IIHTT: Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial

• Sponsor: St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (Other)
• Overall Status: Completed
• CT.gov ID: NCT01003639
• Collaborator: National Eye Institute (NEI) (NIH), University of Rochester (Other), University of Iowa (Other), University of California, Davis (Other)
• Enrollment: 165
• Locations: 41
• Arms: 2
• Duration (Months): 48
• Patients Per Site: 4
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 0.1

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also called pseudotumor cerebri, is a disorder of elevated intracranial pressure of unknown cause [Corbett, et al., 1982; Wall, et al., 1991]. Its incidence is 22.5 new cases each year per 100,000 overweight women of childbearing age, and is rising [Garrett, et al., 2004] in parallel with the obesity epidemic. It affects about 100,000 Americans. Most patients suffer debilitating headaches. Because of pressure on the optic nerve (papilledema), 86% have some degree of permanent visual loss and 10% develop severe visual loss [Wall, et al., 1991]. Interventions to prevent loss of sight, all with unproven efficacy, include diet, diuretics such as acetazolamide, repeated spinal taps, optic nerve sheath fenestration surgery, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting procedures. The purported goal of these therapies is to lower intracranial pressure; however, it is unclear which treatments work and by what mechanism. None of these strategies has been verified by properly designed clinical trials. Thus, there is confusion, uncertainty, and weak scientific rationales to guide treatment decisions. This trial will study subjects who have mild visual loss from IIH to (1) establish convincing, evidence-based treatment strategies for IIH to restore and protect vision, (2) follow subjects up to 4 years to observe the long-term treatment outcomes and (3) determine the cause of IIH. To meet those aims, the trial will be divided into a 12-month intervention phase and a 3-year observational phase. Subjects are not required to complete the observational phase of the study, but will be asked to do so and consented for the observational phase of the study at the conclusion of the intervention phase (12 months).

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension	Drug: Acetazolamide; Drug: Placebo; Behavioral: Formal weight loss counselling program	Phase 2/Phase 3

Detailed Description

Clinical Phase: Phase II Investigators: NORDIC Network sites Study Centers: 38 study centers Coordinating Center - University of Rochester Statistical Center - University of Rochester Study Period Planned enrollment duration: 2 years Planned duration of treatment: 6 months followed by open-label treatment Planned duration of follow-up: 4.5 years Study Objectives: The primary objective is determining the efficacy of diet plus acetazolamide vs diet alone in reducing or reversing visual loss in subjects with mild visual loss.

The secondary objective is to identify proteomic and genetic risk factors for IIH by screening a large cohort of IIH patients and controls.

Study Population This project will enroll 166 individuals with IIH who are 18-60 years of age. We anticipate that the population will be primarily composed of women in the childbearing years that are overweight. 154 control subjects will also be enrolled. Control subjects will be matched as closely as possibly by age, sex, race, ethnicity and weight to subjects enrolled at the site.

Study Design: Multi-center, double-blind randomized intervention study followed by a 4-year observation period. Subjects will be randomized to diet and acetazolamide or diet and placebo. The study will use 250 mg acetazolamide or matching placebo tablets taken with food at meals and at bedtime. The subject will begin with one tablet four times daily, at meals and at bedtime for the first week. Beginning on Day 7, subjects will increase the dosage by 1 tablet every 4 days until a final dosage of 4 tablets four times daily (4 grams) is reached or side effects prohibit increasing the dosage further. If the study drug is not tolerated at a dose of 250 mg, then 125 mg (1/2 tablet) will be tried. If this is not tolerated, no pharmacologic treatment will be given.

After the 6 month visit, all subjects will transition from study medication to acetazolamide (open label) by replacing one tablet of study drug with 250 mg of acetazolamide every four days. The acetazolamide dose will be titrated in a manner similar to the initial study drug schedule to the maximum tolerated dose of acetazolamide. To avoid treating subjects (who may have initially been assigned to placebo) unnecessarily, any subject with grade 0-1 papilledema will be tapered off study drug but not placed on acetazolamide unless they have persisting headaches or pulse-synchronous tinnitus. If so, they will be placed on acetazolamide regardless of the low papilledema grade. At the 9-month follow-up visit, we will make sure that the subjects' vision is stable after the transition off of study medication. After the 9 month visit, medication will be prescribed by the subject's treating physician. The intervention phase of the study will end at the subject's 12 month visit and subjects will be invited to participate in the observational phase of the study and consented to do so if willing.

