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High Intensity Interval Training Versus Circuit Training

Sponsor
University of Central Lancashire (Other)
Overall Status
Completed
CT.gov ID
NCT03700671
Collaborator
University of Hull (Other)
42
Enrollment
1
Location
2
Arms
19.1
Actual Duration (Months)
2.2
Patients Per Site Per Month

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

High intensity interval training (HIIT) and circuit training (CT) are popular methods of exercise, eliciting improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). However direct comparisons of these two training methods are limited.

Condition or Disease Intervention/Treatment Phase
  • Other: High intensity interval training
  • Other: Circuit training
 N/A

Detailed Description

Study Design Participants were enrolled in a randomised control trial at the University of Hull to either eight weeks of High intensity interval training (HIIT) or Circuit Training (CT) (two supervised sessions per week, accompanied by an exercise physiologist). A sample size of 38 using G Power 3.1 software was calculated based on previously published data in which the mean difference between HIIT and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) was 3.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 with a pooled standard deviation of 3 ml.kg-1.min-1. Statistical significance was set at 0.05 and power set to 0.95. To allow for 10% attrition 42 individuals were recruited to the study. To assess the effectiveness of the interventions as determined by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to volitional exhaustion on an electronically braked cycle ergometer at baseline (visit one), and following an eight-week exercise intervention of HIIT or CT (visit two) was conducted. When attending the assessments participants were asked not to take part in any strenuous exercise 24 hours prior to the appointment, to wear suitable comfortable clothing and avoid a large meal. Visit two CPET was performed within six days of completing the exercise interventions. A thorough warm-up and cool down before and after each exercise session. All were asked to maintain their habitual physical activity patterns during the intervention. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing body weight by height in meters squared and was presented as kg.m-2. Resting blood pressure was measured after 15 minutes of rest using a sphygmomanometer (A.C. Cossor & Son Ltd, London UK) and stethoscope (3M Healthcare, St Paul, MN). To provide a comprehensive account of the study the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) was consulted.

Participants Ethical approval was provided by the School of Life Sciences ethics committee at the University of Hull which was in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. A total of 42 apparently healthy men and women between the age of 18-65 years were recruited to the study. Enrolled individuals reported no medical history of cardiometabolic or limiting respiratory disease, were non-smokers, had a body mass index <30 kg.m-2, classified as recreationally active and none were taking any medication that would affect heart rate. As a condition of enrolment, those over 45 years obtained written medical clearance from a general practitioner and underwent resting and exercise 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) (GE Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, United Kingdom). Written informed consent and a pre-exercise medical questionnaire was completed by all.

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Maximal CPETs were conducted in accordance with the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines. An Oxycon pro (Jaeger, Hoechburg, Germany) breath by breath metabolic cart was used to collect respiratory gas exchange data. Automatic and manual calibration evaluated ambient temperature, humidity, barometric pressure and altitude. Calibration of the air flow volume was conducted using a 3 litre syringe and by automatic calibration. Two-point gas calibration was also conducted to ensure accurate measures of inspired oxygen and expired carbon dioxide. Tests were performed on a GE e-bike ergometer (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) using a ramp protocol. The protocol consisted of a three-minute rest phase, three minutes of unloaded cycling, followed by a personalised ramp test (ramp rate ranged between 15 and 30 watts) with work rate continually increased every one to three seconds. Participants performed the same ramp rate pre and post testing. Participants were asked to pedal at a cadence of 70 rpm until they reached volitional exhaustion at a protocol duration between eight to twelve minutes. Self-reported rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scores using the 6-20 scale and heart rate (HR) (FT1 heart rate monitor, Polar Electro, Finland) was recorded during the last five seconds of each minute of the test, at maximum exercise and during the recovery period. Together with verbal encouragement to volitional exhaustion, VO2max was attained by participants achieving at least two of the following criteria, VO2 plateau as determined by a failure of VO2 increase by 150 ml/min with further increases in workload analysed by breath by breath gas exchange data averaged over 15 seconds, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) > 1.10, achieve > 85% age predicated heart rate maximum (HRmax) and a RPE > 17 on the 6-20 Borg scale. VO2 at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) was defined using the V slope method and verified using ventilatory equivalents. Peak power output (PPO) (watts) and HRmax were defined as the highest value achieved during the CPET with maximum oxygen and heart rate (VO2 /HR) determined by the ratio of VO2max and HRmax.

