SteadyRx: Smartphone ART Adherence Intervention for Drug Users

• Sponsor: Johns Hopkins University (Other)
• Overall Status: Completed
• CT.gov ID: NCT02317614
• Collaborator: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (NIH), Western Michigan University (Other)
• Enrollment: 51
• Location: 1
• Arms: 2
• Actual Duration (Months): 23.9
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 2.1

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) increases life expectancy and quality of life for individuals infected with HIV, and can reduce the chance of HIV transmission, but a high degree of adherence to ART is required to achieve these benefits. Unfortunately, only 59% of patients in North America report ART adherence >90%. Thus, ART adherence interventions are a critical part of the fight against HIV/AIDS. Injection drug use and crack cocaine use are major factors in the transmission of HIV, and are associated with non-adherence to ART. Several types of interventions, most notably directly administered antiretroviral therapy (direct observation of antiretroviral administration and patient supports) and contingency management (the provision of incentives contingent upon objective evidence of adherence) have been effective in promoting ART adherence in drug users. However, a core problem with all ART adherence interventions is that their effects do not last after the interventions are discontinued. The common finding of post-intervention dissipation of effects suggests that ART adherence interventions may need to be long-term or even permanent adjuncts to ART for drug users. The investigators intend to develop an intensive intervention that incorporates the most effective techniques for promoting ART adherence in drug users, and delivers them in a manner that allows for their large-scale implementation as long-term or even permanent adjuncts to ART. Thus, we will bundle a targeted group of effective component interventions into a smartphone application that is easy for patients to use, simple to manage, and maximally convenient for all stakeholders. Our ultimate goal is to produce an intervention that is highly effective and scalable. Toward that end, the SteadyRX intervention to be developed under this project will be largely automated and will (1) facilitate consultation with care providers (2) provide reminders when a dose is overdue, (3) provide electronic remote observation of medication-taking, and (4) reward ART adherence. In addition to developing this smartphone-based intervention, a pilot study will be conducted in 50 HIV+ adults with a history of problem drug use. In this study, participants will be randomly assigned to receive usual care, or usual care plus the SteadyRX intervention.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
HIV; Medication Adherence	Behavioral: SteadyRx	N/A

Detailed Description

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) increases life expectancy and quality of life for individuals infected with HIV, and can reduce the chance of HIV transmission. These fantastic personal and public health benefits require a high level of adherence to the prescribed treatment regimen. High rates of virologic suppression can be achieved with an adherence rate of 90%, but adherence of 95% or more appears to produce the best combination of a higher probability of virologic suppression and a lower probability of the development of resistance to the medications. Unfortunately, only 59% of patients in North America report ART adherence >90%. Thus, ART adherence interventions are a critical part of the fight against HIV/AIDS, and there is a substantial need for novel and effective ART adherence interventions.

Injection drug use and crack cocaine use are major factors in the transmission of HIV and have been associated with non-adherence to ART. Several types of interventions have been effective in promoting short-term ART adherence in these populations. Counseling strategies and reminders (e.g., beepers, calendars, etc.) have each had modest effects. Still more successful approaches have included directly administered antiretroviral therapy (DAART, in which patients are observed by care providers as they take their medication), medication assisted therapy (e.g., methadone maintenance), and contingency management (monetary incentives for maintaining adherence to HIV medications). However, a core problem with all ART adherence interventions is that their effects do not appear to last after the interventions are discontinued. In a recent review of ART adherence interventions for drug users, researchers expressed concern over the "virtual lack of interventions with sustained post-intervention adherence and virologic benefits." The common finding of post-intervention dissipation of effects suggests that ART adherence interventions may need to be implemented as long-term or even permanent adjuncts to ART for drug users.

The investigators seek to develop an intensive intervention that incorporates the most effective techniques for promoting ART adherence in drug users, and deliver them in a manner that allows for their large-scale implementation as long-term or even permanent adjuncts to ART. The investigators propose a three year development project for an ART adherence intervention that bundles a targeted group of effective component interventions into a Smartphone application that is easy for patients to use, simple to manage, and maximally convenient for all stakeholders. Toward that end, the intervention to be developed under this project will (1) facilitate consultation with care providers (2) provide reminders when a dose is overdue, (3) provide remote electronic observation of medication-taking, and (4) provide incentives for ART adherence. The proposed intervention (SteadyRx) is highly innovative: no previous ART adherence intervention has involved direct observation of medication administration and contingency management, despite their respective effectiveness in isolation. Importantly, no mobile/remote intervention currently under development is as intensive as SteadyRx.