Number of Subjects: 166 subjects with IIH and 154 control subjects Main Inclusion Criteria

1. Diagnosis of IIH by modified Dandy criteria

2. Diagnosis of IIH for 6 weeks or less

3. Age 18 to 60 years at time of diagnosis

4. Reproducible visual loss present on automated perimetry (in eye with greatest loss)*

5. perimetric mean deviation (PMD) -2 decibel (dB) up to -5 dB in the worst eye

6. Presence of bilateral papilledema

7. Able to provide informed consent or parental permission with appropriate assent

Main Exclusion Criteria

1. Total treatment of IIH of more than one week in the past six weeks

2. Corticosteroids or surgery used for IIH treatment within the past two months

3. Abnormalities on neurologic examination aside from papilledema and its related visual loss or VI nerve paresis (unless pre-existing and unrelated to IIH)

4. Abnormal CT or MRI scan (intracranial mass, hydrocephalus, dural sinus thrombus or arteriovenous malformation) other than empty sella, dilated optic nerve sheath, flattened sclera, or secondary Chiari

5. CSF pressure less than 200 mm water (patients may have repeat CSF pressure measurements if the first is normal or no opening pressure obtained)

6. Abnormal CSF contents (increased cells, elevated protein, low glucose)

7. Intraocular pressure currently > 28 mm Hg or > 30 mm Hg at any time in the past

8. Refractive error > +/- 6.00 sphere or > +/- 3.00 cylinder in either eye

9. Other disorders causing visual loss except for refractive error and amblyopia including cells in the vitreous or iritis

10. Inability to provide reliable and reproducible visual field examination (failure to maintain fixation using an eye monitoring device, more than 15% false positive errors

11. Abnormal blood work-up indicating a medical or systemic condition associated with raised intracranial pressure (ICP)

12. Exposure to a drug, substance or disorder that has been associated with elevation of intracranial pressure within 2 months of diagnosis such as lithium, vitamin A, tetracycline, steroid withdrawal (see table in Manual of Procedures (MOP) for conditions and drugs)

13. Other condition requiring diuretics, steroids or other pressure lowering agents including topiramate

14. Presence of a medical condition such as renal stones that would contraindicate use of the study drugs (acetazolamide)

15. Pregnancy or unwillingness for subject with childbearing potential to use contraception during the first year of the study

16. Presence of a physical, mental, or social condition likely to affect follow-up (drug addiction, terminal illness, no telephone, homeless)

17. Anticipation of a move from the site area within six months and unwillingness to return for follow-up.

Route and Dosage Form: 250 mg acetazolamide tablets or matching placebo taken with food 4 times daily. Subjects will titrate to a maximum dose of 4 tablets 4 times daily (4 grams) as tolerated. If a subject is not able to tolerate a dose of 250 mg, 125 mg (1/2 tablet) may be tried. If this is not tolerated, no pharmacologic treatment will be given.

Duration of Treatment: 6 months of randomized treatment followed by open label acetazolamide treatment. After the 9-month visit medication will be prescribed by the subject's treating physician. The intervention phase of the study will end at Month 12 and the subject invited to continue in the observational phase.

Primary Outcome Measure(s): The primary outcome measure is the change from baseline to Month 6 in PMD (perimetric mean deviation) in the eye with the most severe initial visual loss.

