Yoga, Immune Function, and Health

• Sponsor: Ohio State University (Other)
• Overall Status: Completed
• CT.gov ID: NCT00371397
• Collaborator: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) (NIH)
• Enrollment: 52
• Location: 1
• Arms: 3
• Duration (Months): 36
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 1.4

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

This study is designed to examine the impact of hatha yoga on immune and hormonal functioning in healthy individuals.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Healthy	Behavioral: Hatha Yoga Classes; Behavioral: Movement Control	N/A

Detailed Description

This study is designed to examine the effects of hatha yoga on autonomic, immune, and endocrine function. The data from both inexperienced and experienced groups will help us better understand how longer-term practice of yoga may be beneficial. The study consists of one 3-hour screening session and three 6-hour activity sessions with 30 minute follow-up appointments the following morning scheduled 2 - 4 weeks apart. Each participant will complete the 3 activity sessions, which will consist of either yoga, mild movement, or a neutral activity (watching a videotape), in randomly assigned order. Thus, both novices and experts will participate in 3 activity sessions each (yoga, movement control, video control). The order in which each participant goes through the activity sessions is counterbalanced. Data for each activity session will be aggregated by group (i.e. novice or expert). We will measure responses to tape stripping to assess skin barrier repair, and evaluate responses to computer tasks, self-report measures, and a battery of unobtrusive behavioral measures. We will also collect blood and saliva samples to measure immune and endocrine outcomes.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 52 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Single (Investigator)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: Psychoneuroimmunology and Mind-Body Interventions
• Study Start Date: Sep 1, 2005
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Sep 1, 2008
• Actual Study Completion Date: Sep 1, 2008

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: Hatha yoga classes Groups consisted of novices or experts. Groups were counterbalanced to ensure that equal number of novices and experts participated in each possible session combination, in a randomly assigned order.	Behavioral: Hatha Yoga Classes; Iyengar yoga, the form of hatha yoga used in this study, emphasizes the use of props to help students achieve precise postures safely and comfortably according to their particular body types and needs. The yoga activity sessions were directed by four experienced yoga teachers following a script. The poses used were (in order) Supta Baddha Konasana (Reclining Bound Angle Pose), Adho Mukha Svanasana (Downward Facing Dog), Supported Uttanasana (Intense Forward Stretch), Parsvotanasana (Intense Side Stretch Pose), Prasarita Padottanansana (Wide-Legged Forward Bend), Janu Sirsasana (Head to Knee Pose), Bharadvajasana (Simple Seated Twist Pose), Viparita Karani (Restful Inversion), Supported Setu Bandha Sarvanagasana (Bridge Pose), and Savasana (Corpse Pose). Blood draws occurred during the last two minutes of Supta Baddha Konasana (pose held 10 minutes), Viparita Karani (10 minutes), and Savasana (15 minutes).
Sham Comparator: Movement Control Non-Hatha yoga gentle movement. Groups consisted of novices or experts. Groups were counterbalanced to ensure that equal number of novices and experts participated in each possible session combination, in a randomly assigned order.	Behavioral: Movement Control; Walking on a treadmill at .5 miles per hour was used to control for general physical movement/cardiovascular expenditure because it best approximated the heart rates during the restorative yoga session. To match the lower heart rate, women also rested supine on a bed for several minutes after walking, before and after getting their blood drawn.
No Intervention: Passive Video Control Another control condition, a neutral video that did not include any music, allowed us to contrast the effects of yoga with no activity.The session included a sequence on how to design physics experiments for a high school classroom, as well as segments from two lectures on polymers and quantum mechanics. Groups were counterbalanced to ensure that equal number of novices and experts participated in each possible session combination, in a randomly assigned order.

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Number of Participants With Detectable C-Reactive Protein (CRP) [8:30 a.m. at each of the three visits, scheduled at least 2 weeks apart]

   High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) assessed once at baseline, at each of the three visits. The hsCRP assay was performed using chemiluminescence methodology with the Immulite 1000 (Siemens Medical Solutions, Los Angeles, Ca.) The lowest level of detection is .3 mg/dL. 43% of the values were below this lower bound, thus hsCRP was dichotomized as undetectable/detectable.