Training Interventions The HIIT group were asked to perform ten one-minute HIIT intervals, each followed by one minute of active recovery (AR) (total exercise time 20 minutes). Resulting from the CPET, HIIT was set at above 85% HRmax with a specific HR designated for this criterion. Active recovery was set at a load corresponding to 25-50 watts. Sessions were performed on a Wattbike trainer (Wattbike Ltd, Nottingham, UK). The CT group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand/squats, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80% HRmax (calculated from CPET). No resistance equipment was involved, only body weight. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration increased by five minutes per week until the desired 40 minutes. Each station was occupied for three to six minutes depending on session duration, moving from one station to the next with minimal rest. During both interventions, HR was measured in last 5 seconds of each station/interval using a FT1 polar heart rate monitor (Polar Electro, Finland) with each CT session timed using a stop watch (Axprod S.L, Guipuzcoa, Spain). Intensity for both interventions was adjusted throughout by the investigator to ensure an appropriate HR range and successful completion of the protocol. Participants were made aware of their HR ranges and verbal encouragement was given by the physiologist to help achieve and maintain these thresholds. Energy expenditure between HIIT and CT was not matched.

To assess the validity of the exercise interventions, participant fidelity to the desired exercise intensity was determined using cut points of >85% HRmax and 60-80% HRmax for HIIT and CT respectively and reported using previous examples. These values were calculated using the participants mean heart rate for each individual interval or station over the 16 sessions and was expressed as a percentage of HRmax as determined by CPET at visit 1. Specific fidelity thresholds were consulted to determine low (<50%), moderate (50-70%) and high (>70%) compliance. Adherence was determined as a percentage of completed sessions, with 14 (> 85%) being the threshold for completion.

Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 (IBM, New York, USA). An independent t-test was used to identify group differences at baseline. Assumptions of normality were verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Skewness and kurtosis of distribution was visually examined. Non-normally distributed data was presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). A two-way (condition x time) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare CRF pre-and post-training. Post-hoc analysis for the main effects and interactions was assessed using a Bonferroni adjustment. Group differences were compared using independent t tests. Variables were displayed as mean with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) or standard deviation where specified. Partial eta squared effect sizes were also calculated with 0.01, 0.06 and 0.14 representing small, medium and large effect sizes, respectively.

Study Design

Study Type:
Interventional
Actual Enrollment :
42 participants
Allocation:
Randomized
Intervention Model:
Parallel Assignment
Intervention Model Description:
Participants were randomised to either high or moderate intensity exerciseParticipants were randomised to either high or moderate intensity exercise
Masking:
None (Open Label)
Primary Purpose:
Basic Science
Official Title:
The Effects of Low-Volume High Intensity Interval Training and Circuit Training on Maximal Oxygen Uptake
Actual Study Start Date :
May 11, 2016
Actual Primary Completion Date :
May 11, 2017
Actual Study Completion Date :
Dec 13, 2017

Arms and Interventions

Arm Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: High intensity interval training

HIIT was set at > 85% HRmax. Active recovery was set at 25-50 watts. Sessions were performed using cycle ergometry.

Other: High intensity interval training
Participants performed HIIT twice a week for eight weeks. Findings were compared to moderate intensity continuous training which followed the same exercise frequency and duration
Active Comparator: Circuit training

The CT group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80%. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated. Each station was occupied for three to six minutes depending on session duration with minimal rest in-between.