Secondary Outcome Measure: CSF pressure measurement by lumbar puncture Number of abnormal perimetry test locations Visual field examination ratings (improved, remained the same, or worsened) Papilledema grade QOL assessments Dietary Outcomes (BMI, Waist circumference, urinary sodium) Safety Outcomes: Adverse events will be tabulated by treatment group, severity, and perceived relationship to the study intervention Sample Size Considerations

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 165 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study of Weight-Reduction and/or Low Sodium Diet Plus Acetazolamide vs Diet Plus Placebo in Subjects With Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension With Mild Visual Loss
• Study Start Date: Jan 1, 2010
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Jun 1, 2013
• Actual Study Completion Date: Jan 1, 2014

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Active Comparator: Acetazolamide Acetazolamide given in escalating doses	Drug: Acetazolamide; Subjects will begin with four 250 mg tablets daily. Tablets will be divided among two doses, taken with meals. Beginning on day 7, subjects will increase the dose by 1 pill every week until 16 tablets daily is reached (4 grams acetazolamide or placebo) or side effects prohibit increasing the dosage further. Thus, subjects who are able to tolerate the study medication will reach the maximum dose by day 84.; Other Names: naproxen acetaminophen aspirin ibuprofen codein butalbital ; Behavioral: Formal weight loss counselling program; Teleconference, web-based from central location, using site visits and subject self-assessment tools; Other Names: naproxen acetaminophen aspirin ibuprofen codein butalbital
Placebo Comparator: Sugar pill Given in escalating "dose" (number of pill)	Drug: Placebo; Subjects will begin with four tablets daily. Tablets will be divided among two doses, taken with meals. Beginning on day 7, subjects will increase the dose by 1 pill every week until 16 tablets daily is reached (4 grams acetazolamide or placebo) or side effects prohibit increasing the dosage further. Thus, subjects who are able to tolerate the study medication will reach the maximum dose by day 84.; Other Names: naproxen acetaminophen aspirin ibuprofen codein butalbital ; Behavioral: Formal weight loss counselling program; Teleconference, web-based from central location, using site visits and subject self-assessment tools; Other Names: naproxen acetaminophen aspirin ibuprofen codein butalbital

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Mean Change in Perimetric Mean Deviation [base line and 6 months]

   Treatment Effects on the Primary Outcome Variable, Mean change From Baseline to Month 6 in Perimetric Mean Deviation (PMD) in the Study Eye. Perimetric mean deviation is a measure of global visual field loss (mean deviation from age-corrected normal values), with a range of 2 to -32 dB; larger negative values indicate greater vision loss.

Secondary Outcome Measures

1. Mean Change of Papilledema Grade on Fundus Photography [Baseline and 6 Months]

   Mean change at month 6 as compared to baseline. Frisén papilledema grade is an ordinal scale that uses ocular fundus features to rate the severity of papilledema; grade 0 indicates no features of papilledema and grade 5 indicates severe papilledema.

2. Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25) [baseline]

   Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25) total score, VFQ-25 10-item neuro-ophthalmic supplement total score: 0-100 (higher scores indicate better quality of life)

3. Visual Acuity (No. of Correct Letters) [Baseline]

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years to 60 Years
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosis of IIH by modified Dandy criteria Signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure Absence of localizing findings on neurologic examination Absence of deformity, displacement, or obstruction of the ventricular system and otherwise normal neurodiagnostic studies, except for evidence of increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure (>200 mm water). Abnormal neuroimaging except for empty sella turcica, optic nerve sheath enlargement, and smooth-walled non flow-related venous sinus stenosis or collapse106 should lead to another diagnosis Awake and alert No other cause of increased intracranial pressure present

2. Diagnosis of IIH for 6 weeks or less

3. Age 18 to 60 years at time of diagnosis

4. Reproducible visual loss present on automated perimetry (in eye with greatest loss)

5. Average PMD -2 dB up to -5 dB in the worst eye

6. Presence of bilateral papilledema

7. Able to provide informed consent

8. Women of child-bearing potential must use an acceptable form of birth control during the intervention phase of the study. Acceptable forms include oral contraceptives, transdermal contraceptives,

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Total treatment of IIH of more than two weeks (except for acetazolamide which is limited to 1 week). For every day on treatment there must be a one-day washout period.