2. Cortisol [Day 1 8:30, 10:05, 10:58, 11:35, 12:05, 13:10. Day 2 7:30]

   All cortisol and catecholamine samples for a subject were frozen after collection and analyzed within the same assay run after the participant had completed the study.

3. Skin Barrier Repair: Trans-epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) [11:50, 12:50 at each of the three visits, scheduled at least 2 weeks apart]

   Cellophane tape stripping, a common dermatological paradigm for studying restoration of the skin barrier, was used to examine whether the time necessary for recovery from minor physical insults varied by condition or yoga expertise. Measurement of the rate of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) through human skin provides a noninvasive method to monitor changes in the skin's barrier function. TEWL was measured twice during the session using a computerized evaporimetry instrument, the DermaLab® (CyberDERM, Media, PA), and barrier recovery was calculated.

4. Immune Function: Soluble Interleukin-6 Receptor (sIL-6r) [Day 1 8:30, 11:35, 13:10. Day 2 7:30]

   Serum levels of the sIL-6r were assayed using Quantikine High Sensitivity Immunoassay kits (R&D), per kit instructions.

5. Immune Function: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) [Day 1 8:30, 11:35, 13:10. Day 2 7:30]

   Serum levels of TNF-α were assayed using Quantikine High Sensitivity Immunoassay kits (R&D), per kit instructions.

6. Immune Function: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -Stimulated Production of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) [Day 1 8:30, 10:05, 11:35, 13:10. Day 2 7:30]

   Supernatants from PBLs stimulated with 5μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 72 h were assayed for IL-6 and TNF-α using ELISA kits (B-D Pharmingen).

7. Immune Function: LPS-stimulated Production of TNF-α [Day 1 8:30, 10:05, 11:35, 13:10. Day 2 7:30]

   Supernatants from PBLs stimulated with 5μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 72 h were assayed for IL-6 and TNF-α using ELISA kits (B-D Pharmingen).

8. Immune Function: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) [Day 1 8:30, 11:35, 13:10. Day 2 7:30]

   Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and the sIL-6r were assayed using Quantikine High Sensitivity Immunoassay kits (R&D), per kit instructions

9. Catecholamine Production: Epinephrine [8:30, 10:05, 10:28, 10:58, 11:35, 12:05 at each of the three visits, scheduled at least 2 weeks apart]

   All cortisol and catecholamine samples for a subject were frozen after collection and analyzed within the same assay run after the participant had completed the study.

10. Catecholamine Production: Norepinephrine [8:30, 10:05, 10:28, 10:58, 11:35, 12:05]

    All cortisol and catecholamine samples for a subject were frozen after collection and analyzed within the same assay run after the participant had completed the study.

Secondary Outcome Measures

1. Heart Rate [Day 1: 8:30, 9:15, 9:45, 10:00, 10:45, 11:35, 12:05, 12:15]

2. Blood Pressure [7:55 at each of the three visits, scheduled at least 2 weeks apart]

3. Mood: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)Positive [7:35, 11:45, 12:30 at each of the three visits, scheduled at least 2 weeks apart]

   The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) includes two 10-item mood scales. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 = very slightly or not at all to 5 = extremely, to indicate the extent to which the respondent has felt this way in the indicated time frame. Several additional words were added to better capture low positive affect: happy, satisfied, disappointed, discouraged, low, sad.

4. Mood: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)Negative [7:35, 11:45, 12:30 at each of the three visits, scheduled at least 2 weeks apart]

   The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) includes two 10-item mood scales. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 = very slightly or not at all to 5 = extremely, to indicate the extent to which the respondent has felt this way in the indicated time frame. Several additional words were added to better capture low positive affect: happy, satisfied, disappointed, discouraged, low, sad.

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 30 Years to 65 Years
• Sexes Eligible for Study: Female
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Inclusion Criteria:

• healthy female adults

• relatively inexperienced with yoga (beginner)

• experienced with yoga (advanced practitioner)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Treatment with medication that has immunological or endocrinological consequences

• Chronic health problems that affect immune or endocrine systems

• Anemia

• Use of psychoactive drugs or mood-altering medication

• Smoking

• Needle or blood phobias

• Tape or bandage allergies

• Pregnancy or nursing within the previous 3 months

• Heart problems

• History of hip or knee replacement surgery, displaced vertebrae, and any other physical limitations that would prevent full participation in the program

• use of statins, beta blockers

• excessive alcohol use

• convulsive disorders

• Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 30.

