A One-Day ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating

• Sponsor: McGill University (Other)
• Overall Status: Completed
• CT.gov ID: NCT03744780
• Collaborator: (none)
• Enrollment: 32
• Location: 1
• Arm: 1
• Actual Duration (Months): 4.1
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 7.9

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

Emotional eating is a behaviour that has been linked to weight concerns, mental health concerns, and disordered eating. Effective interventions have been developed to treat emotional eating, however these exist solely in the context of promoting weight loss. Emotional eating is not exclusive to those who struggle with weight and thus interventions are needed that target those who engage in emotional eating regardless of their weight status. The present study aims to do so through the implementation of a one day Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) workshop for emotional eaters.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Emotional Eating; Eating Behavior	Behavioral: ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating	N/A

Detailed Description

Emotional eating is defined as increased food consumption in response to negative emotions, and has been linked to weight concerns, mental health concerns, and disordered eating behaviours. Effective interventions have been developed that address emotional eating, namely to improve weight loss. Such interventions are based in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which encourages tolerance of internal cues, such as emotions, and external cues, such as food.

Emotional eating, however, is not exclusive to those who struggle with their weight. Many individuals maintain a normal weight despite engaging in emotional eating. These individuals still consume an excess of high calorie (for which they somehow eventually compensate), high fat, and high sugar foods as part of their emotional eating. Unhealthy dietary habits such as these have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, as well as health concerns including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Individuals with normal weight are not eligible for ACT programs described above, despite the increased risk of health concerns associated with emotional eating.

The present study aims to test the feasibility and acceptability of a one-day ACT workshop to reduce emotional eating and improve health that is not focused on weight loss as its primary outcome, and rather targets all individuals who engage in emotional eating.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 32 participants
• Allocation: N/A
• Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
• Intervention Model Description: All participants will be assigned to the same intervention.All participants will be assigned to the same intervention.
• Masking: None (Open Label)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: A One-Day ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
• Actual Study Start Date: Nov 1, 2018
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Mar 5, 2019
• Actual Study Completion Date: Mar 5, 2019

Arms and Interventions

Arm

Intervention/Treatment

Experimental: ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating All participants will be assigned to a one-day intervention using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) techniques to help reduce emotional eating.

Behavioral: ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating; This is a one-day intervention using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) technique to target and reduce emotional eating. The intervention will be modeled after Frayn and Knäuper's (2016) brief emotional eating intervention, which was derived from Forman et al.'s (2013) "Mind Your Health program". During the workshop, the following topics will be discussed, based on the three processes of ACT: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness/awareness.

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Emotional Eating - 2-weeks Post-intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

   Emotional eating, as assessed by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire Emotional Eating Subscale (DEBQ-EE). Participants are asked to rate the frequency with which they engage in particular eating behaviours, on a 5-point Likert-type rating scale from never (1) to very often (5), with higher scores reflecting higher emotional eating. Only the emotional eating subscale of the DEBQ will be assessed and is calculated by averaging the 13 items that assess emotional eating.

2. Emotional Eating - 3-months Post-Intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

   Emotional eating, as assessed by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire Emotional Eating Subscale (DEBQ-EE). Participants are asked to rate the frequency with which they engage in particular eating behaviours, on a 5-point Likert-type rating scale from never (1) to very often (5), with higher scores reflecting higher emotional eating. Only the emotional eating subscale of the DEBQ will be assessed and is calculated by averaging the 13 items that assess emotional eating.

Secondary Outcome Measures

1. Distress Tolerance - 2-weeks Post-Intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

   Distress tolerance, as assessed by the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS). Participants are asked to indicate the extent to which they agree with statements aimed at assessing distress tolerance, absorption, appraisal, and regulation from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree), with lower scores reflecting lower distress tolerance. Subscale scores are derived by calculating the means of the items that make up each subscale. Total score is calculating by averaging the four subscales.

2. Distress Tolerance - 3-months Post-Intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

   Distress tolerance, as assessed by the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS). Participants are asked to indicate the extent to which they agree with statements aimed at assessing distress tolerance, absorption, appraisal, and regulation from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree), with lower scores reflecting lower distress tolerance. Subscale scores are derived by calculating the means of the items that make up each subscale. Total score is calculating by averaging the four subscales.

3. Food Craving Acceptance and Action - 2-weeks Post-intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

   Food craving acceptance and action, as assessed by the Food Craving Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (FAAQ). Items are rated on a 6-point Likert-type rating scale from 1 (very seldom true) to 6 (always true), with higher scores reflecting higher acceptance. Total score is derived by summing all items. Minimum score is 10 and maximum score is 60.