2. Previous surgery for IIH including optic nerve sheath fenestration, CSF shunting procedures, subtemporal decompression and venous stenting

3. Previous gastric bypass surgery

4. Abnormalities on neurologic examination aside from papilledema and its related visual loss or VI nerve paresis

5. Abnormal CT or MRI scan (intracranial mass, hydrocephalus, dural sinus thrombus or arteriovenous malformation) other than empty sella, unfolded optic nerve sheaths, flattened sclera, or smooth- walled venous stenosis

6. CSF pressure less than 200 mm water (patients may have repeat CSF pressure measurements if the first is normal or no opening pressure obtained)

7. Abnormal CSF contents: increased cells: > 5 cells, elevated protein:

45 mg%, low glucose: < 30 mg% (If the lumbar puncture produces a cell count compatible with a traumatic needle insertion, the patient does not need to be excluded if the CSF WBC after correction is 5 wbc/mm3 or less- see Operations Manual for calculation) 8. Intraocular pressure currently > 28 mm Hg or > 30 mm Hg at any time in the past 9. Refractive error > +/- 6.00 sphere or > +/- 3.00 cylinder in either eye with the following exceptions: Subjects with myopia of >-6.00 D sphere but less than or equal to - 8.00 D sphere are eligible if 1)there are no abnormalities on ophthalmoscopy or fundus photos related to myopia that are associated with visual loss (such as staphyloma, retinal thinning in the posterior pole or more than mild optic disc tilt), and 2) the subject wears a contact lens for all perimetry examinations with the appropriate correction. If either the Site Investigator or the PRC director (or his designate) decides there are optic fundus abnormalities of myopia that are associated with visual loss, then 9. Subjects with hyperopia of > +6.00 D but less than or equal to

• 8.00 D sphere are eligible if 1) there is an unambiguous characteristic halo of peripapillary edema as opposed to features of a small crowded disc or other hyperopic change related to visual loss determined by the site investigator or the PRC director (or his designate) and 2) the subject wears a contact le 10. Other disorders causing visual loss except for refractive error and amblyopia including cells in the vitreous or iritis 11. Optic disc drusen on exam or in previous history 12. Presence of diagnosed untreated obstructive sleep apnea 13. Inability to provide reliable and reproducible visual field examination (failure to maintain fixation using an eye monitoring device, more than 15% false positive errors) 14. Abnormal blood work-up indicating a medical or systemic condition associated with raised ICP 15. Study blood results showing severe anemia, leukopenia or thrombocytopenia, renal failure, or hepatic disease, based on the Site Investigator's judgment 16. Type I diabetes or the presence of diabetic retinopathy 17. Exposure to a drug, substance or disorder that has been associated with elevation of intracranial pressure within 2 months of diagnosis such as lithium, vitamin A, various cyclines (see table in Operations Manual for conditions and drugs) 18. Other condition requiring diuretics, oral, I.V. or injectable steroids or other pressure lowering agents including topiramate (nasal, inhaled, or topical steroids are allowed since the systemic effects are small) 19. Presence of a medical condition such as renal stones that would contraindicate use of the study drug (acetazolamide) 20. Pregnancy or unwillingness for subject of childbearing potential to use contraception during the first year of the study 21. Breastfeeding mothers are excluded from participation unless willing to discontinue breastfeeding by the baseline visit 22. Presence of a physical, mental, or social condition likely to affect follow-up (drug addiction, terminal illness, no telephone, homeless) 23. Anticipation of a move from the site area within six months and unwillingness to return for follow-up at an IIHTT study site 24. Allergy to pupil dilating drops or narrow angles precluding safe dilation