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	Ohio State University Clinical Research Center	Columbus	Ohio	United States	43210

Sponsors and Collaborators

• Ohio State University
• National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser, PhD, Ohio State University

Study Documents (Full-Text)

None provided.

More Information

Additional Information:

• Please click here to visit our website if you would like to read more about our studies.

Publications

None provided.

• Responsible Party: Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, Director, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00371397
• Other Study ID Numbers: 2005H0068; R21AT002971-01
• First Posted: Sep 4, 2006
• Last Update Posted: Jul 6, 2016
• Last Verified: Jun 1, 2016

• Keywords provided by Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, Director, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University: yoga; immune function; stress; health; mood; skin barrier repair

Study Results

Participant Flow

Recruitment Details	Women were recruited through online ads and notices posted in yoga studios. All women participated in some form of hatha yoga.

Arm/Group Title	Expert: Movement Control Then Hatha Yoga Then Video	Expert: Hatha Yoga Then Video Then Movement Control	Expert: Video Then Movement Control Then Hatha Yoga	Expert: Movement Control Then Video Then Hatha Yoga	Expert: Hatha Yoga Then Movement Control Then Video	Expert: Video Then Hatha Yoga Then Movement Control	Novice: Movement Control Then Hatha Yoga Then Video	Novice: Hatha Yoga Then Video Then Movement Control	Novice: Video Then Movement Control Then Hatha Yoga	Novice: Movement Control Then Video Then Hatha Yoga	Novice: Hatha Yoga Then Movement Control Then Video	Novice: Video Then Hatha Yoga Then Movement Control
Arm/Group Description	Participants are female Yoga experts, meaning they have practiced yoga regularly 1-2 times per week (75-90 min sessions) for at least 2 years, and at least 2 times per week for the past year. For Session 1, participants completed the Movement Control Activity in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 2, participants completed the Hatha Yoga Class in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 3, participants completed the Video Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning.	Participants are female Yoga experts, meaning they have practiced yoga regularly 1-2 times per week (75-90 min sessions) for at least 2 years, and at least 2 times per week for the past year. For Session 1, participants completed the Hatha Yoga Class in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 2, participants completed the Video Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 3, participants completed the Movement Control Activity in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning.	Participants are female Yoga experts, meaning they have practiced yoga regularly 1-2 times per week (75-90 min sessions) for at least 2 years, and at least 2 times per week for the past year. For Session 1, participants completed the Video Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 2, participants completed the Movement Control Activity in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 3, participants completed the Hatha Yoga Class in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning.	Participants are female Yoga experts, meaning they have practiced yoga regularly 1-2 times per week (75-90 min sessions) for at least 2 years, and at least 2 times per week for the past year. For Session 1, participants completed the Movement Control Activity in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 2, participants completed the Video Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 3, participants completed the Hatha Yoga session in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning.	Participants are female Yoga experts, meaning they have practiced yoga regularly 1-2 times per week (75-90 min sessions) for at least 2 years, and at least 2 times per week for the past year. For Session 1, participants completed the Hatha Yoga session in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 2, participants completed the Movement Control Activity in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 3, participants completed the Video Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning.	Participants are female Yoga experts, meaning they have practiced yoga regularly 1-2 times per week (75-90 min sessions) for at least 2 years, and at least 2 times per week for the past year. For Session 1, participants completed the Video Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 2, participants completed the Hatha Yoga session in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 3, participants completed the Movement Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning.	Participants are female Yoga novices, meaning they had participated in yoga classes or practiced at home with yoga videos for 6 - 12 sessions. For Session 1, participants completed the Movement Control Activity in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 2, participants completed the Hatha Yoga session in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 3, participants completed the Video Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning.	Participants are female Yoga novices, meaning they had participated in yoga classes or practiced at home with yoga videos for 6 - 12 sessions. For Session 1, participants completed the Hatha Yoga session in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 2, participants completed the Video Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 3, participants completed the Movement Control Activity in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning.	Participants are female Yoga novices, meaning they had participated in yoga classes or practiced at home with yoga videos for 6 - 12 sessions. For Session 1, participants completed the Video Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 2, participants completed the Movement Control Activity in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 3, participants completed the Hatha Yoga session in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning.	Participants are female Yoga novices, meaning they had participated in yoga classes or practiced at home with yoga videos for 6 - 12 sessions. For Session 1, participants completed the Movement Control Activity in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 2, participants completed the Video Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 3, participants completed the Hatha Yoga session in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning.	Participants are female Yoga novices, meaning they had participated in yoga classes or practiced at home with yoga videos for 6 - 12 sessions. For Session 1, participants completed the Hatha Yoga session in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 2, participants completed the Movement Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning. For Session 3, participants completed the Video Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity.	Participants are female Yoga novices, meaning they had participated in yoga classes or practiced at home with yoga videos for 6 - 12 sessions. For Session 1, participants completed the Video Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 2, participants completed the Hatha Yoga session in 1 day, a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning, followed by 2-4 weeks of normal daily activity. For Session 3, participants completed the Movement Control Activity in 1 day and a 30 minute follow-up session the next morning.
Period Title: Session 1
STARTED	5	7	5	2	3	4	4	5	6	5	4	2
COMPLETED	4	7	5	2	3	4	4	4	6	5	4	2
NOT COMPLETED	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
Period Title: Session 1
STARTED	4	7	5	2	3	4	4	4	6	5	4	2
COMPLETED	4	7	5	2	3	4	4	4	6	5	4	2
NOT COMPLETED	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Period Title: Session 1
STARTED	4	7	5	2	3	4	4	4	6	5	4	2
COMPLETED	4	7	5	2	3	4	4	4	6	5	4	2
NOT COMPLETED	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	Overall Study
Arm/Group Description	Women were exposed to each of the conditions (yoga, movement control, and passive-video control) during three separate visits. The order of the visits was randomized per participant. 52 total participants enrolled.
Overall Participants	52
Age (Count of Participants)
<=18 years	0 0%
Between 18 and 65 years	52 100%
>=65 years	0 0%
Age (years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [years]	41.32 (10.33)
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	52 100%
Male	0 0%
Region of Enrollment (participants) [Number]
United States	52 100%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Number of Participants With Detectable C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Description	High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) assessed once at baseline, at each of the three visits. The hsCRP assay was performed using chemiluminescence methodology with the Immulite 1000 (Siemens Medical Solutions, Los Angeles, Ca.) The lowest level of detection is .3 mg/dL. 43% of the values were below this lower bound, thus hsCRP was dichotomized as undetectable/detectable.
Time Frame	8:30 a.m. at each of the three visits, scheduled at least 2 weeks apart