Other: Circuit training
The CT group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80% HRmax twice per week for eight weeks. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

  1. Maximal Oxygen Consumption (ml.Kg-1.Min-1) [Baseline and 8 weeks]

    Maximal oxygen consumption (ml.kg-1.min-1), as determined during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) represents the upper limit of aerobic fitness in humans. A low VO2max is associated with a greater risk of premature all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, independent of traditional risk factors and physical activity status. Conversely, increasing VO2max through exercise training may improve cardiometabolic health, quality of life and increase life-expectancy

Secondary Outcome Measures

  1. Oxygen Consumption at the Ventilatory Anaerobic Threshold [Baseline and 8 weeks]

    Oxygen consumption at the Ventilatory Anaerobic Threshold ml/kg/min. This measure will assess if individuals can exercise at higher intensities before lactate accumulation, thus becoming 'physiologically efficient

Other Outcome Measures

  1. Intervention Fidelity - Participants That Complied With the Exercise Protocols [8 weeks]

    To assess if the interventions were delivered as intended, percentage of participants that complied with the exercise protocols

  2. The Percentage of Individuals That Responsed to the Intervention [8 weeks]

    If participants had a postive increased in maximal oxygen consumption following the two interventions

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study:
18 Years to 65 Years
Sexes Eligible for Study:
All
Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Yes
Inclusion Criteria:
  • Participants reported no medical history of cardiometabolic or limiting respiratory disease, were non-smokers, had a body mass index <30 kg.m-2, classified as recreationally active
Exclusion Criteria:
  • Cardiometabolic disease, high activity levels, Unable to tolerate the exercise intervention

Contacts and Locations

Locations

Site City State Country Postal Code
1 Univeristy of Hull Hull Kingston Upon Hull United Kingdom HU67RX

Sponsors and Collaborators

  • University of Central Lancashire
  • University of Hull

Investigators

  • Principal Investigator: Stefan Birkett, PhD, University of Central Lancashire

Study Documents (Full-Text)

More Information

Publications

Responsible Party:
Stefan Birkett, Lecturer in Exercise Science, University of Central Lancashire
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
NCT03700671
Other Study ID Numbers:
  • UCentralLancashire
First Posted:
Oct 9, 2018
Last Update Posted:
Feb 17, 2020
Last Verified:
Feb 1, 2020
Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement:
No
Plan to Share IPD:
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product:
No
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product:
No

Study Results

Participant Flow

Recruitment Details
Pre-assignment Detail
Arm/Group Title High Intensity Interval Training Circuit Training
Arm/Group Description High intensity interval training (HIIT) was set at > 85% HRmax. Active recovery was set at 25-50 watts. Sessions were performed using cycle ergometry. High intensity interval training: Participants performed HIIT twice a week for eight weeks. Findings were compared to moderate intensity continuous training which followed the same exercise frequency and duration The Circuit Training (CT) group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80%. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated. Each station was occupied for three to six minutes depending on session duration with minimal rest in-between. Circuit training: The CT group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80% HRmax twice per week for eight weeks. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED 21 21
COMPLETED 20 19
NOT COMPLETED 1 2

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title High Intensity Interval Training Circuit Training Total
Arm/Group Description Perform High intensity interval training twice per week for 8 weeks Perform Circuit training twice per week for 8 weeks Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants 21 21 42
Age (Count of Participants)
<=18 years
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
Between 18 and 65 years
21
100%
21
100%
42
100%
>=65 years
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
Age (years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [years]
42.5
(12.3)
41.2
(12.9)
41.9
(12.6)
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female
10
47.6%
9
42.9%
19
45.2%
Male
11
52.4%
12
57.1%
23
54.8%
Race (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
American Indian or Alaska Native
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
Asian
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
Black or African American
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
White
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
More than one race
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
Unknown or Not Reported
21
100%
21
100%
42
100%
Region of Enrollment (Count of Participants)
United Kingdom
20
95.2%
19
90.5%
39
92.9%
Body mass index (kg.m-2) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [kg.m-2]
24.4
(2.3)
25.9
(2.7)
25.2
(2.5)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [mmHg]
122
(14)
126
(11)
124
(12)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [mmHg]
75
(11)
79
(9)
77
(10)
Resting heart rate (bpm) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [bpm]
68
(12)
67
(10)
68
(11)
Respiratory exchange ratio at VO2max (unitless) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [unitless]
1.30
(0.12)
1.31
(0.12)
1.31
(0.12)
Heart rate maximum (bpm) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [bpm]
174
(12)
174
(14)
174
(13)
Maximum oxygen consumption/heart rate (ml.beat-1) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [ml.beat-1]
12.8
(3.7)
13.9
(3.9)
13.6
(3.8)
Peak power output (watts) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [watts]
191.9
(43.7)
209.8
(55.2)
200.9
(49.5)

