T&D: Effects of Transdermal Testosterone and/or Monthly Vitamin D on Fall Risk in Pre--frail Hypogonadal Seniors

Sponsor

University of Zurich (Other)

Overall Status

Terminated

CT.gov ID

NCT02419105

Collaborator

Swiss National Science Foundation (Other), Besins Healthcare (funding: investigator-initiated and independent grant) (Other), Dr. Wild & Co. (funding: investigator-initiated and independent grant) (Other), Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen (PD Dr. Thomas Müntzer) (Other), Tufts University Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (Other), Centre on Ageing and Mobility (Dr. Andreas Egli) (Other), University Hospital, Zürich (Other)

Enrollment

Location

Arms

Duration (Months)

1.6

Patients Per Site Per Month

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

The overall purpose of this study is to test the individual and combined effect of transdermal testosterone and/or Vitamin D in reducing fall risk and improve function in pre-frail hypogonadal senior men.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Hypogonadism Pre-frail Seniors	Drug: Testosterone Drug: Colecalciferol Drug: Placebo drink solution Drug: Placebo transdermal gel	Phase 3

Detailed Description

Background:

One of the challenges of demographic change is the enormous personal and economic burden of falls and their consequences in the senior population. Thirty percent of adults 65 years or older and 40 - 50% of those age 80 years or older fall once per year. Serious injuries occur in 10 - 15% of falls, resulting in fractures in 5% and a hip fracture in 1-2% of cases. As an independent determinant of functional decline, falls lead to 40% of all nursing home admissions.

Several studies have estimated the prevalence of low testosterone levels (hypogonadism) in older men to be about 20% at age 60. This proportion increased in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging with each decade (30% at age 70 and 50% at age 80). Low testosterone levels are associated with decreased strength, impaired physical performance, and an increased risk of falls, and, thus, low testosterone may contribute to the frailty syndrome in older men. Current studies have focused on healthy, community dwelling men with a high level of function. Our trial aims to enrol pre-frail senior men at risk of losing their autonomy. Further, in this population and also relevant for muscle health and falling is the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency.

Dose Rationale:

The investigators chose 75 mg testosterone/day as the minimally sufficient dose to shift over 90% of participants to total testosterone levels of at least 16.86 nmol/l (lower end of the third quartile in the pilot trial where fall reduction was significant -- Bischoff-Ferrari et al.; Osteoporosis International 2008). Additionally, this dose has been chosen for its cardiovascular safety as summarized in a 2013 review.

The investigators chose 24000 IU/month of vitamin D (equivalent to 800 IU vitamin D per day) as the current recommended dose for vitamin D and its evidence for fall reduction. To allow for the standard of care and given that 50% of participants will not be randomized to vitamin D supplementation - all participants are allowed to take 800 IU vitamin D per day in addition to the study medication.

Randomization:

Participants will be randomized at the baseline clinical visit using a computer-based randomization procedure. Willing and eligible participants will be randomized to one of the four treatment groups stratified by age (2 groups: 75 - 79 and 80+). Within each stratum, treatment assignments will be generated in blocks of 8 individuals, with 2 individuals in each of the 4 treatment groups.

Blinding:

Study medications will be labelled with a unique randomization code at the respective companies. The codes will be inaccessible until the data set is frozen and the study is unblinded. All study packages will look identical, except for the randomization codes on the labels.

Follow-up:

Follow-up is 12 months with 3 clinical (Baseline, 6 and 12 months) and 4 (2, 4, 8 and 10 months) phone call visits.

Determination of Sample Size:

The sample size of 168 senior participants was chosen to have sufficient power for the primary endpoint (odds of falling) and the effect of testosterone treatment. Under these assumptions and assuming an additive effect of the 2 interventions (testosterone and vitamin D), as expected from the investigators pilot study, they have 89% power for the primary endpoint "number of participants sustaining at least 1 fall". This computation assumes that the difference in proportions of fallers is -0.24 (specifically, 0.38 versus 0.62 - based on the investigators pilot study). If 17% of participants would contribute no data (total n = 140), the investigators would still have 82% power to detect this difference.

Rate of falls: under the same assumptions, and with the proposed sample size of 84 and 84 for the two groups, the study will have power of at least 90.6% to yield a statistically significant result for the rate of falls. This computation assumes that the mean difference in rate of falls is -1.0 (corresponding to means of 0.9 versus 1.9) and the common within-group standard deviation is 2.0 (based on standard deviation estimates of 2.2 and 1.7).