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Novice	Expert
Arm/Group Description	Women were classified as novices if they had participated in yoga classes or home practice with yoga videos for 6 - 12 sessions.	Women were classified as Experts if they had practiced yoga regularly 1-2 times per week (75-90 min sessions) for at least 2 years, and at least 2 times per week for the past year.
Measure Participants	25	25
Number [participants with CRP above 0.3]	16 30.8%	8 NaN

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Novice, Expert
	Comments	hsCRP dichotomized as undetectable/detectable. Logistic regression w/generalized estimating equations(GEE)s to determine odds ratio. Assessed hsCRP at baseline at each of the three visits; 43% of the values (n = 65) were below the assay's detectable lower bound of .3 mg/dL, and thus hsCRP was dichotomized as undetectable/detectable.
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority or Other
	Comments
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	.009
	Comments
	Method	Regression, Logistic
	Comments
Method of Estimation	Estimation Parameter	Odds Ratio (OR)
	Estimated Value	4.75
	Confidence Interval	() 95%; to
	Parameter Dispersion	Type: Value:
	Estimation Comments

2. Primary Outcome

Title	Cortisol
Description	All cortisol and catecholamine samples for a subject were frozen after collection and analyzed within the same assay run after the participant had completed the study.
Time Frame	Day 1 8:30, 10:05, 10:58, 11:35, 12:05, 13:10. Day 2 7:30

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

3. Primary Outcome

Title	Skin Barrier Repair: Trans-epidermal Water Loss (TEWL)
Description	Cellophane tape stripping, a common dermatological paradigm for studying restoration of the skin barrier, was used to examine whether the time necessary for recovery from minor physical insults varied by condition or yoga expertise. Measurement of the rate of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) through human skin provides a noninvasive method to monitor changes in the skin's barrier function. TEWL was measured twice during the session using a computerized evaporimetry instrument, the DermaLab® (CyberDERM, Media, PA), and barrier recovery was calculated.
Time Frame	11:50, 12:50 at each of the three visits, scheduled at least 2 weeks apart

