BEACH: Biologic Mechanisms of Early Exercise After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
This study aims to determine whether in-bed cycle ergometry, early in the hospital course after a brain hemorrhage could balance damaging and reparative inflammation in the brain. Inflammatory factors of two groups of patients with brain hemorrhage will be compared, one group will receive in-bed cycling beginning 3 days after hemorrhage plus usual care and the other group will receive usual care only.
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
|
N/A |
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Experimental: Supine cycle ergometry of the lower extremities Patients will receive two 20 minute cycle ergometry sessions separated by at least 4 hours in addition to usual care. The cycle will be set to a gear of zero and will begin in passive mode, the patient will be able to actively cycle if patients are able. |
Device: Supine cycle ergometry of the lower extremities
The cycle ergometer allows for movement of the lower extremities by a motor if a patient is experiencing a disorder of consciousness or is otherwise unable to move one or both legs. If a patient is able to cycle actively the device allows the patient to move patient's legs without support of the motor.
|
| No Intervention: Control Patients will receive usual care only. |
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Change in interleukin-1beta level in blood (picogram/milliliter) [Day 1, day 3 and day 7 of study]
- Change in Interleukin-6 level in blood (picogram/milliliter) [Day 1, day 3 and day 7 of study]
- Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha level in blood (picogram/milliliter) [Day 1, day 3 and day 7 of study]
- Change in C Reactive Protein level in blood (nanogram/milliliter) [Day 1, day 3 and day 7 of study]
- Change in Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor level in blood (picogram/milliliter) [Day 1, day 3 and day 7 of study]
- Change in interleukin-1beta level in cerebrospinal fluid (picogram/milliliter) [Day 1, day 3 and day 7 of study]
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care.
- Coefficient of correlation between interleukin-1beta level in CSF and blood [Day 1 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Coefficient of correlation between interleukin-1beta level in CSF and blood [Day 3 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care.
- Coefficient of correlation between interleukin-1beta level in CSF and blood [Day 7 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Change in Interleukin-6 level in CSF (picogram/milliliter) [Day 1, day 3 and day 7 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care.
- Coefficient of correlation between Interleukin-6 level in CSF and blood [Day 1 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care.
- Coefficient of correlation between Interleukin-6 level in CSF and blood [Day 3 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care.
- Coefficient of correlation between Interleukin-6 level in CSF and blood [Day 7 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care.
- Change in tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha level in CSF (picogram/milliliter) [Day 1, day 3 and day 7 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Coefficient of correlation between tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha level in CSF and blood [Day 1 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Coefficient of correlation between tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha level in CSF and blood [Day 3 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Coefficient of correlation between tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha level in CSF and blood [Day 7 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Change in C Reactive Protein level in CSF (nanogram/milliliter) [Day 1, day 3 and day 7 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Coefficient of correlation between C Reactive Protein level in CSF and blood [Day 1 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Coefficient of correlation between C Reactive Protein level in CSF and blood [Day 3 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Coefficient of correlation between C Reactive Protein level in CSF and blood [Day 7 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Change in Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor level in CSF (picogram/milliliter) [Day 1, day 3 and day 7 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Coefficient of correlation between Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor levels in CSF and blood [Day 1 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Coefficient of correlation between Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor level in CSF and blood [Day 3 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Coefficient of correlation between Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor level in CSF and blood [Day 7 of study]
CSF will be collected only in patients with an external ventricular drain as part of patients' care
- Change in salivary cortisol level (microgram/deciliter) [Day 1, day 3 and day 7 of study]
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Change in hand-held dynamometry score (pounds) [Daily on study days 1-7]
An average of three hand-held dynamometry measurements will be calculated for each measurement episode and the change over time will be measured.
- Hand-held dynamometry score (pounds) [On the day of transfer from the ICU or discharge, whichever comes first, assessed up to 60 days]
An average of three hand-held dynamometry measurements will be calculated.