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	University of Alabama Birmingham	Birmingham	Alabama	United States	35294
2	Doheny Eye Center, University of Southern California	Los Angeles	California	United States	90033
3	The Eye Care Group, PC	Waterbury	Connecticut	United States	06708
4	Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami	Miami	Florida	United States	33136
5	Neuro-Ophthamology & Balance Disorders Clinic	Tallahassee	Florida	United States	32308
6	Emory University	Atlanta	Georgia	United States	30322
7	University of Illinois	Peoria	Illinois	United States	61637
8	Department of Ophthamology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa	Iowa City	Iowa	United States	55242
9	University of Kentucky	Lexington	Kentucky	United States	40536
10	Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Earl K. Long Medical Center	Baton Rouge	Louisiana	United States	70810
11	Greater Baltimore Medical Center Department Of Ophthamology	Baltimore	Maryland	United States	21204
12	Johns Hopkins Universtiy - Wilmer Ophthamological Institute	Baltimore	Maryland	United States	21287
13	Bethesda Neurology, LLC	Bethesda	Maryland	United States	20814
14	Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary - Neuro-Ophthamology Service	Boston	Massachusetts	United States	02114
15	Michigan State University Department of Neurology	East Lansing	Michigan	United States	48823
16	William Beaumont Hosptial Research Institute	Royal Oak	Michigan	United States	48073
17	University of Minnesota	Minneapolis	Minnesota	United States	55455
18	Saint Louis University Eye Institute	Saint Louis	Missouri	United States	63104
19	University of St. Louis	Saint Louis	Missouri	United States	63110
20	New Jersey Medical School/University Physicians Associates of New Jersey	Newark	New Jersey	United States	07103
21	New York Eye and Ear Infirmary	New York	New York	United States	10003
22	Weill Cornell Medical College	New York	New York	United States	10021
23	The Mount Sinai Medical Center	New York	New York	United States	10029
24	University of Rochester - Flaum Eye Institute	Rochester	New York	United States	14642
25	Stony Brook University	Stony Brook	New York	United States	11794
26	SUNY Upstate Medical University, Neurology Medical Service Group	Syracuse	New York	United States	13202
27	Duke Eye Center	Durham	North Carolina	United States	27710
28	Raleigh Neurology Associates, PA	Raleigh	North Carolina	United States	27607
29	Wake Forrest University Eye Center	Winston-Salem	North Carolina	United States	27157
30	Ohio State University	Columbus	Ohio	United States	43212
31	Dean A. McGee Eye Institute	Oklahoma City	Oklahoma	United States	73104
32	Oregon Health & Science University - Casey Eye Institute	Portland	Oregon	United States	97239
33	University of Pennsylvania, Department of Ophthamology	Philadelphia	Pennsylvania	United States	19104
34	The Methodist Hospital: Methodist Eye Associates	Houston	Texas	United States	77030
35	Universtiy of Houston - University Eye Institute	Houston	Texas	United States	77204
36	University of Texas Science Center	San Antonio	Texas	United States	78229
37	University of Utah, John A. Moran Eye Center	Salt Lake City	Utah	United States	84132
38	University of Virginia - Department of Ophthalmology	Charlottesville	Virginia	United States	22903
39	Swedish Medical Center	Seattle	Washington	United States	98014
40	University of Calgary: Rockyview General Hospital	Calgary	Alberta	Canada	T2V 1P9
41	Queen's University - Hotel Dieu Hospital	Kingston	Ontario	Canada	K7L 5G2

Sponsors and Collaborators

• St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center
• National Eye Institute (NEI)
• University of Rochester
• University of Iowa
• University of California, Davis

Investigators

• Study Director: Michael Wall, MD, University of Iowa

Study Documents (Full-Text)

None provided.

More Information

Additional Information:

• Organization Web-site

Publications

None provided.

• Responsible Party: St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01003639
• Other Study ID Numbers: NORDIC01; 1U10EY017281-01A1; 1U10EY017387-01A1
• First Posted: Oct 29, 2009
• Last Update Posted: Dec 12, 2018
• Last Verified: Nov 1, 2018

• Keywords provided by St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center: papilledema; vision loss; headache; obesity; women; diplopia; tinnitus
• Additional relevant MeSH terms: Intracranial Hypertension; Pseudotumor Cerebri; Hypertension; Aspirin; Acetaminophen; Ibuprofen; Naproxen; Acetazolamide; Codeine

Study Results

Participant Flow

Recruitment Details	Participants were enrolled at 38 academic and private practice sites in North America from March 2010 to November 2012,with follow-up ending in June 2013.
Pre-assignment Detail	Randomization was stratified by site and included blocking to ensure balance among the treatment groups within a site after every 4 participants had been enrolled at that site.