The developmental process for this application will begin with modification of existing technology, which will be followed by conducting focus groups with the intended target population as well as with physicians, primary care staff, and health administrators, respectively, in order to enhance the adoptability of the intervention by including application functions and interface design that is sensitive to the needs of all stakeholders. Small scale testing with members of the target population will be used to further refine the application and produce a beta version for use in a pilot randomized controlled trial.

In the pilot study, 50 HIV+ adults with a history of problem drug use will be randomly assigned to receive either usual care services at a primary care facility or these services plus the SteadyRx intervention. The project has the following Specific Aims:

1. Develop the SteadyRx Smartphone intervention

2. Conduct focus groups with the target population, physicians, primary care staff, and health administrators, respectively, prior to creating the application and instructional materials

3. Create alpha versions of the smartphone application and related instructional materials

4. Create a beta version of the application to use in the pilot randomized controlled trial.

5. Implement SteadyRx in a pilot randomized controlled trial

6. Evaluate SteadyRx's acceptability to stakeholders, user experience, and user engagement.

7. Collect preliminary data on the effectiveness of SteadyRx in improving ART adherence, reducing viral load, and promoting high CD4 counts

8. Collect preliminary assessment of associations between ongoing drug use and health literacy and the effectiveness of SteadyRx.

Overall, the combination of consultation, reminders, direct observation, and incentives for adherence, when delivered as a long-term adjunct to ART via Smartphone application could prove to be a maximally effective and practical means of realizing the fantastic potential of modern ART for improving the lives of individuals with HIV/AIDS and for reducing the rate of HIV transmission by high-risk patients.

STUDY PROCEDURES Application Development Alpha Version. As the first step in the development of the application, the investigators will create an alpha version of the application that includes the PillWatch feature. Note that the PillWatch feature will require only minor modification from the existing Mōtiv8 technology used by Dallery (Co-I). Other aspects of the planned application will require more substantial development and thus will not be fully developed until after the focus group sessions described below.

Focus Groups. As the second step in the development of the application, the investigators will conduct three focus group sessions. All focus groups will be designed and moderated by Baltimore Research, a full service marketing research company with over 50 years of experience (See Facilities and Other Resources for further details). Baltimore Research will also handle all data collection and analysis for the focus group sessions and provide the study team with a final report for each session. Each focus group will include a relatively homogeneous set of stakeholders: Physicians/primary care staff, health administrators (e.g., see Priority Partners letter of support), and patients, respectively. All focus groups will include approximately eight participants, as this has been identified as an ideal number of participants in a focus group session. In order to ensure that approximately eight participants will be included, the investigators will attempt to recruit at least 10 participants, because all participants must show up at the same time for a specific scheduled session, and this usually results in some people who agree to participate but do not show up at the scheduled time. These groups will be held as one-time sessions designed to generate ideas that will enhance the application's usability and adoptability from the perspective of the professionals who are most likely to be involved in the institutional decision making processes relevant to the dissemination of the proposed intervention. The investigators anticipate that recruitment of health professionals will be straightforward given our extensive connections to professionals throughout the local health care systems in Baltimore, and consultation by Baltimore Research will ensure that these recruitment processes are free of bias. The third focus group session (patients) will be the beginning of an iterative process in which the investigators first solicit ideas about the functionality and interface of the application. Participants for this focus group will be recruited using methods identical to those described below for the pilot randomized controlled trial.

Create the Beta Version. Following the initial four focus group sessions, the beta version of the application will be created with the critical features described above. The end product of this part of the development process will be the beta version that will be used in the pilot study described below.

PILOT STUDY The investigators expect that all participants will be patients at the Comprehensive Care Practice (CCP). CCP is located in the Mason F. Lord Building at the Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center in Baltimore, MD. CCP provides primary medical care to ~450 HIV+ adults and will serve as the recruitment site.