- Hand-held dynamometry score (pounds) [At 30-day follow-up visit]
An average of three hand-held dynamometry measurements will be calculated.
- Global pre-morbid physical health status as measured by the Promis Scale v1.2 [Day 1 of study]
The global physical health status subscale of the Promis scale v1.2 will be used to measure pre-morbid physical health status. A 5-point Likert scale is used to score each of the four items. The scores for each item are summed as a raw score and are converted to T scores using a standardized table with higher T scores indicating better physical health status.
- Global pre-morbid mental health status as measured by the Promis Scale v1.2 [Day 1 of study]
The global mental health status subscale of the Promis scale will be used to measure pre-morbid mental health status. A 5-point Likert scale is used to score each of the four items. The scores for each item are summed as a raw score and are converted to T scores using a standardized table with higher T scores indicating better mental health status.
- Global pre-morbid pain status as measured by the Promis Scale v1.2 [Day 1 of study]
The pain subscale of the Promis scale of global health will be used to measure pre-morbid pain status. A 10 point visual analog scale is used with higher scores indicating greater pain levels. Raw scores will be used for analysis.
- Global pre-morbid fatigue as measured by the Promis Scale v1.2 [Day 1 of study]
The fatigue subscle of the Promis scale of global health will be used to measure pre-morbid fatigue status. A 5 point Likert scale is used with higher scores indicating no fatigue and lower scores indicating increasing levels of fatigue. Raw scores will be used for analysis.
- Functional status as assessed by the Modified Rankin Score [On transfer from the ICU or discharge from the hospital, whichever comes first, assessed up to 60 days]
The modified Rankin score will be used to measure function in terms of activities of daily living after stroke. A six-point ordinal scale (0-6) with lower scores indicating less disability and higher scores indicating increasingly severe disability. A score of 6 indicates death.
- Functional status as assessed by the Modified Rankin Score [During the 30-day follow-up visit]
The modified Rankin score will be used to measure function in terms of activities of daily living after stroke. A six-point ordinal scale (0-6) with lower scores indicating less disability and higher scores indicating increasingly severe disability. A score of 6 indicates death.
- Change in muscle strength as assessed by the Medical Research Council Sum (MRCS) Score [Daily on study days 1-7]
The MRCS will be used to measure muscle strength over time. The instrument is a 60 point scale indicating muscle strength in 6 muscle groups. Three muscle groups each on the right and left upper extremities and three each in the right and left lower extremities. Each muscle group is scored from 0-5 out of a possible 5 points. A composite score with a maximum of 60 is produced, 30 points can be achieved for each side of the body.
- Muscle strength as assessed by the Medical Research Council Sum (MRCS) Score [On transfer from the ICU or discharge from the hospital, whichever comes first, assessed up to 60 days]
The MRCS will be used to measure muscle strength. The instrument is a 60 point scale indicating muscle strength in 6 muscle groups. Three muscle groups each on the right and left upper extremities and three each in the right and left lower extremities. Each muscle group is scored from 0-5 out of a possible 5 points. A composite score with a maximum of 60 is produced, 30 points can be achieved for each side of the body.
- Muscle strength as assessed by the Medical Research Council Sum (MRCS) Score [During the 30-day follow-up visit]
The MRCS will be used to measure muscle strength. The instrument is a 60 point scale indicating muscle strength in 6 muscle groups. Three muscle groups each on the right and left upper extremities and three each in the lower extremities. Each muscle group is scored from 0-5 out of a possible 5 points. A composite score with a maximum of 60 is produced, 30 points can be achieved for each side of the body.
- Ability to perform activities of daily living as assessed by the Barthel Index [On transfer from the ICU or discharge from the hospital, whichever comes first, assessed up to 60 days]
The Barthel index will be used to measure a participant's ability to perform activities of daily living in detail. The instrument is a 10-item scale with a maximum of 100 points. Higher scores indicate higher levels of function.