4. Food Craving Acceptance and Action - 3-months Post-intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

   Food craving acceptance and action, as assessed by the Food Craving Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (FAAQ). Items are rated on a 6-point Likert-type rating scale from 1 (very seldom true) to 6 (always true), with higher scores reflecting higher acceptance. Total score is derived by summing all items. Minimum score is 10 and maximum score is 60.

5. Mindful Eating - 2-weeks Post-intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

   Mindful eating, as assessed by the Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ). It is a 28-item self-report measure that assesses five domains of mindful eating: disinhibition, external cues, awareness, emotional response and distraction. Participants are asked to indicate the extent to which extent they agree with each item from 1 ("never" / "rarely") to 4 ("usually"/ "always"), with higher scores reflecting higher levels of mindful eating. Total score is derived by taking the mean of the five subscales.

6. Mindful Eating - 3-months Post-intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

   Mindful eating, as assessed by the Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ). It is a 28-item self-report measure that assesses five domains of mindful eating: disinhibition, external cues, awareness, emotional response and distraction. Participants are asked to indicate the extent to which extent they agree with each item from 1 ("never" / "rarely") to 4 ("usually"/ "always"), with higher scores reflecting higher levels of mindful eating. Total score is derived by taking the mean of the five subscales.

7. ACT Values Application - 2-weeks Post-intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

   Application of ACT values techniques taught during the workshop, as assessed by items developed by the study's authors. Participants were asked to rate the extent to which they agreed with a number of value-based statements on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Values score was derived by taking the mean of the items, with higher scores reflecting greater value-consistent eating behaviors.

8. ACT Values Application - 3-months Post-intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

   Application of ACT values techniques taught during the workshop, as assessed by items developed by the study's authors. Participants were asked to rate the extent to which they agreed with a number of value-based statements on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Values score was derived by taking the mean of the items, with higher scores reflecting greater value-consistent eating behaviors.

9. Emotional Eating Frequency - 2-weeks Post-intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

   As assessed by a self-report item developed by the study's authors. Participants were asked to report the number of times they engaged in emotional eating in the past week.

10. Emotional Eating Frequency - 3-months Post-intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

    As assessed by a self-report item developed by the study's authors. Participants were asked to report the number of times they engaged in emotional eating in the past week.

11. Ability to Stop Emotional Eating - 2-weeks Post-intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

    As assessed by a single self-report item developed by the study's authors. Participants were asked to report the number of instances in which they began to engage in emotional eating and were able to stop themselves, on a scale from 1 (none of the time) to 5 (very often).

12. Ability to Stop Emotional Eating - 3-months Post-intervention [Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention]

    As assessed by a single self-report item developed by the study's authors. Participants were asked to report the number of instances in which they began to engage in emotional eating and were able to stop themselves, on a scale from 1 (none of the time) to 5 (very often).

13. Feasibility Data: Recruitment, Eligibility, Attendance, and Attrition Rates [Assessed throughout the duration of the study from the recruitment period to the completion of the workshops and follow-up questionnaires (i.e., over a 3-month period).]

    These include recruitment, eligibility, attendance, and attrition rates

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years and Older
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Inclusion Criteria:

• Engaging in emotional eating as per a DEBQ-EE score of 3.25 or higher

• Being over the age of 18

Exclusion Criteria:

• Not meeting the DEBQ-EE 3.25 or higher inclusion criteria

• Being under the age of 18

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	McGill University	Montreal	Quebec	Canada	H3A1G1

Sponsors and Collaborators

• McGill University

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Mallory Frayn, PhD (c), McGill University
• Principal Investigator: Bärbel Knäuper, PhD, McGill University

Study Documents (Full-Text)