Participants will be recruited from their regularly scheduled HIV care appointments at the CCP at which current viral load and CD4 counts are evaluated. Any HIV+ patient with a substance use disorder will be told by their CCP doctor about our research study and given a recruitment flyer that explains the benefits of participation. If they express interest, the doctor will immediately contact the CCP Medical Case Manager who is in charge of study recruitment and assessment (hereafter, outreach coordinator). The outreach coordinator will briefly explain the intake interview process and basic purpose of the study. If the patient agrees to move forward they will begin with a formal consent process. During this process, the outreach coordinator will read the consent form aloud in its entirety while the participant follows along. After signing the consent form, the patient will proceed immediately to the intake interview unless their schedule precludes it, in which case they will provide contact information and schedule the intake interview for a time on the next day or as soon as possible. Participants who have signed consent but who have not returned to CCP will be given reminder calls related to their scheduled intake interview. They will also receive follow up calls if they fail to show up for their scheduled appointment time.

For any given pilot study participant, study participation will last for six months, and will include an intake visit plus six visits at 30 day intervals thereafter. For focus group participants, study participation will consist of a single focus group session.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 51 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: SteadyRx: Smartphone ART Adherence Intervention for Drug Users
• Actual Study Start Date: May 2, 2016
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Apr 30, 2018
• Actual Study Completion Date: Apr 30, 2018

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: SteadyRx This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. In addition, they will be given Smartphones loaded with the SteadyRx intervention.	Behavioral: SteadyRx; The proposed intervention consists of four core elements. The intervention will include a Smartphone application that allows direct interaction with the SteadyRx system, as well as automatic events controlled via a central server. The CONSULT element will facilitate patient-provider communication with links to care providers and other care resources. The REMIND element will provide telephonic reminders for late doses. The OBSERVE element will feature electronically observed dosing through time-stamped video recordings made on the Smartphone and sent securely to a central server. The REWARD element will feature monetary incentives designed to reinforce short- and long-term medication adherence and promote reductions in viral load.
No Intervention: Usual Care This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. They will not receive a Smartphone or the SteadyRx adherence intervention.

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Medication Adherence as Assessed by the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) Cap [Six months]

   The MEMS cap is a device that records the date and time whenever a patient opens a vial to monitor medication adherence. Percentage of participant to achieve 95% adherence will then be recorded.

2. Percentage of Participants Achieving an Undetectable Viral Load in Six Months [Six months]

   Measured twice in six months to assess the percentage of participants to achieve a viral load <400 HIV-RNA/mL (Y/N)

Secondary Outcome Measures

1. Monthly Percent Adherence to Antiretroviral Medications. [Six months]

   This measure is calculated for each participant in each study month. The number of days in the month in which the participant correctly consumed their antiretroviral medication is divided by the number of days in the month. The measure is collected by an electronic pill bottle cap (a.k.a. "MEMS cap").

2. Viral Load [Six months]

   Actual HIV-RNA levels, measured at the same time as the undetectable viral load outcome measure

Other Outcome Measures

1. Mental and Physicial Health as Assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV) [Six months]

   The 35-item questionnaire includes ten dimensions (health perceptions, pain, physical, role, social and cognitive functioning, mental health, energy, health distress and quality of life (QoL). Subscales are scored on a 0-100 scale (a higher score indicates better health) and separate physical and mental health summary scores are calculated. Summary scores for these items are transforms with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Thus, for both scores, being of average (physical or mental) health leads to a score of 50, with a range of 20 to 80.

2. Opiate and Cocaine Use [Six months]

   Measured using monthly self-report. Response will be binary (Yes/No). The percentage of the participants that reported yes will be recorded for each month and then an average for the 6 month period calculated.

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years to 100 Years
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Inclusion Criteria:

• Applicants will be eligible to participate in the study if they:

1. are 18 to 100 years old;

2. are HIV positive;

3. have a primary care physician who is providing their HIV-related care including prescribed ART;

4. have a substance use disorder

5. can operate a smartphone

6. speak English fluently

Exclusion Criteria:

• Applicants will be excluded if they:

1. report current suicidal or homicidal ideation;

2. report active hallucinations;

3. are participating in another HIV related study.