- Ability to perform activities of daily living as assessed by the Barthel Index [During the 30-day follow-up visit]
The Barthel index will be used to measure a participant's ability to perform activities of daily living in detail. The instrument is a 10-item scale with a maximum of 100 points. Higher scores indicate higher levels of function.
- Health status as assessed by the Stroke Impact Scale version 3.0 [During the 30-day follow up visit]
This is a 59-item questionnaire that will measure health status in 8 domains following the stroke. A 5-point Likert scale is used to score each item with higher scores indicating higher perceived health status.
- Perception of stroke recovery as assessed by the Stroke Impact Scale version 3.0 [During the 30-day follow up visit]
The last question of the instrument measures a participant's perception of stroke recovery using a 0-100 scale with higher scores representing higher levels of recovery and lower scores representing less recovery.
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
-
Supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage with or without intraventricular hemorrhage
-
Pre-morbid modified Rankin Score of 0-2
-
Patient must be able to provide informed consent or have a legally authorized representative to provide consent on patient's behalf
Exclusion Criteria:
-
Patients with known inflammatory conditions, infection requiring antibiotics or pregnancy
-
Patients receiving daily anti-inflammatory medications including but not limited to prednisone, methotrexate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, celecoxib) and aspirin >325mg
-
Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) 3 48 hours after admission
-
Patients in whom withdrawal of life support is being considered by surrogate decision makers
-
Injury to the lower extremities, hips or pelvis, weight >250 kg (weight limit of cycle), or body habitus precluding normal function of cycle
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Johns Hopkins University | Baltimore | Maryland | United States | 21287 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- Johns Hopkins University
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Elizabeth K Zink, Johns Hopkins University
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Additional Information:
Publications
- Amidei C, Sole ML. Physiological responses to passive exercise in adults receiving mechanical ventilation. Am J Crit Care. 2013 Jul;22(4):337-48. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2013284.
- Arafah BM, Nishiyama FJ, Tlaygeh H, Hejal R. Measurement of salivary cortisol concentration in the assessment of adrenal function in critically ill subjects: a surrogate marker of the circulating free cortisol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Aug;92(8):2965-71. Epub 2007 May 29.
- Burn JP. Reliability of the modified Rankin Scale. Stroke. 1992 Mar;23(3):438.
- Burtin C, Clerckx B, Robbeets C, Ferdinande P, Langer D, Troosters T, Hermans G, Decramer M, Gosselink R. Early exercise in critically ill patients enhances short-term functional recovery. Crit Care Med. 2009 Sep;37(9):2499-505. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a38937.
- Calabrese EJ. Pre- and post-conditioning hormesis in elderly mice, rats, and humans: its loss and restoration. Biogerontology. 2016 Aug;17(4):681-702. doi: 10.1007/s10522-016-9646-8. Epub 2016 Apr 13. Review.
- Camargo Pires-Neto R, Fogaça Kawaguchi YM, Sayuri Hirota A, Fu C, Tanaka C, Caruso P, Park M, Ribeiro Carvalho CR. Very early passive cycling exercise in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: physiological and safety aspects--a case series. PLoS One. 2013 Sep 9;8(9):e74182. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074182. eCollection 2013.
- Chen J, Qin J, Su Q, Liu Z, Yang J. Treadmill rehabilitation treatment enhanced BDNF-TrkB but not NGF-TrkA signaling in a mouse intracerebral hemorrhage model. Neurosci Lett. 2012 Oct 31;529(1):28-32. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.09.021. Epub 2012 Sep 19.
- Cocks K, Torgerson DJ. Sample size calculations for pilot randomized trials: a confidence interval approach. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013 Feb;66(2):197-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.09.002. Epub 2012 Nov 27. Review.
