Electrolyte Disorders in Prediabetics and in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
The aim of the study is to assess serum sodium [Na+], potassium [K+] magnesium [Mg2+], calcium [Ca2+], and chloride [Cl-] levels in patients who are prediabetic, diabetics and diabetic with complications (Diabetes mellitus type 2)
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
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Detailed Description
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that imposes enormous socioeconomic burdens attributable to complications of various bodily systems. Diabetes affected 463 million people (9.3% of all people) in 2019 and will affect 700 million (10.9%) by 2045.
According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among Egyptian adults is 15.2%, which may be an underestimation. Therefore, diabetes mellitus should be thoroughly explored in terms of its risk factors, prevention, treatment, and consequences. Moreover, the general population should be aware of and well informed about all aspects of diabetes.
Prediabetes is a precursor before the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Adults with prediabetes often may show no signs or symptoms of diabetes but will have blood glucose levels higher than normal. The normal blood glucose level is between 70 - 99 mg/dL. In patients with prediabetes, the blood glucose levels elevated between 110 - 125 mg/dL.
Once the patient is diagnosed as prediabetes, he should be checked for progression to type 2 diabetes every one to two years. So early detection of prediabetes and so lifestyle changes through improved nutrition and physical activity are the first line treatment for preventing the transition from prediabetes to diabetes which can be as high as 70%.
A normal HbA1C level is below 5.7%, a level of 5.7-6.4% indicates prediabetes, and a level of 6.5% or more indicates diabetes. Within the 5.7-6.4% prediabetes range, the higher HbA1C, the greater risk is for developing type 2 diabetes.
Serum electrolytes are important cofactors for multiple enzymes and play a pivotal role in many key biological and physiological processes, including glucose metabolism. The excess or deficiency of these electrolytes was found to be linked to deleterious metabolism status.
Diabetic patients frequently develop a constellation of electrolyte disorders. These disturbances are particularly common in decompensated diabetics, especially in the context of diabetic ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| 1- Prediabetics Prediabetics who will be diagnosed by: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test 5.7 - 6.4% % on two separate tests Fasting blood sugar test 110-125 mg/dL (6.1 - 6.9 mmol/L) on two separate tests. Glucose tolerance test 140 - 179 mg/dL (7.8 - 9.9 mmol/L) |
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| 2- Diabetic patients without complications Patients with Type 2 diabetes who will be diagnosed by: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test ≥ 6.5% on two separate tests Fasting blood sugar test ≥ 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) on two separate tests Glucose tolerance test ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) Random blood sugar test ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) |
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| 3- Diabetic patients with complications Diabetic patients with complications (nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular, retinopathy, metabolic disorders, diabetic ketoacidosis) |
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| 4- Controls apparently normal subjects who have matched age and sex with patients groups |
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Serum sodium [baseline]
assessment of serum sodium [Na+] in prediabetic and diabetic patients compared with controls
- Serum potassium [baseline]
assessment of serum potassium [K+] in prediabetic and diabetic patients compared with controls
- Serum magnesium [baseline]
assessment of serum magnesium [Mg2+] in prediabetic and diabetic patients compared with controls
- Serum calcium [baseline]
assessment of serum calcium [Ca2+] in prediabetic and diabetic patients compared with controls
- Serum chloride [baseline]
assessment of serum chloride [Cl-] in prediabetic and diabetic patients compared with controls
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
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Patients with prediabetes who will be diagnosed by:
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Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test (6.1 - 6.4%) on two separate tests
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Fasting blood sugar test 110-125 mg/dL (5.6 - 6.9 mmol/L) on two separate tests.
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Glucose tolerance test 140 - 179 mg/dL (7.8 - 9.9 mmol/L)
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Patients with Type 2 diabetes who will be diagnosed by:
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Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) test ≥ 6.5% on two separate tests
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Fasting blood sugar test ≥ 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) on two separate tests
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Glucose tolerance test ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
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Random blood sugar test ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
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Patients with diabetic complications (nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular, retinopathy, metabolic disorders, diabetic ketoacidosis)
Exclusion Criteria:
• Patients with Type 1 diabetes
Contacts and Locations
Locations
No locations specified.Sponsors and Collaborators
- Assiut University
Investigators
- Study Director: Mohamed Faisal El-Adawy, Lecturer, Assiut University
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
- Abouzid MR, Ali K, Elkhawas I, Elshafei SM. An Overview of Diabetes Mellitus in Egypt and the Significance of Integrating Preventive Cardiology in Diabetes Management. Cureus. 2022 Jul 20;14(7):e27066. doi: 10.7759/cureus.27066. eCollection 2022 Jul.
- Alvarez S, Coffey R, Algotar AM. Prediabetes. 2022 Jul 18. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459332/
- Choi JH, Kim HR, Song KH. Musculoskeletal complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. Korean J Intern Med. 2022 Nov;37(6):1099-1110. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2022.168. Epub 2022 Oct 27.
- Eshak ES, Iso H, Maruyama K, Muraki I, Tamakoshi A. Associations between dietary intakes of iron, copper and zinc with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A large population-based prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2018 Apr;37(2):667-674. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.010. Epub 2017 Feb 28.
- Hou Y, Xiang J, Dai H, Wang T, Li M, Lin H, Wang S, Xu Y, Lu J, Chen Y, Wang W, Ning G, Zhao Z, Bi Y, Xu M. New clusters of serum electrolytes aid in stratification of diabetes and metabolic risk. J Diabetes. 2022 Feb;14(2):121-133. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.13244. Epub 2021 Dec 28.
- Kieboom BCT, Ligthart S, Dehghan A, Kurstjens S, de Baaij JHF, Franco OH, Hofman A, Zietse R, Stricker BH, Hoorn EJ. Serum magnesium and the risk of prediabetes: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia. 2017 May;60(5):843-853. doi: 10.1007/s00125-017-4224-4. Epub 2017 Feb 21.
- Liamis G, Liberopoulos E, Barkas F, Elisaf M. Diabetes mellitus and electrolyte disorders. World J Clin Cases. 2014 Oct 16;2(10):488-96. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i10.488.
- Electrolytes Diabetes Mellitus