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	Comprehensive Care Practice	Baltimore	Maryland	United States	21224

Sponsors and Collaborators

• Johns Hopkins University
• National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
• Western Michigan University

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Michael Fingerhood, MD, Johns Hopkins University

Study Documents (Full-Text)

• Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan - Jul 17, 2017

More Information

Publications

None provided.

• Responsible Party: Johns Hopkins University
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02317614
• Other Study ID Numbers: IRB00026315; R34DA037130
• First Posted: Dec 16, 2014
• Last Update Posted: Nov 20, 2018
• Last Verified: Nov 1, 2018

• Keywords provided by Johns Hopkins University: Incentives; Smartphone; Mobile intervention; eDOT; Adherence reinforcement; Drug users

Study Results

Participant Flow

Recruitment Details	The originally planned recruitment strategy did not work. We thus expanded our recruitment to the entire city of Baltimore instead of just one clinic.

Arm/Group Title	SteadyRx	Usual Care
Arm/Group Description	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. In addition, they will be given Smartphones loaded with the SteadyRx intervention. SteadyRx: The proposed intervention consists of four core elements. The intervention will include a Smartphone application that allows direct interaction with the SteadyRx system, as well as automatic events controlled via a central server. The CONSULT element will facilitate patient-provider communication with links to care providers and other care resources. The REMIND element will provide telephonic reminders for late doses. The OBSERVE element will feature electronically observed dosing through time-stamped video recordings made on the Smartphone and sent securely to a central server. The REWARD element will feature monetary incentives designed to reinforce short- and long-term medication adherence and promote reductions in viral load.	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. They will not receive a Smartphone or the SteadyRx adherence intervention.
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	26	25
COMPLETED	23	23
NOT COMPLETED	3	2

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	SteadyRx	Usual Care	Total
Arm/Group Description	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. In addition, they will be given Smartphones loaded with the SteadyRx intervention. SteadyRx: The proposed intervention consists of four core elements. The intervention will include a Smartphone application that allows direct interaction with the SteadyRx system, as well as automatic events controlled via a central server. The CONSULT element will facilitate patient-provider communication with links to care providers and other care resources. The REMIND element will provide telephonic reminders for late doses. The OBSERVE element will feature electronically observed dosing through time-stamped video recordings made on the Smartphone and sent securely to a central server. The REWARD element will feature monetary incentives designed to reinforce short- and long-term medication adherence and promote reductions in viral load.	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. They will not receive a Smartphone or the SteadyRx adherence intervention.	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	25	25	50
Age (Years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [Years]	52.36 (10.69)	54 (7.81)	53.18 (9.25)
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	17 68%	9 36%	26 52%
Male	8 32%	16 64%	24 48%
Race/Ethnicity, Customized (Count of Participants)
Black	23 92%	21 84%	44 88%
White	1 4%	3 12%	4 8%
Other	1 4%	1 4%	2 4%
Region of Enrollment (Count of Participants)
United States	25 100%	25 100%	50 100%
Education (years) (years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [years]	11.96 (1.24)	11.88 (2.13)	11.92 (1.69)
Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) score (units on a scale) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	85.16 (12.36)	80.28 (15.27)	82.72 (13.82)
number (and percentage) of participants with clinical depression (Count of Participants)
Count of Participants [Participants]	9 36%	11 44%	20 40%
number (and percentage) of participants with cocaine or non-prescribed opioids in the last 30 days (Count of Participants)
Count of Participants [Participants]	9 36%	6 24%	15 30%
number (and percentage) of participants with cocaine or non-prescribed opioid use in their lifetime (Count of Participants)
Count of Participants [Participants]	24 96%	23 92%	47 94%
number (and percentage) of participants with an undetectable HIV viral load (Count of Participants)
Count of Participants [Participants]	22 88%	24 96%	46 92%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Medication Adherence as Assessed by the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) Cap
Description	The MEMS cap is a device that records the date and time whenever a patient opens a vial to monitor medication adherence. Percentage of participant to achieve 95% adherence will then be recorded.
Time Frame	Six months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Participants' monthly data over six months were included. Missing data were treated as missing.