- Di Napoli M, Godoy DA, Campi V, Masotti L, Smith CJ, Parry Jones AR, Hopkins SJ, Slevin M, Papa F, Mogoanta L, Pirici D, Popa Wagner A. C-reactive protein in intracerebral hemorrhage: time course, tissue localization, and prognosis. Neurology. 2012 Aug 14;79(7):690-9. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318264e3be. Epub 2012 Aug 1.
- Duffy L, Gajree S, Langhorne P, Stott DJ, Quinn TJ. Reliability (inter-rater agreement) of the Barthel Index for assessment of stroke survivors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2013 Feb;44(2):462-8. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.678615. Epub 2013 Jan 8. Review.
- Fearon P, McArthur KS, Garrity K, Graham LJ, McGroarty G, Vincent S, Quinn TJ. Prestroke modified rankin stroke scale has moderate interobserver reliability and validity in an acute stroke setting. Stroke. 2012 Dec;43(12):3184-8. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.670422. Epub 2012 Nov 13.
- Fogelholm R, Murros K, Rissanen A, Avikainen S. Long term survival after primary intracerebral haemorrhage: a retrospective population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005 Nov;76(11):1534-8.
- França EE, Ribeiro LC, Lamenha GG, Magalhães IK, Figueiredo TG, Costa MJ, Elihimas UF Júnior, Feitosa BL, Andrade MD, Correia MA Júnior, Ramos FF, Castro CM. Oxidative stress and immune system analysis after cycle ergometer use in critical patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2017 Mar;72(3):143-149. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2017(03)03.
- Gao Z, Wang J, Thiex R, Rogove AD, Heppner FL, Tsirka SE. Microglial activation and intracerebral hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2008;105:51-3.
- Giraldo E, Garcia JJ, Hinchado MD, Ortega E. Exercise intensity-dependent changes in the inflammatory response in sedentary women: role of neuroendocrine parameters in the neutrophil phagocytic process and the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine balance. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2009;16(4):237-44. doi: 10.1159/000212384. Epub 2009 Apr 9.
- Gomez-Cabrera MC, Domenech E, Viña J. Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: upregulation of antioxidant genes by training. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Jan 15;44(2):126-31. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.001. Epub 2007 Feb 9. Review.
- Guo YC, Song XK, Xu YF, Ma JB, Zhang JJ, Han PJ. The expression and mechanism of BDNF and NGB in perihematomal tissue in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Aug;21(15):3452-3458.
- Hanley DF. Intraventricular hemorrhage: severity factor and treatment target in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2009 Apr;40(4):1533-8. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.535419. Epub 2009 Feb 26. Review.
- Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009 Apr;42(2):377-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010. Epub 2008 Sep 30.
- Hemphill JC 3rd, Farrant M, Neill TA Jr. Prospective validation of the ICH Score for 12-month functional outcome. Neurology. 2009 Oct 6;73(14):1088-94. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b8b332. Epub 2009 Sep 2.
- Hermans G, Clerckx B, Vanhullebusch T, Segers J, Vanpee G, Robbeets C, Casaer MP, Wouters P, Gosselink R, Van Den Berghe G. Interobserver agreement of Medical Research Council sum-score and handgrip strength in the intensive care unit. Muscle Nerve. 2012 Jan;45(1):18-25. doi: 10.1002/mus.22219.
- Hodgson CL, Stiller K, Needham DM, Tipping CJ, Harrold M, Baldwin CE, Bradley S, Berney S, Caruana LR, Elliott D, Green M, Haines K, Higgins AM, Kaukonen KM, Leditschke IA, Nickels MR, Paratz J, Patman S, Skinner EH, Young PJ, Zanni JM, Denehy L, Webb SA. Expert consensus and recommendations on safety criteria for active mobilization of mechanically ventilated critically ill adults. Crit Care. 2014 Dec 4;18(6):658. doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0658-y. Review.