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome
Title Maximal Oxygen Consumption (ml.Kg-1.Min-1)
Description Maximal oxygen consumption (ml.kg-1.min-1), as determined during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) represents the upper limit of aerobic fitness in humans. A low VO2max is associated with a greater risk of premature all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, independent of traditional risk factors and physical activity status. Conversely, increasing VO2max through exercise training may improve cardiometabolic health, quality of life and increase life-expectancy
Time Frame Baseline and 8 weeks

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description
[Not Specified]
Arm/Group Title High Intensity Interval Training Circuit Training
Arm/Group Description High intensity interval training was set at > 85% HRmax. Active recovery was set at 25-50 watts. Sessions were performed using cycle ergometry. High intensity interval training: Participants performed HIIT twice a week for eight weeks. Findings were compared to moderate intensity continuous training which followed the same exercise frequency and duration The circuit training group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80%. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated. Each station was occupied for three to six minutes depending on session duration with minimal rest in-between. Circuit training: The CT group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80% HRmax twice per week for eight weeks. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated
Measure Participants 20 19
Pre Intervention
31.5
(7.1)
31.4
(6.8)
Post Intervention
35.4
(7.3)
32.4
(6.2)
Statistical Analysis 1
Statistical Analysis Overview Comparison Group Selection High Intensity Interval Training, Circuit Training
Comments A sample size of 38 using G*Power 3.1 software was calculated based on previously published data in which the mean difference between HIIT and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) was 3.2 ml.kg-1.min-1 with a pooled standard deviation of 3 ml.kg-1.min-1. Statistical significance was set at = 0.05 and power set to 0.95. To allow for 10% attrition 42 individuals were recruited to the study
Type of Statistical Test Superiority
Comments
Statistical Test of Hypothesis p-Value <0.01
Comments A P-value of 0.05 was used as the threshold for significance
Method ANOVA
Comments
2. Secondary Outcome
Title Oxygen Consumption at the Ventilatory Anaerobic Threshold
Description Oxygen consumption at the Ventilatory Anaerobic Threshold ml/kg/min. This measure will assess if individuals can exercise at higher intensities before lactate accumulation, thus becoming 'physiologically efficient
Time Frame Baseline and 8 weeks

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description
[Not Specified]
Arm/Group Title High Intensity Interval Training Circuit Training
Arm/Group Description HIIT was set at > 85% HRmax. Active recovery was set at 25-50 watts. Sessions were performed using cycle ergometry. High intensity interval training: Participants performed HIIT twice a week for eight weeks. Findings were compared to moderate intensity continuous training which followed the same exercise frequency and duration The CT group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80%. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated. Each station was occupied for three to six minutes depending on session duration with minimal rest in-between. Circuit training: The CT group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80% HRmax twice per week for eight weeks. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated
Measure Participants 20 19
Pre Intervention
15.5
(2.7)
15.6
(3.0)
Post Intervention
17.9
(2.5)
16.2
(3.1)
Statistical Analysis 1
Statistical Analysis Overview Comparison Group Selection High Intensity Interval Training, Circuit Training
Comments
Type of Statistical Test Superiority
Comments
Statistical Test of Hypothesis p-Value <0.01
Comments 0.05 was used as a threshold for significance
Method ANOVA
Comments
3. Other Pre-specified Outcome
Title Intervention Fidelity - Participants That Complied With the Exercise Protocols
Description To assess if the interventions were delivered as intended, percentage of participants that complied with the exercise protocols
Time Frame 8 weeks