Arm/Group Title	SteadyRx	Usual Care
Arm/Group Description	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. In addition, they will be given Smartphones loaded with the SteadyRx intervention. SteadyRx: The proposed intervention consists of four core elements. The intervention will include a Smartphone application that allows direct interaction with the SteadyRx system, as well as automatic events controlled via a central server. The CONSULT element will facilitate patient-provider communication with links to care providers and other care resources. The REMIND element will provide telephonic reminders for late doses. The OBSERVE element will feature electronically observed dosing through time-stamped video recordings made on the Smartphone and sent securely to a central server. The REWARD element will feature monetary incentives designed to reinforce short- and long-term medication adherence and promote reductions in viral load.	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. They will not receive a Smartphone or the SteadyRx adherence intervention.
Measure Participants	25	25
Number [percentage of participants]	52.2 208.8%	27.2 108.8%

2. Primary Outcome

Title	Percentage of Participants Achieving an Undetectable Viral Load in Six Months
Description	Measured twice in six months to assess the percentage of participants to achieve a viral load <400 HIV-RNA/mL (Y/N)
Time Frame	Six months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	SteadyRx	Usual Care
Arm/Group Description	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. In addition, they will be given Smartphones loaded with the SteadyRx intervention. SteadyRx: The proposed intervention consists of four core elements. The intervention will include a Smartphone application that allows direct interaction with the SteadyRx system, as well as automatic events controlled via a central server. The CONSULT element will facilitate patient-provider communication with links to care providers and other care resources. The REMIND element will provide telephonic reminders for late doses. The OBSERVE element will feature electronically observed dosing through time-stamped video recordings made on the Smartphone and sent securely to a central server. The REWARD element will feature monetary incentives designed to reinforce short- and long-term medication adherence and promote reductions in viral load.	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. They will not receive a Smartphone or the SteadyRx adherence intervention.
Measure Participants	25	25
Number [percentage of participants]	88.1 352.4%	100 400%

3. Secondary Outcome

Title	Monthly Percent Adherence to Antiretroviral Medications.
Description	This measure is calculated for each participant in each study month. The number of days in the month in which the participant correctly consumed their antiretroviral medication is divided by the number of days in the month. The measure is collected by an electronic pill bottle cap (a.k.a. "MEMS cap").
Time Frame	Six months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	SteadyRx	Usual Care
Arm/Group Description	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. In addition, they will be given Smartphones loaded with the SteadyRx intervention. SteadyRx: The proposed intervention consists of four core elements. The intervention will include a Smartphone application that allows direct interaction with the SteadyRx system, as well as automatic events controlled via a central server. The CONSULT element will facilitate patient-provider communication with links to care providers and other care resources. The REMIND element will provide telephonic reminders for late doses. The OBSERVE element will feature electronically observed dosing through time-stamped video recordings made on the Smartphone and sent securely to a central server. The REWARD element will feature monetary incentives designed to reinforce short- and long-term medication adherence and promote reductions in viral load.	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. They will not receive a Smartphone or the SteadyRx adherence intervention.
Measure Participants	25	25
Mean (Standard Error) [percentage of adherence to ART]	87.97 (1.64)	73.88 (2.4)

4. Secondary Outcome

Title	Viral Load
Description	Actual HIV-RNA levels, measured at the same time as the undetectable viral load outcome measure
Time Frame	Six months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	SteadyRx	Usual Care
Arm/Group Description	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. In addition, they will be given Smartphones loaded with the SteadyRx intervention. SteadyRx: The proposed intervention consists of four core elements. The intervention will include a Smartphone application that allows direct interaction with the SteadyRx system, as well as automatic events controlled via a central server. The CONSULT element will facilitate patient-provider communication with links to care providers and other care resources. The REMIND element will provide telephonic reminders for late doses. The OBSERVE element will feature electronically observed dosing through time-stamped video recordings made on the Smartphone and sent securely to a central server. The REWARD element will feature monetary incentives designed to reinforce short- and long-term medication adherence and promote reductions in viral load.	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. They will not receive a Smartphone or the SteadyRx adherence intervention.
Measure Participants	25	25
Mean (Standard Error) [copies/mL blood]	248.17 (182.64)	23.38 (1.37)

5. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	Mental and Physicial Health as Assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV)
Description	The 35-item questionnaire includes ten dimensions (health perceptions, pain, physical, role, social and cognitive functioning, mental health, energy, health distress and quality of life (QoL). Subscales are scored on a 0-100 scale (a higher score indicates better health) and separate physical and mental health summary scores are calculated. Summary scores for these items are transforms with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Thus, for both scores, being of average (physical or mental) health leads to a score of 50, with a range of 20 to 80.
Time Frame	Six months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	SteadyRx	Usual Care
Arm/Group Description	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. In addition, they will be given Smartphones loaded with the SteadyRx intervention. SteadyRx: The proposed intervention consists of four core elements. The intervention will include a Smartphone application that allows direct interaction with the SteadyRx system, as well as automatic events controlled via a central server. The CONSULT element will facilitate patient-provider communication with links to care providers and other care resources. The REMIND element will provide telephonic reminders for late doses. The OBSERVE element will feature electronically observed dosing through time-stamped video recordings made on the Smartphone and sent securely to a central server. The REWARD element will feature monetary incentives designed to reinforce short- and long-term medication adherence and promote reductions in viral load.	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. They will not receive a Smartphone or the SteadyRx adherence intervention.
Measure Participants	25	25
Mental health score	54.6 (8.33)	51.4 (12.36)
Physical health score	45.63 (11.41)	42.75 (12.95)

6. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	Opiate and Cocaine Use
Description	Measured using monthly self-report. Response will be binary (Yes/No). The percentage of the participants that reported yes will be recorded for each month and then an average for the 6 month period calculated.
Time Frame	Six months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Includes data from six months (repeated measures), with missing data treated as missing. Percent of participants reporting use of either cocaine, opiates, or both is the reported value.

Arm/Group Title	SteadyRx	Usual Care
Arm/Group Description	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. In addition, they will be given Smartphones loaded with the SteadyRx intervention. SteadyRx: The proposed intervention consists of four core elements. The intervention will include a Smartphone application that allows direct interaction with the SteadyRx system, as well as automatic events controlled via a central server. The CONSULT element will facilitate patient-provider communication with links to care providers and other care resources. The REMIND element will provide telephonic reminders for late doses. The OBSERVE element will feature electronically observed dosing through time-stamped video recordings made on the Smartphone and sent securely to a central server. The REWARD element will feature monetary incentives designed to reinforce short- and long-term medication adherence and promote reductions in viral load.	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. They will not receive a Smartphone or the SteadyRx adherence intervention.
Measure Participants	25	25
Mean (Standard Deviation) [percentage of participants]	20.0 (9.0) 80%	22.8 (4.9) 91.2%

Adverse Events

Time Frame	6 months
Adverse Event Reporting Description	The FDA definition of adverse events was used to guide adverse event reporting to the funding agency and IRB during this study. According to the FDA definition, no adverse events occurred during the monitoring period. In addition, adverse events were recorded based on the clinicaltrials.gov definitions.
Arm/Group Title	SteadyRx		Usual Care
Arm/Group Description	This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. In addition, they will be given Smartphones loaded with the SteadyRx intervention. SteadyRx: The proposed intervention consists of four core elements. The intervention will include a Smartphone application that allows direct interaction with the SteadyRx system, as well as automatic events controlled via a central server. The CONSULT element will facilitate patient-provider communication with links to care providers and other care resources. The REMIND element will provide telephonic reminders for late doses. The OBSERVE element will feature electronically observed dosing through time-stamped video recordings made on the Smartphone and sent securely to a central server. The REWARD element will feature monetary incentives designed to reinforce short- and long-term medication adherence and promote reductions in viral load.		This group will be assessed at monthly intervals. They will receive their usual care at their regular providers. They will not receive a Smartphone or the SteadyRx adherence intervention.
All Cause Mortality
	SteadyRx		Usual Care
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	1/25 (4%)		1/25 (4%)
Serious Adverse Events
	SteadyRx		Usual Care
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	1/25 (4%)		1/25 (4%)
Immune system disorders
Death	1/25 (4%)	1	1/25 (4%)	1
Hospitalization	1/25 (4%)	1	0/25 (0%)	0
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	SteadyRx		Usual Care
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/25 (0%)		0/25 (0%)

Limitations/Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.