- Ishida A, Misumi S, Ueda Y, Shimizu Y, Cha-Gyun J, Tamakoshi K, Ishida K, Hida H. Early constraint-induced movement therapy promotes functional recovery and neuronal plasticity in a subcortical hemorrhage model rat. Behav Brain Res. 2015 May 1;284:158-66. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.022. Epub 2015 Feb 17.
- Ji LL, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Vina J. Exercise and hormesis: activation of cellular antioxidant signaling pathway. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 May;1067:425-35. Review.
- Kho ME, Martin RA, Toonstra AL, Zanni JM, Mantheiy EC, Nelliot A, Needham DM. Feasibility and safety of in-bed cycling for physical rehabilitation in the intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2015 Dec;30(6):1419.e1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.07.025. Epub 2015 Jul 29.
- Kho ME, Molloy AJ, Clarke FJ, Ajami D, McCaughan M, Obrovac K, Murphy C, Camposilvan L, Herridge MS, Koo KK, Rudkowski J, Seely AJ, Zanni JM, Mourtzakis M, Piraino T, Cook DJ; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. TryCYCLE: A Prospective Study of the Safety and Feasibility of Early In-Bed Cycling in Mechanically Ventilated Patients. PLoS One. 2016 Dec 28;11(12):e0167561. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167561. eCollection 2016.
- Kimawi I, Lamberjack B, Nelliot A, Toonstra AL, Zanni J, Huang M, Mantheiy E, Kho ME, Needham DM. Safety and Feasibility of a Protocolized Approach to In-Bed Cycling Exercise in the Intensive Care Unit: Quality Improvement Project. Phys Ther. 2017 Jun 1;97(6):593-602. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzx034.
- Lei C, Lin S, Zhang C, Tao W, Dong W, Hao Z, Liu M, Wu B. High-mobility group box1 protein promotes neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Neuroscience. 2013 Jan 3;228:190-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.023. Epub 2012 Oct 22.
- Mello RC, Sad EF, Andrade BC, Neves SP, Santos SM, Sarquis MM, Marik PE, Dias EP. Serum and salivary cortisol in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency and as a predictor of the outcome in patients with severe sepsis. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2011 Oct;55(7):455-9.
- Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Rowan EN, Murray GD, Gholkar A, Mitchell PM; STICH II Investigators. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial lobar intracerebral haematomas (STICH II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2013 Aug 3;382(9890):397-408. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60986-1. Epub 2013 May 29. Erratum in: Lancet. 2013 Aug 3;382(9890):396. Erratum in: Lancet. 2021 Sep 18;398(10305):1042.
- Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, de Ferranti S, Després JP, Fullerton HJ, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Liu S, Mackey RH, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER 3rd, Moy CS, Muntner P, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Rodriguez CJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Willey JZ, Woo D, Yeh RW, Turner MB; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 Jan 27;131(4):e29-322. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152. Epub 2014 Dec 17. Erratum in: Circulation. 2015 Jun 16;131(24):e535. Circulation. 2016 Feb 23;133(8):e417.
- Ortega E. The
- Ovbiagele B, Goldstein LB, Higashida RT, Howard VJ, Johnston SC, Khavjou OA, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Mohl S, Sacco RL, Saver JL, Trogdon JG; American Heart Association Advocacy Coordinating Committee and Stroke Council. Forecasting the future of stroke in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013 Aug;44(8):2361-75. doi: 10.1161/STR.0b013e31829734f2. Epub 2013 May 22. Erratum in: Stroke. 2015 Jul;46(7):e179.
- Poon MT, Fonville AF, Al-Shahi Salman R. Long-term prognosis after intracerebral haemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;85(6):660-7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306476. Epub 2013 Nov 21. Review.
- Quinn TJ, Dawson J, Walters MR, Lees KR. Reliability of the modified Rankin Scale: a systematic review. Stroke. 2009 Oct;40(10):3393-5. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.557256. Epub 2009 Aug 13. Review.