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description
To assess the validity of the exercise interventions, participant fidelity to the desired exercise intensity was determined using cut points using specific cut points. Fidelity was measured over the course of the 16 sessions.
Arm/Group Title High Intensity Interval Training Circuit Training
Arm/Group Description High intensity interval training was set at > 85% HRmax. Active recovery was set at 25-50 watts. Sessions were performed using cycle ergometry. High intensity interval training: Participants performed HIIT twice a week for eight weeks. Findings were compared to moderate intensity continuous training which followed the same exercise frequency and duration The circuit training group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80%. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated. Each station was occupied for three to six minutes depending on session duration with minimal rest in-between. Circuit training: The CT group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80% HRmax twice per week for eight weeks. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated
Measure Participants 20 19
Median (Inter-Quartile Range) [Percentage]
90
86
4. Other Pre-specified Outcome
Title The Percentage of Individuals That Responsed to the Intervention
Description If participants had a postive increased in maximal oxygen consumption following the two interventions
Time Frame 8 weeks

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description
A percentage of participants that increased maximal oxygen consumption
Arm/Group Title High Intensity Interval Training Circuit Training
Arm/Group Description High intensity interval training was set at > 85% HRmax. Active recovery was set at 25-50 watts. Sessions were performed using cycle ergometry. High intensity interval training: Participants performed HIIT twice a week for eight weeks. Findings were compared to moderate intensity continuous training which followed the same exercise frequency and duration The circuit training group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80%. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated. Each station was occupied for three to six minutes depending on session duration with minimal rest in-between. Circuit training: The CT group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80% HRmax twice per week for eight weeks. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated
Measure Participants 20 19
Number [Percentage]
100
78

Adverse Events

Time Frame Data was collected for each participant over the course of their intervention which was 8 weeks
Adverse Event Reporting Description
Arm/Group Title High Intensity Interval Training Circuit Training
Arm/Group Description HIIT was set at > 85% HRmax. Active recovery was set at 25-50 watts. Sessions were performed using cycle ergometry. High intensity interval training: Participants performed HIIT twice a week for eight weeks. Findings were compared to moderate intensity continuous training which followed the same exercise frequency and duration The CT group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80%. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated. Each station was occupied for three to six minutes depending on session duration with minimal rest in-between. Circuit training: The CT group completed a practical seven-station mixed modality exercise circuit (cycle ergometer, rower, treadmill, sit to stand, knee to elbow and leg kickback with bicep curl) at an intensity of 60-80% HRmax twice per week for eight weeks. Participants initially performed 20 minutes of CT with duration gradually increased to the desired 40 minutes as tolerated
All Cause Mortality
High Intensity Interval Training Circuit Training
Affected / at Risk (%) # Events Affected / at Risk (%) # Events
Total 0/20 (0%) 0/19 (0%)
Serious Adverse Events
High Intensity Interval Training Circuit Training
Affected / at Risk (%) # Events Affected / at Risk (%) # Events
Total 0/20 (0%) 0/19 (0%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
High Intensity Interval Training Circuit Training
Affected / at Risk (%) # Events Affected / at Risk (%) # Events
Total 0/20 (0%) 0/19 (0%)

Limitations/Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.

Results Point of Contact

Name/Title Stefan Birkett Lecturer in Exercise Science
Organization University of Central Lancashire
Phone 01772 893325
Email sbirkett4@uclan.ac.uk
Responsible Party:
Stefan Birkett, Lecturer in Exercise Science, University of Central Lancashire
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
NCT03700671
Other Study ID Numbers:
  • UCentralLancashire
First Posted:
Oct 9, 2018
Last Update Posted:
Feb 17, 2020
Last Verified:
Feb 1, 2020