Arm/Group Title	Acetazolamide	Sugar Pill
Arm/Group Description	Acetazolamide given in escalating doses Acetazolamide: Subjects will begin with four 250 mg tablets daily.	Given in escalating "dose" (number of pill) Placebo: Subjects will begin with four tablets daily.
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	86	79
COMPLETED	69	57
NOT COMPLETED	17	22

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	Acetazolamide	Sugar Pill	Total
Arm/Group Description	Acetazolamide given in escalating doses Acetazolamide: Subjects will begin with four 250 mg tablets daily.	Given in escalating "dose" (number of pill) Placebo: Subjects will begin with four tablets daily.	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	86	79	165
Age (years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [years]	28.2 (6.9)	30.0 (8.0)	29.0 (7.4)
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	84 97.7%	77 97.5%	161 97.6%
Male	2 2.3%	2 2.5%	4 2.4%
Race (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
American Indian or Alaska Native	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Asian	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Black or African American	25 29.1%	16 20.3%	41 24.8%
White	54 62.8%	54 68.4%	108 65.5%
More than one race	4 4.7%	2 2.5%	6 3.6%
Unknown or Not Reported	3 3.5%	7 8.9%	10 6.1%
Weight (kg) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [kg]	108.1 (25.6)	107.3 (24.5)	107.7 (25.0)
Body mass index (Kg/m^2) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [Kg/m^2]	40.0 (8.5)	39.9 (8.1)	39.9 (8.3)
Weight change in the past 6 mo (kg) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [kg]	10.7 (16.7)	8.8 (16.9)	9.8 (16.7)
Transient visual obscurations (participants) [Number]
yes	55 64%	57 72.2%	112 67.9%
No	31 36%	22 27.8%	53 32.1%
Diplopia (participants) [Number]
Yes	20 23.3%	16 20.3%	36 21.8%
No	66 76.7%	63 79.7%	129 78.2%
Constant visual loss (participants) [Number]
Yes	25 29.1%	28 35.4%	53 32.1%
No	61 70.9%	51 64.6%	112 67.9%
Photophobia (participants) [Number]
Yes	42 48.8%	37 46.8%	79 47.9%
No	44 51.2%	42 53.2%	86 52.1%
Headache (participants) [Number]
Yes	70 81.4%	69 87.3%	139 84.2%
No	16 18.6%	10 12.7%	26 15.8%
Pulsatile tinnitus (participants) [Number]
Yes	45 52.3%	41 51.9%	86 52.1%
No	41 47.7%	38 48.1%	79 47.9%
Perimetric mean deviation (dB) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Study eye	-3.5 (1.2)	-3.5 (1.1)	-3.5 (1.1)
Fellow eye	-2.3 (1.1)	-2.3 (1.1)	-2.3 (1.1)
Papilledema grade (fundus photography) Study Eye (participants) [Number]
Study eye 1	8 9.3%	12 15.2%	20 12.1%
Study eye 2	32 37.2%	23 29.1%	55 33.3%
Study eye 3	20 23.3%	20 25.3%	40 24.2%
Study eye 4	24 27.9%	21 26.6%	45 27.3%
Study eye 5	2 2.3%	3 3.8%	5 3%
Papilledema grade (fundus photography) Fellow eye (participants) [Number]
Fellow eye 1	15 17.4%	14 17.7%	29 17.6%
Fellow eye 2	33 38.4%	28 35.4%	61 37%
Fellow eye 3	19 22.1%	21 26.6%	40 24.2%
Fellow eye 4	19 22.1%	14 17.7%	33 20%
Fellow eye 5	0 0%	2 2.5%	2 1.2%
HIT-6 total score (units on a scale) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [units on a scale]	60.3 (8.7)	59.1 (9.3)	59.7 (9.0)
CSF pressure (mm H2O) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [mm H2O]	348.9 (94.1)	342.0 (70.7)	343.5 (86.9)
SF-36 component summary score (units on a scale) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Physical	45.4 (9.8)	46.3 (8.2)	45.8 (9.0)
Mental	45.2 (9.8)	46.3 (8.2)	45.8 (9.0)

