AmbassADDOrs for Health Study
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
The goal of the study is to evaluate Malkia Klabu ("Queen Club") in Tanzania, a loyalty program intervention that creates adolescent girls and young women (AGYW)-friendly drug shops where AGYW can access HIV prevention services and contraception.
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
|
N/A |
Detailed Description
The investigators will conduct a cluster-randomized controlled trial of the Malkia Klabu intervention in 40 health facility catchment areas (n=60-70 intervention drug shops; ~3-4 drug shops per area) in the Shinyanga and Mwanza regions of Tanzania, plus a mixed-methods, implementation science study to pinpoint supply-side factors influencing effectiveness (e.g., implementation models, intervention fidelity, shop characteristics).
Malkia Klabu is a loyalty card program derived from a youth participatory process with human centered design. Young women earn punches on the Malkia Klabu loyalty card when they make drug shop purchases that upon accrual can be used towards prizes of increasing value. When joining, young women receive a free HIV self test kit (HIVST) as an opt out sign-up gift, are invited to interact with a physical display of sexual and reproductive health products, including HIVST, and may elect to view videos on a tablet computer about the program, HIVST, and contraception. The back of the card displays discreet symbols representing sensitive products available at the shop (e.g., HIVST, oral contraception). Club members can ask for or point to the product that they want on the card and receive it for free in a discreet bag. Referrals are provided to youth-friendly services at a nearby catchment area health facility for HIV testing, treatment and care, and/or contraception.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Experimental: Drug shops, also known as Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets (ADDOs), owners or staff All drug shopkeepers in intervention areas (within Shinyanga or Mwanza) will be invited to participate in Malkia Klabu, a loyalty card program. Consenting drug shops in intervention areas should be willing and able to keep records of referrals and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) product distribution given to AGYW through the use of Maisha Meds during the one month run-in period. |
Behavioral: Loyalty card program at drug shops & supply of HIVST and SRH products
Consenting drug shops will receive:
training on Malkia Klabu implementation;
HIVST training (same as comparison drug shops);
procedures for referring to youth-friendly HIV/SRH services;
a monthly supply of HIVST reserved for free distribution to AGYW, with "free" price stickers and pre-packaged with referral information; and
reimbursement for SRH products given to AGYW (e.g., birth control pills).
|
| Placebo Comparator: Shopkeepers in control arm for comparison area Drug shopkeepers, staff and/or owners as part of the control arm will receive standard HIV training, guidance on referring AGYW to proximal HIV care, and HIVST for free distribution to AGYW. |
Behavioral: Comparison drug shops
Consenting drug shops in the comparison arm catchment areas will have access to the Maisha Meds inventory management application system for offline digital recording of HIVST, HIVST kits earmarked for free to AGYW, guidance on HIV care referral plan to facilitate linkage to nearby health facilities for AGYW. These control drug shops will not participate in Malkia Klabu (Queen Club) program implementation.
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Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Cumulative HIV diagnoses among 15-24 year old females [24 months]
Cumulative HIV-positive tests among 15-24 year old females at 24 months from routinely collected health facility data, disaggregated by sex and age, aggregated to the catchment area level.
- Antenatal care registrations by 15-24 year old females [24 months]
Cumulative antenatal care registrations among 15-24 year old females at 24 months from routinely collected health facility data, disaggregated by age, aggregated to the catchment area level.
Secondary Outcome Measures
- ART initiation among newly diagnosed AGYW [24 months]
Data on ART initiation abstracted from routinely collected health facility data, disaggregated by sex and age, aggregated to the catchment area level.
- Distribution of HIVST to AGYW [24 months]
Distribution of HIVST to AGYW will be documented in Maisha Meds, a point of sales inventory system to be used by participating drug shops in both arms. This will be a continuous variable with a lower limit of zero and an undefined upper limit and is the simple count of all HIVSTs distributed to AGYW who visit the shops.
