Surgery
Description	The difference between vWF coagulation protein in blood samples collected at baseline and before surgery were measured using the immune-turbidimetric assay.
Time Frame	Baseline to immediately before surgery (after approximately 4-10 weeks)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

1 patient who did not complete the treatment period due expired drug supply was not evaluable for this outcome measure.

Arm/Group Title	Treatment Gel + Oral Placebo	Placebo Gel + Oral Treatment
Arm/Group Description	4-hydroxytamoxifen gel 2mg/breast applied daily. Oral placebo taken daily. oral placebo: Oral placebo taken daily for 4-10 weeks. afimoxifene: 2mg/breast applied daily in the form of a gel for 4-10 weeks.	Placebo gel applied to the breasts daily. 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules). tamoxifen citrate: 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules) for 4-10 weeks. placebo gel: Placebo gel applied to breasts daily for 4-10 weeks.
Measure Participants	12	14
Mean (Standard Deviation) [percentage of vWF protein in blood]	-2.6 (52.3)	51.2 (71.0)

8. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	E and Z 4-OHT Isomers
Description	Descriptive statistics and confidence intervals will be provided.
Time Frame	28-70 days

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

9. Secondary Outcome

Title	Difference in Factor VIII Coagulation Protein in Blood Collected at Baseline and Just Prior to Surgery
Description	The difference between Factor VIII coagulation protein in blood samples collected at baseline and before surgery was measured with VisuLize antigen ELISA Kits.
Time Frame	Baseline and immediately before surgery (after approximately 4-10 weeks)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

1 patient who did not complete the treatment period due expired drug supply was not evaluable for this outcome measure.

Arm/Group Title	Treatment Gel + Oral Placebo	Placebo Gel + Oral Treatment
Arm/Group Description	4-hydroxytamoxifen gel 2mg/breast applied daily. Oral placebo taken daily. oral placebo: Oral placebo taken daily for 4-10 weeks. afimoxifene: 2mg/breast applied daily in the form of a gel for 4-10 weeks.	Placebo gel applied to the breasts daily. 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules). tamoxifen citrate: 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules) for 4-10 weeks. placebo gel: Placebo gel applied to breasts daily for 4-10 weeks.
Measure Participants	12	14
Mean (Standard Deviation) [percentage Factor VIII protein in blood]	8.7 (18.5)	11.6 (17.3)

10. Secondary Outcome

Title	Difference in Factor IX Coagulation Protein in Blood Collected at Baseline and Just Prior to Surgery
Description	The difference between Factor IX coagulation protein in blood samples collected at baseline and before surgery was measured with VisuLize antigen ELISA Kits.
Time Frame	Baseline and immediately before surgery (after approximately 4-10 weeks)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

1 patient who did not complete the treatment period due expired drug supply was not evaluable for this outcome measure.

Arm/Group Title	Treatment Gel + Oral Placebo	Placebo Gel + Oral Treatment
Arm/Group Description	4-hydroxytamoxifen gel 2mg/breast applied daily. Oral placebo taken daily. oral placebo: Oral placebo taken daily for 4-10 weeks. afimoxifene: 2mg/breast applied daily in the form of a gel for 4-10 weeks.	Placebo gel applied to the breasts daily. 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules). tamoxifen citrate: 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules) for 4-10 weeks. placebo gel: Placebo gel applied to breasts daily for 4-10 weeks.
Measure Participants	12	14
Mean (Standard Deviation) [percentage of Factor IX protein in blood]	-5.6 (13.6)	0.4 (10.2)

11. Secondary Outcome

Title	Difference in Protein S Coagulation Protein in Blood Collected at Baseline and Just Prior to Surgery
Description	The difference between protein S coagulation protein in blood samples collected at baseline and before surgery was measured using an ELISA Kit.
Time Frame	Baseline and immediately before surgery (after approximately 4-10 weeks)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

1 patient who did not complete the treatment period due expired drug supply was not evaluable for this outcome measure.

Arm/Group Title	Treatment Gel + Oral Placebo	Placebo Gel + Oral Treatment
Arm/Group Description	4-hydroxytamoxifen gel 2mg/breast applied daily. Oral placebo taken daily. oral placebo: Oral placebo taken daily for 4-10 weeks. afimoxifene: 2mg/breast applied daily in the form of a gel for 4-10 weeks.	Placebo gel applied to the breasts daily. 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules). tamoxifen citrate: 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules) for 4-10 weeks. placebo gel: Placebo gel applied to breasts daily for 4-10 weeks.
Measure Participants	12	14
Mean (Standard Deviation) [percentage of protein S in blood]	-1.6 (6.5)	-2.7 (9.3)