• Study Protocol - Sep 16, 2018
• Statistical Analysis Plan - Sep 16, 2018

More Information

Publications

• Forman EM, Butryn ML, Juarascio AS, Bradley LE, Lowe MR, Herbert JD, Shaw JA. The mind your health project: a randomized controlled trial of an innovative behavioral treatment for obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 Jun;21(6):1119-26. doi: 10.1002/oby.20169. Epub 2013 May 13. Erratum in: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014 Mar;22(3):971.
• Geliebter A, Aversa A. Emotional eating in overweight, normal weight, and underweight individuals. Eat Behav. 2003 Jan;3(4):341-7.
• Hou L, Li F, Wang Y, Ou Z, Xu D, Tan W, Dai M. Association between dietary patterns and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015 Jan 15;8(1):781-90. eCollection 2015.
• Konttinen H, Männistö S, Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Silventoinen K, Haukkala A. Emotional eating, depressive symptoms and self-reported food consumption. A population-based study. Appetite. 2010 Jun;54(3):473-9. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.01.014. Epub 2010 Feb 4.
• Lillis J, Niemeier HM, Thomas JG, Unick J, Ross KM, Leahey TM, Kendra KE, Dorfman L, Wing RR. A randomized trial of an acceptance-based behavioral intervention for weight loss in people with high internal disinhibition. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016 Dec;24(12):2509-2514. doi: 10.1002/oby.21680. Epub 2016 Nov 2.
• Oliver G, Wardle J, Gibson EL. Stress and food choice: a laboratory study. Psychosom Med. 2000 Nov-Dec;62(6):853-65.
• Sami W, Ansari T, Butt NS, Hamid MRA. Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2017 Apr-Jun;11(2):65-71. Review.
• Schwingshackl L, Schwedhelm C, Hoffmann G, Lampousi AM, Knüppel S, Iqbal K, Bechthold A, Schlesinger S, Boeing H. Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Jun;105(6):1462-1473. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.117.153148. Epub 2017 Apr 26. Review.
• van Strien T, van de Laar FA, van Leeuwe JF, Lucassen PL, van den Hoogen HJ, Rutten GE, van Weel C. The dieting dilemma in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: does dietary restraint predict weight gain 4 years after diagnosis? Health Psychol. 2007 Jan;26(1):105-12.

• Responsible Party: McGill University
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03744780
• Other Study ID Numbers: 143-0818
• First Posted: Nov 16, 2018
• Last Update Posted: Nov 14, 2019
• Last Verified: Oct 1, 2019

• Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement: Yes
• Plan to Share IPD: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: No

Study Results

Participant Flow

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	32
COMPLETED	32
NOT COMPLETED	0

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Overall Participants	32
Age (years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [years]	46.71 (13.43)
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	28 87.5%
Male	4 12.5%
Race/Ethnicity, Customized (Count of Participants)
Caucasian	25 78.1%
Middle Eastern	1 3.1%
Black	1 3.1%
Hispanic	1 3.1%
Other	4 12.5%
Region of Enrollment (participants) [Number]
Canada	32 100%
Dutching Eating Behavior Questionnaire-emotional eating (units on a scale) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	3.91 (0.46)
Distress Tolerance Scale (units on a scale) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	3.32 (0.92)
Food Craving Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (units on a scale) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	28.18 (6.24)
Mindful Eating Questionnaire (units on a scale) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	2.35 (0.35)
ACT Values Application (units on a scale) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	3.24 (0.66)
Emotional eating frequency (times per week) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [times per week]	4.64 (1.66)
Ability to stop emotional eating (units on a scale) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	1.96 (0.88)

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Emotional Eating - 2-weeks Post-intervention
Description	Emotional eating, as assessed by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire Emotional Eating Subscale (DEBQ-EE). Participants are asked to rate the frequency with which they engage in particular eating behaviours, on a 5-point Likert-type rating scale from never (1) to very often (5), with higher scores reflecting higher emotional eating. Only the emotional eating subscale of the DEBQ will be assessed and is calculated by averaging the 13 items that assess emotional eating.
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	3.27 (0.58)

2. Primary Outcome

Title	Emotional Eating - 3-months Post-Intervention
Description	Emotional eating, as assessed by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire Emotional Eating Subscale (DEBQ-EE). Participants are asked to rate the frequency with which they engage in particular eating behaviours, on a 5-point Likert-type rating scale from never (1) to very often (5), with higher scores reflecting higher emotional eating. Only the emotional eating subscale of the DEBQ will be assessed and is calculated by averaging the 13 items that assess emotional eating.
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	3.10 (0.55)

3. Secondary Outcome

Title	Distress Tolerance - 2-weeks Post-Intervention
Description	Distress tolerance, as assessed by the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS). Participants are asked to indicate the extent to which they agree with statements aimed at assessing distress tolerance, absorption, appraisal, and regulation from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree), with lower scores reflecting lower distress tolerance. Subscale scores are derived by calculating the means of the items that make up each subscale. Total score is calculating by averaging the four subscales.
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	3.17 (0.79)

4. Secondary Outcome

Title	Distress Tolerance - 3-months Post-Intervention
Description	Distress tolerance, as assessed by the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS). Participants are asked to indicate the extent to which they agree with statements aimed at assessing distress tolerance, absorption, appraisal, and regulation from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree), with lower scores reflecting lower distress tolerance. Subscale scores are derived by calculating the means of the items that make up each subscale. Total score is calculating by averaging the four subscales.
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	2.87 (0.86)

5. Secondary Outcome

Title	Food Craving Acceptance and Action - 2-weeks Post-intervention
Description	Food craving acceptance and action, as assessed by the Food Craving Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (FAAQ). Items are rated on a 6-point Likert-type rating scale from 1 (very seldom true) to 6 (always true), with higher scores reflecting higher acceptance. Total score is derived by summing all items. Minimum score is 10 and maximum score is 60.
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	32.71 (4.29)