- Distribution contraception to AGYW [24 months]
Distribution of contraception to AGYW will be documented in Maisha Meds, a point of sales inventory system to be used by participating drug shops in both arms. This will be a continuous variable with a lower limit of zero and an undefined upper limit and is the simple count of the combined total number of oral contraceptive pills, emergency contraception, and condoms sold to AGYW who visit the shops.
- Program exposure [24 months]
Self-reported data from AGYW on exposure to Malkia Klabu (if any) will be collected during an endline survey. This will be a proportion defined as the number of AGYW who report ever receiving a Malkia Klabu card (i.e. enrolling) as the numerator over the total number of AGYW interviewed. The values will range from 0-100%.
- Recent HIV testing [24 months]
Self-reported data from AGYW on recent HIV testing (if any) will be collected during an endline survey. This will be a proportion defined as the number of AGYW who report testing for HIV in the last 6 months as the numerator over the total number of AGYW interviewed. The values will range from 0-100%.
- Recent pregnancy testing [24 months]
Self-reported data from AGYW on recent pregnancy testing (if any) will be collected during an endline survey. This will be a proportion defined as the number of AGYW who report taking a pregnancy test in the last 6 months as the numerator over the total number of AGYW interviewed. The values will range from 0-100%.
- Unmet need for contraception [24 months]
Self-reported data from AGYW on contraceptive preferences, desires, and use (if any) will be collected during an endline survey. Unmet need is defined as the number of women who do not want to get pregnant but are not using a method of birth control and are sexually active. We will use the collected data to create a variable where the numerator is the number of women not using a method of birth control and do not desire to get pregnant over the total number of sexually active women.
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
The primary unit of analysis are the wards, and within them, the drug shops who will be enrolled based on the following inclusion criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:
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Wards with no greater than 3 public health facilities;
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Wards with no less than 4 drug shops;
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Wards with health facilities that were greater than 20 KM from a primary or secondary road; and
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Drug shop owners and staff in Shinyanga and Mwanza Regions of Tanzania who are aged 18 or older;
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mwanza Province | Mwanza | Tanzania | ||
| 2 | Shinyanga Province | Shinyanga | Tanzania |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- University of California, San Francisco
- University of California, Berkeley
- Health for a Prosperous Nation
- RTI International
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Jenny X Liu, PhD, University of California, San Francisco
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
- Corroon M, Kebede E, Spektor G, Speizer I. Key Role of Drug Shops and Pharmacies for Family Planning in Urban Nigeria and Kenya. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2016 Dec 28;4(4):594-609. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00197. Print 2016 Dec 23.
- Hunter LA, McCoy SI, Rao A, Mnyippembe A, Hassan K, Njau P, Mfaume R, Liu JX. Designing drug shops for young women in Tanzania: applying human-centred design to facilitate access to HIV self-testing and contraception. Health Policy Plan. 2021 Nov 11;36(10):1562-1573. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czab084.
- Liu J, Prach LM, Treleaven E, Hansen M, Anyanti J, Jagha T, Seaman V, Ajumobi O, Isiguzo C. The role of drug vendors in improving basic health-care services in Nigeria. Bull World Health Organ. 2016 Apr 1;94(4):267-75. doi: 10.2471/BLT.15.154666. Epub 2016 Feb 3.
- Peters DH, Mirchandani GG, Hansen PM. Strategies for engaging the private sector in sexual and reproductive health: how effective are they? Health Policy Plan. 2004 Oct;19 Suppl 1:i5-i21. Review.
- Rutta E, Liana J, Embrey M, Johnson K, Kimatta S, Valimba R, Lieber R, Shekalaghe E, Sillo H. Accrediting retail drug shops to strengthen Tanzania's public health system: an ADDO case study. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2015 Sep 25;8:23. doi: 10.1186/s40545-015-0044-4. eCollection 2015. Erratum in: J Pharm Policy Pract. 2015;8:29.
- Sieverding M, Schatzkin E, Shen J, Liu J. Bias in Contraceptive Provision to Young Women Among Private Health Care Providers in South West Nigeria. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2018 Mar 1;44(1):19-29. doi: 10.1363/44e5418.
- R01MH124516
- R01MH124516