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Mean Change in Perimetric Mean Deviation
Description	Treatment Effects on the Primary Outcome Variable, Mean change From Baseline to Month 6 in Perimetric Mean Deviation (PMD) in the Study Eye. Perimetric mean deviation is a measure of global visual field loss (mean deviation from age-corrected normal values), with a range of 2 to -32 dB; larger negative values indicate greater vision loss.
Time Frame	base line and 6 months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Sixty-nine of the 86 participants (80%) in the acetazolamide group completed follow-up compared with 57 of the 79 participants (72%) in the placebo group.

Arm/Group Title	Acetazolamide	Sugar Pill
Arm/Group Description	Acetazolamide given in escalating doses Acetazolamide: Subjects will begin with four 250 mg tablets daily.	Given in escalating "dose" (number of pill) Placebo: Subjects will begin with four tablets daily.
Measure Participants	69	57
Mean (Standard Error) [dB]	1.43 (0.24)	0.71 (0.28)

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Acetazolamide, Sugar Pill
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Superiority or Other
	Comments
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.05
	Comments
	Method	ANCOVA
	Comments
Method of Estimation	Estimation Parameter	Mean Difference (Final Values)
	Estimated Value	0.71
	Confidence Interval	(2-Sided) 95%; 0 to 1.43
	Parameter Dispersion	Type: Value:
	Estimation Comments

2. Secondary Outcome

Title	Mean Change of Papilledema Grade on Fundus Photography
Description	Mean change at month 6 as compared to baseline. Frisén papilledema grade is an ordinal scale that uses ocular fundus features to rate the severity of papilledema; grade 0 indicates no features of papilledema and grade 5 indicates severe papilledema.
Time Frame	Baseline and 6 Months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Sixty-nine of the 86 participants (80%) in the acetazolamide group completed follow-up compared with 57 of the 79 participants (72%) in the placebo group.

Arm/Group Title	Acetazolamide	Sugar Pill
Arm/Group Description	Acetazolamide given in escalating doses Acetazolamide: Subjects will begin with four 250 mg tablets daily.	Given in escalating "dose" (number of pill) Placebo: Subjects will begin with four tablets daily.
Measure Participants	69	57
Study eye	-1.31 (0.11)	-0.61 (0.11)
Fellow eye	-1.14 (0.10)	-0.52 (0.11)

3. Secondary Outcome

Title	Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25)
Description	Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25) total score, VFQ-25 10-item neuro-ophthalmic supplement total score: 0-100 (higher scores indicate better quality of life)
Time Frame	baseline

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Acetazolamide	Sugar Pill
Arm/Group Description	Acetazolamide given in escalating doses Acetazolamide: Subjects will begin with four 250 mg tablets daily.	Given in escalating "dose" (number of pill) Placebo: Subjects will begin with four tablets daily.
Measure Participants	86	79
Total score	83.8 (14.1)	82.1 (13.4)
10-item neuro-ophthalmic supplement	75.8 (15.4)	75.0 (13.7)

4. Secondary Outcome

Title	Visual Acuity (No. of Correct Letters)
Time Frame	Baseline

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Acetazolamide	Sugar Pill
Arm/Group Description	Acetazolamide given in escalating doses Acetazolamide: Subjects will begin with four 250 mg tablets daily.	Given in escalating "dose" (number of pill) Placebo: Subjects will begin with four tablets daily.
Measure Participants	86	79
Study Eye	56.8 (5.1)	55.6 (5.9)
Fellow Eye	58.3 (4.3)	56.2 (6.4)