6. Secondary Outcome

Title	Food Craving Acceptance and Action - 3-months Post-intervention
Description	Food craving acceptance and action, as assessed by the Food Craving Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (FAAQ). Items are rated on a 6-point Likert-type rating scale from 1 (very seldom true) to 6 (always true), with higher scores reflecting higher acceptance. Total score is derived by summing all items. Minimum score is 10 and maximum score is 60.
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	32.68 (4.76)

7. Secondary Outcome

Title	Mindful Eating - 2-weeks Post-intervention
Description	Mindful eating, as assessed by the Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ). It is a 28-item self-report measure that assesses five domains of mindful eating: disinhibition, external cues, awareness, emotional response and distraction. Participants are asked to indicate the extent to which extent they agree with each item from 1 ("never" / "rarely") to 4 ("usually"/ "always"), with higher scores reflecting higher levels of mindful eating. Total score is derived by taking the mean of the five subscales.
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	2.51 (0.35)

8. Secondary Outcome

Title	Mindful Eating - 3-months Post-intervention
Description	Mindful eating, as assessed by the Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ). It is a 28-item self-report measure that assesses five domains of mindful eating: disinhibition, external cues, awareness, emotional response and distraction. Participants are asked to indicate the extent to which extent they agree with each item from 1 ("never" / "rarely") to 4 ("usually"/ "always"), with higher scores reflecting higher levels of mindful eating. Total score is derived by taking the mean of the five subscales.
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	2.65 (0.41)

9. Secondary Outcome

Title	ACT Values Application - 2-weeks Post-intervention
Description	Application of ACT values techniques taught during the workshop, as assessed by items developed by the study's authors. Participants were asked to rate the extent to which they agreed with a number of value-based statements on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Values score was derived by taking the mean of the items, with higher scores reflecting greater value-consistent eating behaviors.
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	3.79 (0.63)

10. Secondary Outcome

Title	ACT Values Application - 3-months Post-intervention
Description	Application of ACT values techniques taught during the workshop, as assessed by items developed by the study's authors. Participants were asked to rate the extent to which they agreed with a number of value-based statements on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Values score was derived by taking the mean of the items, with higher scores reflecting greater value-consistent eating behaviors.
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	3.63 (0.66)

11. Secondary Outcome

Title	Emotional Eating Frequency - 2-weeks Post-intervention
Description	As assessed by a self-report item developed by the study's authors. Participants were asked to report the number of times they engaged in emotional eating in the past week.
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [times per week]	3.00 (1.49)

12. Secondary Outcome

Title	Emotional Eating Frequency - 3-months Post-intervention
Description	As assessed by a self-report item developed by the study's authors. Participants were asked to report the number of times they engaged in emotional eating in the past week.
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [times per week]	3.43 (1.67)

13. Secondary Outcome

Title	Ability to Stop Emotional Eating - 2-weeks Post-intervention
Description	As assessed by a single self-report item developed by the study's authors. Participants were asked to report the number of instances in which they began to engage in emotional eating and were able to stop themselves, on a scale from 1 (none of the time) to 5 (very often).
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	2.68 (1.12)

14. Secondary Outcome

Title	Ability to Stop Emotional Eating - 3-months Post-intervention
Description	As assessed by a single self-report item developed by the study's authors. Participants were asked to report the number of instances in which they began to engage in emotional eating and were able to stop themselves, on a scale from 1 (none of the time) to 5 (very often).
Time Frame	Assessed from baseline to 2-weeks post-intervention and 3-months post-intervention

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Based on incomplete questionnaire data, 28/32 participants were included in the final analyses.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	28
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	2.71 (1.01)

15. Secondary Outcome

Title	Feasibility Data: Recruitment, Eligibility, Attendance, and Attrition Rates
Description	These include recruitment, eligibility, attendance, and attrition rates
Time Frame	Assessed throughout the duration of the study from the recruitment period to the completion of the workshops and follow-up questionnaires (i.e., over a 3-month period).

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The population of analysis were the 59 individuals who initially expressed interest in the study.

Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
Measure Participants	59
Recruitment	59 184.4%
Eligibility	44 137.5%
Attendance	32 100%
Attrition	2 6.3%

Adverse Events

Time Frame	Adverse event data were collected over the duration that each participant participated in the study (from baseline to 3-months post-intervention).
Arm/Group Title	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
Arm/Group Description	All participants were assigned to an ACT workshop designed to reduce emotional eating through the teaching of three skills: (1) values clarification/commitment, (2) acceptance/distress tolerance, and (3) mindfulness.
All Cause Mortality
	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/32 (0%)
Serious Adverse Events
	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/32 (0%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	ACT Workshop for Emotional Eating
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/32 (0%)

Limitations/Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

All Principal Investigators ARE employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.