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

4. Primary Outcome

Title	Immune Function: Soluble Interleukin-6 Receptor (sIL-6r)
Description	Serum levels of the sIL-6r were assayed using Quantikine High Sensitivity Immunoassay kits (R&D), per kit instructions.
Time Frame	Day 1 8:30, 11:35, 13:10. Day 2 7:30

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

5. Primary Outcome

Title	Immune Function: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Description	Serum levels of TNF-α were assayed using Quantikine High Sensitivity Immunoassay kits (R&D), per kit instructions.
Time Frame	Day 1 8:30, 11:35, 13:10. Day 2 7:30

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

6. Primary Outcome

Title	Immune Function: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -Stimulated Production of Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Description	Supernatants from PBLs stimulated with 5μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 72 h were assayed for IL-6 and TNF-α using ELISA kits (B-D Pharmingen).
Time Frame	Day 1 8:30, 10:05, 11:35, 13:10. Day 2 7:30

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

7. Primary Outcome

Title	Immune Function: LPS-stimulated Production of TNF-α
Description	Supernatants from PBLs stimulated with 5μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 72 h were assayed for IL-6 and TNF-α using ELISA kits (B-D Pharmingen).
Time Frame	Day 1 8:30, 10:05, 11:35, 13:10. Day 2 7:30

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

8. Primary Outcome

Title	Immune Function: Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Description	Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and the sIL-6r were assayed using Quantikine High Sensitivity Immunoassay kits (R&D), per kit instructions
Time Frame	Day 1 8:30, 11:35, 13:10. Day 2 7:30

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

9. Primary Outcome

Title	Catecholamine Production: Epinephrine
Description	All cortisol and catecholamine samples for a subject were frozen after collection and analyzed within the same assay run after the participant had completed the study.
Time Frame	8:30, 10:05, 10:28, 10:58, 11:35, 12:05 at each of the three visits, scheduled at least 2 weeks apart

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

10. Primary Outcome

Title	Catecholamine Production: Norepinephrine
Description	All cortisol and catecholamine samples for a subject were frozen after collection and analyzed within the same assay run after the participant had completed the study.
Time Frame	8:30, 10:05, 10:28, 10:58, 11:35, 12:05

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

11. Secondary Outcome

Title	Heart Rate
Time Frame	Day 1: 8:30, 9:15, 9:45, 10:00, 10:45, 11:35, 12:05, 12:15

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

12. Secondary Outcome

Title	Blood Pressure
Time Frame	7:55 at each of the three visits, scheduled at least 2 weeks apart

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

13. Secondary Outcome

Title	Mood: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)Positive
Description	The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) includes two 10-item mood scales. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 = very slightly or not at all to 5 = extremely, to indicate the extent to which the respondent has felt this way in the indicated time frame. Several additional words were added to better capture low positive affect: happy, satisfied, disappointed, discouraged, low, sad.
Time Frame	7:35, 11:45, 12:30 at each of the three visits, scheduled at least 2 weeks apart

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

14. Secondary Outcome

Title	Mood: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)Negative
Description	The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) includes two 10-item mood scales. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 = very slightly or not at all to 5 = extremely, to indicate the extent to which the respondent has felt this way in the indicated time frame. Several additional words were added to better capture low positive affect: happy, satisfied, disappointed, discouraged, low, sad.
Time Frame	7:35, 11:45, 12:30 at each of the three visits, scheduled at least 2 weeks apart

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title

Arm/Group Description

Adverse Events

Arm/Group Title	Novice		Expert
Arm/Group Description	Women were classified as novices if they had participated in yoga classes or home practice with yoga videos for 6 - 12 sessions.		Women were classified as Experts if they had practiced yoga regularly 1-2 times per week (75-90 min sessions) for at least 2 years, and at least 2 times per week for the past year.
All Cause Mortality
	Novice		Expert
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	/ (NaN)		/ (NaN)
Serious Adverse Events
	Novice		Expert
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/26 (0%)		0/26 (0%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	Novice		Expert
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/26 (0%)		0/26 (0%)

Limitations/Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

All Principal Investigators ARE employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.