Adverse Events

Time Frame	14 weeks
Adverse Event Reporting Description	Patients were asked about any adverse events they may have experienced at every study visit.
Arm/Group Title	Treatment Gel + Oral Placebo		Placebo Gel + Oral Treatment
Arm/Group Description	4-hydroxytamoxifen gel 2mg/breast applied daily. Oral placebo taken daily. oral placebo: Oral placebo taken daily for 4-10 weeks. afimoxifene: 2mg/breast applied daily in the form of a gel for 4-10 weeks.		Placebo gel applied to the breasts daily. 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules). tamoxifen citrate: 20mg oral tamoxifen taken daily (taken as two (2) 10mg capsules) for 4-10 weeks. placebo gel: Placebo gel applied to breasts daily for 4-10 weeks.
All Cause Mortality
	Treatment Gel + Oral Placebo		Placebo Gel + Oral Treatment
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	/ (NaN)		/ (NaN)
Serious Adverse Events
	Treatment Gel + Oral Placebo		Placebo Gel + Oral Treatment
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/12 (0%)		0/14 (0%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	Treatment Gel + Oral Placebo		Placebo Gel + Oral Treatment
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	12/12 (100%)		14/14 (100%)
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Sweating (Diaphoresis)	4/12 (33.3%)	10	6/14 (42.9%)	30
Edema	2/12 (16.7%)	2	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Hemorrhage, Gu::Vagina	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Cardiac disorders
Hypertension	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Endocrine disorders
Insomnia	3/12 (25%)		1/14 (7.1%)	1
Fatigue	4/12 (33.3%)	4	5/14 (35.7%)	6
Hot Flashes	7/12 (58.3%)	13	7/14 (50%)	26
Eye disorders
Vision-blurred vision	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	2
Gastrointestinal disorders
Anorexia	1/12 (8.3%)	1	2/14 (14.3%)	2
Constipation	1/12 (8.3%)	1	4/14 (28.6%)	4
Diarrhea	2/12 (16.7%)	3	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Dry Mouth	0/12 (0%)	0	3/14 (21.4%)	3
Heartburn/Dyspepsia	1/12 (8.3%)	1	2/14 (14.3%)	5
Nausea	0/12 (0%)	0	3/14 (21.4%)	3
Vomiting	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
General disorders
Pain	5/12 (41.7%)	5	0/14 (0%)	0
Flu -like Syndromes	1/12 (8.3%)	1	0/14 (0%)	0
Pain: Other	0/12 (0%)	0	2/14 (14.3%)	2
Pain: Back	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Pain: Chest/Thorax Nos	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Pain: Extremity/Limb	0/12 (0%)	0	2/14 (14.3%)	4
Pain: Headache	0/12 (0%)	0	6/14 (42.9%)	8
Pain: Pain: Nos	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Pain: Pain: Stomach	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Pain: Throat/Pharynx/Larynx	0/12 (0%)	0	3/14 (21.4%)	3
Immune system disorders
Fever	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Infections and infestations
Infection- Other	0/12 (0%)	0	3/14 (21.4%)	3
Infection with unknown ANC	2/12 (16.7%)	2	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Weight Gain	3/12 (25%)	3	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Metabolic/Laboratory - Other	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Nervous system disorders
Neuropathy	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Mood Alteration	1/12 (8.3%)	1	3/14 (21.4%)	3
Dizziness	0/12 (0%)	0	3/14 (21.4%)	3
Cognitive Disturbance	1/12 (8.3%)	1	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Memory Impairment	1/12 (8.3%)	1	0/14 (0%)	0
Tremor	1/12 (8.3%)	1	0/14 (0%)	0
Renal and urinary disorders
Incontinence	0/12 (0%)	0	3/14 (21.4%)	3
Reproductive system and breast disorders
Vaginitis (not due to infection)	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Vaginal discharge (not infectious)	0/12 (0%)	0	2/14 (14.3%)	2
Sexual/Reproductive Function - Other	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	2
Irregular Menses	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Pain: Breast	5/12 (41.7%)	7	9/14 (64.3%)	12
Pain: Vagina	1/12 (8.3%)	1	0/14 (0%)	0
Vaginal Dryness	2/12 (16.7%)	2	0/14 (0%)	0
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Nasal Cavity/Paranasal Sinus Reactions	0/12 (0%)	0	3/14 (21.4%)	4
Voice change/dysarthria	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Dyspnea (shorntess of breath)	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Cough	0/12 (0%)	0	5/14 (35.7%)	6
Pain: Chest Wall	1/12 (8.3%)	2	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Nail changes	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Wound complication, non-infectious	0/12 (0%)	0	1/14 (7.1%)	1
Pruritus/Itching	2/12 (16.7%)	3	0/14 (0%)	0
Rash/desquamation	1/12 (8.3%)	1	0/14 (0%)	0
Dermatology/Skin - Other	1/12 (8.3%)	1	0/14 (0%)	0

Limitations/Caveats

The study was originally designed to enroll 112 participants, unfortunately, the shelf-life of the study drug expired which resulted in early closure of the study after only 31 participants.

More Information

Certain Agreements

All Principal Investigators ARE employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.