Adverse Events

Arm/Group Title	Acetazolamide		Sugar Pill
Arm/Group Description	Acetazolamide given in escalating doses Acetazolamide: Subjects will begin with four 250 mg tablets daily.		Given in escalating "dose" (number of pill) Placebo: Subjects will begin with four tablets daily.
All Cause Mortality
	Acetazolamide		Sugar Pill
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	/ (NaN)		/ (NaN)
Serious Adverse Events
	Acetazolamide		Sugar Pill
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	9/86 (10.5%)		7/79 (8.9%)
Ear and labyrinth disorders
Diplopia	0/86 (0%)		1/79 (1.3%)	1
Eye disorders
Rapidly failing vision	0/86 (0%)		2/79 (2.5%)	2
Gastrointestinal disorders
Diverticulitis	1/86 (1.2%)	1	0/79 (0%)	1
Immune system disorders
Allergic reaction of unknown origin	1/86 (1.2%)	1	0/79 (0%)	1
Infections and infestations
Pyelonephritis	1/86 (1.2%)	1	0/79 (0%)	1
Bronchitis	0/86 (0%)		1/79 (1.3%)	1
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction	0/86 (0%)		1/79 (1.3%)	1
Investigations
Transaminitis	1/86 (1.2%)	1	0/79 (0%)	1
Elevated lipase with pancreatititis	1/86 (1.2%)	1	0/79 (0%)	1
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Hypokalemia	1/86 (1.2%)	1	0/79 (0%)	1
Nervous system disorders
Intracranial pressure increased	0/86 (0%)		1/79 (1.3%)	1
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions
Live Birth	2/86 (2.3%)	2	0/79 (0%)	2
Psychiatric disorders
Suicidal ideation	0/86 (0%)		1/79 (1.3%)	1
Renal and urinary disorders
Renal impairment	1/86 (1.2%)	1	0/79 (0%)	1
Hydronephrosis	1/86 (1.2%)	1	0/79 (0%)	1
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Pneumonia	0/86 (0%)		1/79 (1.3%)	1
Pulmnary embolism	0/86 (0%)		1/79 (1.3%)	1
Surgical and medical procedures
Caesarean section	1/86 (1.2%)	1	0/79 (0%)	1
Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt	0/86 (0%)		1/79 (1.3%)	1
Vascular disorders
Deep vein thrombosis	0/86 (0%)		1/79 (1.3%)	1
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	Acetazolamide		Sugar Pill
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	80/86 (93%)		67/79 (84.8%)
Ear and labyrinth disorders
Tinnitus	11/86 (12.8%)	12	3/79 (3.8%)	3
Gastrointestinal disorders
Diarrhea	12/86 (14%)	14	3/79 (3.8%)	4
Dyspepsia	7/86 (8.1%)	8	1/79 (1.3%)	1
General disorders
Decreased CO2	9/86 (10.5%)	9	0/79 (0%)	0
Dizziness	8/86 (9.3%)	11	3/79 (3.8%)	4
Dysgeusia	13/86 (15.1%)	13	0/79 (0%)	0
Fatigue	14/86 (16.3%)	16	1/79 (1.3%)	1
Headache	13/86 (15.1%)	17	11/79 (13.9%)	16
Nasopharyngitis	5/86 (5.8%)	6	8/79 (10.1%)	11
Nausea	26/86 (30.2%)	30	10/79 (12.7%)	10
Vomiting	12/86 (14%)	13	3/79 (3.8%)	3
Hepatobiliary disorders
Elevated ALT	6/86 (7%)	6	3/79 (3.8%)	4
Infections and infestations
Sinusitis	3/86 (3.5%)	3	6/79 (7.6%)	7
Nervous system disorders
Paresthesia	41/86 (47.7%)	51	5/79 (6.3%)	6
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Dyspnea	7/86 (8.1%)	8	2/79 (2.5%)	2
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Rash	7/86 (8.1%)	8	2/79 (2.5%)	2
Surgical and medical procedures
Post-LP syndrome	5/86 (5.8%)	9	6/79 (7.6%)	9

Limitations/Caveats

A limitation is the 19% withdrawal rate which may be due, in part, to the intensity of the visit schedule. Another limitation is the difficulty in the interpretation of the estimated treatment effect on PMD.

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Certain Agreements

Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.