Planned Analyses:

Primary analysis will be conducted according to the intention to treat (ITT) principle. Every study participant who was randomized and received the study treatment package at baseline clinical visit will be a part of the primary analysis population. In addition to the primary ITT analyses, the same data will be analyzed in participants who demonstrated acceptable adherence to the study protocol. The per protocol analyses will be treated as sensitivity analyses. The per protocol analysis population will include the participants who: Attended at least 1 out of the 2 follow-up clinical visits; Participated in at least 2 of the 4 follow-up phone calls; Took at least 80% of the study medication(s) as confirmed by count of used bottles for drinking solution and count and weight of used transdermal gel containers; did not take additional vitamin D and calcium supplements in doses exceeding those stipulated by the exclusion criteria.

All assessments of treatment effects in the efficacy analyses will be based on the intent-to-treat principle. All endpoint variables will be summarized by treatment group. N, Mean, Standard Deviation, Minimum and Maximum will summarize continuous endpoint variables and Number and Percentage will summarize categorical endpoint variables. All endpoints will be tested at the 2-sided at 5% significance level (α = 0.05, 2-sided). Two types of models will be run for each analysis. Minimally adjusted models will include age, body mass index, and baseline serum levels of total testosterone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D; fully adjusted models in addition to the parameters included in the minimally adjusted models will also include number of comorbidities, cognitive function, and additional potential confounders if baseline analysis justifies their inclusion. Each of the models will initially check for possible interaction between the study treatments. If no such interaction in found, the interaction term will be dropped and the simplified models will be used to estimate separate effects of the study treatments.

Study Design

Study Type:

Interventional

Actual Enrollment :

91 participants

Allocation:

Randomized

Intervention Model:

Factorial Assignment

Masking:

Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)

Primary Purpose:

Treatment

Official Title:

Effects of Transdermal Testosterone and/or Monthly Vitamin D on Fall Risk in Pre--frail Hypogonadal Seniors. Double Blind, 2x2 Factorial, Randomized Placebo--Controlled Clinical Trial

Study Start Date :

Sep 1, 2015

Actual Primary Completion Date :

May 1, 2020

Actual Study Completion Date :

Jun 1, 2020

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Active Comparator: Testosterone + Vitamin D Testosterone, transdermal gel, 75 mg, once per day, for 12 months AND Colecalciferol, oral drink solution, 24000 IU, once per month, for 12 months	Drug: Testosterone transdermal gel, 75 mg daily Other Names: ATC code: G03BA03 Drug: Colecalciferol drink solution, 24000 IU once per month Other Names: Vitamin D3, CAS No: 67-97-0, ATC code: A11CC05
Active Comparator: Testosterone + Placebo Testosterone, transdermal gel, 75 mg, once per day, for 12 months AND Placebo: Colecalciferol, oral drink solution, 0 IU, once per month, for 12 months	Drug: Testosterone transdermal gel, 75 mg daily Other Names: ATC code: G03BA03 Drug: Placebo drink solution drink solution, 0 IU Colecalciferol once per month
Active Comparator: Placebo + Vitamin D Placebo: Testosterone, transdermal gel, 0 mg, once per day, for 12 months AND Colecalciferol, oral drink solution, 24000 IU, once per month, for 12 months	Drug: Colecalciferol drink solution, 24000 IU once per month Other Names: Vitamin D3, CAS No: 67-97-0, ATC code: A11CC05 Drug: Placebo transdermal gel transdermal gel, 0 mg testosterone daily
Placebo Comparator: Control Placebo: Testosterone, transdermal gel, 0 mg, once per day, for 12 months AND Placebo: Colecalciferol, oral drink solution, 0 IU, once per month, for 12 months	Drug: Placebo drink solution drink solution, 0 IU Colecalciferol once per month Drug: Placebo transdermal gel transdermal gel, 0 mg testosterone daily

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

Number of fallers [12 months]
The participant will fill in a falls diary.
Rate of falls [12 months]
The participant will fill in a falls diary.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Appendicular lean skeletal muscle mass (aLSM) [12 months]
measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (aLSM is defined as of skeletal muscles in upper and lower extremities)
Lower extremity function [12 months]
assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)
Reaction time [12 months]
assessed by repeated sit-to-stand test (part of the SPPB)
Gait Speed [12 months]
assessed by 4 meter walk test (part of the SPPB)
Quality of life [12 months]
assessed by EuroQol (EQ5D-3L)