- Qureshi AI, Palesch YY, Barsan WG, Hanley DF, Hsu CY, Martin RL, Moy CS, Silbergleit R, Steiner T, Suarez JI, Toyoda K, Wang Y, Yamamoto H, Yoon BW; ATACH-2 Trial Investigators and the Neurological Emergency Treatment Trials Network. Intensive Blood-Pressure Lowering in Patients with Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 15;375(11):1033-43. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603460. Epub 2016 Jun 8.
- Steins Bisschop CN, Courneya KS, Velthuis MJ, Monninkhof EM, Jones LW, Friedenreich C, van der Wall E, Peeters PH, May AM. Control group design, contamination and drop-out in exercise oncology trials: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 27;10(3):e0120996. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120996. eCollection 2015. Review.
- Takamatsu Y, Tamakoshi K, Waseda Y, Ishida K. Running exercise enhances motor functional recovery with inhibition of dendritic regression in the motor cortex after collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2016 Mar 1;300:56-64. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.003. Epub 2015 Dec 7.
- Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet. 1974 Jul 13;2(7872):81-4.
- Thelandersson A, Nellgård B, Ricksten SE, Cider Å. Effects of Early Bedside Cycle Exercise on Intracranial Pressure and Systemic Hemodynamics in Critically Ill Patients in a Neurointensive Care Unit. Neurocrit Care. 2016 Dec;25(3):434-439.
- Wang P, Li CG, Qi Z, Cui D, Ding S. Acute exercise stress promotes Ref1/Nrf2 signalling and increases mitochondrial antioxidant activity in skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol. 2016 Mar;101(3):410-20. doi: 10.1113/EP085493. Epub 2016 Jan 23.
- Wang XM, Zhang YG, Li AL, Long ZH, Wang D, Li XX, Xia JH, Luo SY, Shan YH. Expressions of serum inflammatory cytokines and their relationship with cerebral edema in patients with acute basal ganglia hemorrhage. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016 Jul;20(13):2868-71.
- Wei P, You C, Jin H, Chen H, Lin B. Correlation between serum IL-1beta levels and cerebral edema extent in a hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage rat model. Neurol Res. 2014 Feb;36(2):170-5. doi: 10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000292. Epub 2013 Dec 19.
- Winkelman C. Investigating activity in hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study. Heart Lung. 2010 Jul-Aug;39(4):319-30. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.09.004. Epub 2010 Apr 8.
- Wu J, Yang S, Xi G, Song S, Fu G, Keep RF, Hua Y. Microglial activation and brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2008;105:59-65.
- Xue M, Del Bigio MR. Comparison of brain cell death and inflammatory reaction in three models of intracerebral hemorrhage in adult rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003 May-Jun;12(3):152-9.
- Yang X, Ren W, Zu H, Dong Q. Evaluate the serum cortisol in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2014 Aug;123:127-30. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.05.019. Epub 2014 Jun 5.
- Yang Z, Yu A, Liu Y, Shen H, Lin C, Lin L, Wang S, Yuan B. Regulatory T cells inhibit microglia activation and protect against inflammatory injury in intracerebral hemorrhage. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014 Oct;22(2):522-5. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.037. Epub 2014 Jul 4.
- Yong MS, Hwangbo K. Skilled reach training influences brain recovery following intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014 Mar;26(3):405-7. doi: 10.1589/jpts.26.405. Epub 2014 Mar 25.
- Yuan ZH, Jiang JK, Huang WD, Pan J, Zhu JY, Wang JZ. A meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage without hemophilia. J Clin Neurosci. 2010 Jun;17(6):685-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.11.020. Review.
- Zhao X, Sun G, Ting SM, Song S, Zhang J, Edwards NJ, Aronowski J. Cleaning up after ICH: the role of Nrf2 in modulating microglia function and hematoma clearance. J Neurochem. 2015 Apr;133(1):144-52. doi: 10.1111/jnc.12974. Epub 2014 Nov 24.
- IRB00154440