Other Outcome Measures

Cognitive function [12 months]
assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test
Body composition [12 months]
measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
Hip bone density [12 months]
measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
Incidence of sarcopenia [12 months]
Since there is no consensus on a universally accepted definition of sarcopenia to date, all previously used and newly proposed composite definitions of sarcopenia based on lean mass and the SPPB, its components and/or grip strength, will be considered.
Bone quality (bone micro-architecture and bone strength) [12 months]
measured by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (XtremeCT)
serum concentrations of 25(OH)D [12 months]
Adherence, Laboratory measures at the Institute of Clinical Chemistry at the University Hospital Zürich
free and bioavailable testosterone (serum concentration of total testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, albumin) [12 months]
Adherence, Laboratory measures at the Institute of Clinical Chemistry at the University Hospital Zürich, total testosterone will be measured, free and bioavailable testosterone will be calculated
haemoglobin, haematocrit, prostate-specific antigen, calcium, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, Gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase [12 months]
Laboratory measures at the laboratory of the City Hospital Waid, Zürich
Incidence of cardiovascular adverse events [12 months]
"cardiovascular event" defined as: myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization procedure of coronary artery bypass graft and percutaneous coronary intervention, incident congestive heart disease (heart insufficiency), cardiovascular mortality

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study:

65 Years and Older

Sexes Eligible for Study:

Male

Accepts Healthy Volunteers:

Inclusion Criteria:

Men with documented total testosterone levels < 11.30 nmol/l
Able to come to the study centre (Community-dwelling or institutionalized)
Age 65+ years
At a higher risk for falling
Body mass index > 18.0 and < 35.0 kg/m2
Understands German in reading and writing plus able to read, understand, and complete questionnaires and tests.
Willingness to limit additional vitamin D3 intake to a maximum of 800 IU per day
Willingness to limit calcium supplement intake to 500 mg/day
Willingness to stop active vitamin D metabolites
Willingness to forgo any additional use/application of testosterone products for the duration of the trial.
Participant understands the study procedures, alternative treatments available and risks involved with the study and voluntarily agrees to participate by giving a written informed consent.
Participant meets the routine clinical laboratory safety screening tests performed at screening visit.
Participant is able and willing to perform all study tests, attend all required office visits, and provide blood and urine samples.
Participant is able to apply the testosterone/placebo gel and is able to drink the vitamin D/placebo solution.
Participant is mentally competent (judicious) defined by having score > 24 on the Folstein's mini mental state examination (MMSE) at the screening visit.

Exclusion Criteria:

Contraindications to the class of drugs under study, e.g. known hypersensitivity or allergy to class of drugs or the investigational product
Treatment with vitamin K-antagonists, insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosteroid (>5mg/d)
Elevated (≥ 4.0 ng/ml) prostate-specific antigen levels (at screening) and/or palpable signs of prostate cancer
Palpable signs of breast-cancer
Haemoglobin ≤ 100 g/l
Haematocrit ≥ 0.50 L/L
Liver function values (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, Gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase) more than 3 times the upper limit of normal.
Consumption of >800 IU vitamin D on any day in the 6 months prior to enrolment. Provision: a person can be enrolled as soon as the mean intake in the last 6 months and since the last dose is ≤ 800 IU.
Elevated serum calcium ≥ 2.60 mmol/l (adjusted for albumin )
Estimated (Cockcroft and Gault formula ) creatinine clearance ≤ 30 ml/min
Severe visual or hearing impairment
History of cancer < 5 years prior to signing informed consent, except for adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer
Myocardial infarction in the last 3 months, unstable angina pectoris and/or exertional dyspnoea >=NYHA III
Treatment worthy but untreated sleep apnoea or chronic (obstructive) pulmonary disease, epilepsy
Significant end-stage disease, i.e. genitourinary, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, endocrine, hematologic, psychiatric, or pulmonary disease, which, in the opinion of the investigator, may pose a high risk to the patient or impair the patient's ability to complete the trial or confound the results
Uncontrolled hypertension (blood pressure mm Hg ≥ 180 systolic or ≥ 110 diastolic)
Alcohol abuse or alcoholic disease
Participation in another interventional research trial within the last 6 months prior to screening
Severe gait impairment, e.g. due to Parkinson's disease or hemiplegia
Previous enrolment into the current study
Enrolment of the investigator, his/her family members, employees and other dependent persons