ProBoneVSL: Effect of VSL#3 on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

• Sponsor: Emory University (Other)
• Overall Status: Terminated
• CT.gov ID: NCT03165747
• Collaborator: (none)
• Enrollment: 35
• Location: 1
• Arms: 2
• Actual Duration (Months): 17.7
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 2

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

Osteoporosis has a devastating impact on quality of life of postmenopausal women, and is a significant cause of disability and morbidity. Many drugs are approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, but are associated with high costs and side effects. Some data from animal studies suggests that supplementation with probiotics can safely treat and prevent osteoporosis. The probiotic VSL#3 is commercially available, is safe for human consumption, and has been widely used in human clinical trials, and has known health-promoting effects in both children and adults.

The double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of VSL#3 will be conducted for 12 months in 40 postmenopausal women to determine if VSL#3 improves bone mineral density and related bone markers. Study visits will include all or some of the following procedures: a medical exam, urine collection, height and weight measurement, a blood draw to assess bone biomarkers, a DEXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) scan to measure bone density, and health questionnaires.

This is one of the first clinical trials proposed to investigate the effects of probiotics in bone in humans. If successful, this proposal will provide the first evidence that nutritional supplementation with the probiotic VSL#3 is a safe and effective strategy for preventing postmenopausal bone loss.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Menopausal Osteoporosis	Drug: VSL#3; Other: Placebo	Phase 2

Detailed Description

Osteoporosis has a devastating impact on quality of life of postmenopausal women, and is a significant cause of disability and morbidity. Many drugs are approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, but are associated with high costs and side effects. Some data from animal studies suggests that supplementation with probiotics can safely treat and prevent osteoporosis. The probiotic VSL#3 is commercially available, is safe for human consumption, and has been widely used in human clinical trials, and has known health-promoting effects in both children and adults.

The double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of VSL#3 will be conducted in a population of ambulatory, otherwise healthy, postmenopausal women for 12 months. Control and VSL#3-treated postmenopausal women will be matched by age (± 3 years). Study visits will include all or some of the following procedures: a medical exam, urine collection, height and weight measurement, a blood draw to assess bone biomarkers, a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan to measure bone density, and health questionnaires.

The primary endpoint is the change in bone mineral density (BMD) at the L1-4 lumbar spine over one year of study. Changes in BMD at the femoral neck and total hip area will be secondary endpoints. All BMD data will also be used as a tool for future studies power calculation and design. Additional endpoints will include changes in bone turnover markers and inflammatory/osteoclastogenic cytokines. Measurements of indices of bone turnover and cytokine levels will provide much needed mechanistic information.The data will allow to establish whether VSL#3 prevents bone loss and/or increases bone mass by regulating bone resorption, formation, or both.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 35 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
• Masking Description: Only the Emory Investigational Drug Service (IDS) pharmacy will know which dose of probiotic was given to the subject. The study team, parents, subjects, individuals entering the data, statistician, individuals performing laboratory tests and DEXA scans, research center nurses and investigators will remain blinded as to which treatment the subjects received. Each subject will be assigned a unique identifier, which will be used in the database. In addition, all lab specimens will only include the patient's unique identifier. Permuted block sizes will not be disclosed to the blinded study personnel to minimize the likelihood of their being able to predict the next randomization assignment in the series. Investigators and all study personnel will remain blinded until the final subject has completed her final visit and primary and secondary endpoints have been analyzed.
• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Official Title: Effect of VSL#3 on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: a Pilot Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
• Actual Study Start Date: Oct 1, 2017
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Mar 23, 2019
• Actual Study Completion Date: Mar 23, 2019

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: VSL#3 VSL#3 two active sachets [containing 450x109 colony-forming units (CFU)/sachet], taken daily in a single administration.	Drug: VSL#3; 8 strains of live bacteria: Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. 900 billion CFU taken orally daily in a single administration.
Placebo Comparator: Control Placebo, no supplemental probiotics.	Other: Placebo; Two placebo sachets taken orally daily in a single administration.

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the Lumbar Spine (L1-L4 Segment) as Measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) [Baseline and 12-month visit.]

   All DEXA scans will be performed on the same device using a GE Lunar iDEXA machine. Participants will be asked to lie still on a scanning table with their arms at their sides for approximately 10 minutes.

Secondary Outcome Measures

1. Change in Bone Density of the Non-dominant Hip (Femoral Neck and Total Hip Area) as Measured by DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry). [Baseline and 12-month visit.]

   All DEXA scans will be performed on the same device using a GE Lunar iDEXA machine. Participants will be asked to lie still on a scanning table with their arms at their sides for approximately 10 minutes.

2. Change in Serum Collagen Type 1 Cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX) Concentrations (a Marker of Bone Resorption). [Baseline, 6-month, 12-month visits]

   Up to approximately 50 mL of fasted blood will be collected at every visit from a peripheral vein.

3. Change in Serum Procollagen Type I N Propeptide (PINP) - a Marker of Bone Formation - Concentrations. [Baseline, 6-month, 12-month visits]

   Up to approximately 50 mL of fasted blood will be collected at every visit from a peripheral vein.

4. Change in Serum Free Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand (RANKL) Concentrations. [Baseline, 6-month, 12-month visits]

   Up to approximately 50 mL of fasted blood will be collected at every visit from a peripheral vein.

5. Change in Serum Osteoprotegrin (OPG) Concentrations. [Baseline, 6-month, 12-month visits]

   Up to approximately 50 mL of fasted blood will be collected at every visit from a peripheral vein.

6. Change in Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) [Baseline, 6-month, 12-month visits]

   Up to approximately 50 mL of fasted blood will be collected at every visit from a peripheral vein.

7. Change in Serum Interleukin-17 (IL-17) Concentrations. [Baseline, 6-month, 12-month visits]

   Up to approximately 50 mL of fasted blood will be collected at every visit from a peripheral vein.

8. Number of Unused Study Drug Sachets. [Every two weeks during the study 12-months]

   This will be determined by contacts (twice monthly telephone or at research center visits) of the study coordinator with each subject and responses to three standardized question areas: 1) "Are you having any difficulty, problems or new symptoms with the study medication?" 2) If yes, "What has the problem been?" and 3) "Have you missed any of your study drug doses, and if so how many in the previous 2 week period?" Appropriate notations based on subject responses will be documented in the case report form (CRF). Subjects will be instructed at study entry and reminded via serial contacts to return all of their used and unused drug sachets at each research center visit. Unused and used study drug sachets will be tallied and recorded in the CRF by the study coordinator serially for the entire study.

9. Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating [Every two weeks during the study 12-months]

   Study drug tolerance will be assessed by obtaining serial measures of the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS). These will be obtained with in-person interviews at the baseline and month 6 and 12 visits and by telephone contact with all subjects by the study coordinator every 2 weeks. Data will be analyzed within the 5 symptom domains depicting symptoms related to gastric reflux, abdominal pain, indigestion, diarrhea, and constipation.The GSRS has a seven-point graded Likert-type scale where 1 represents absence of troublesome symptoms and 7 represents very troublesome symptoms. A GSRS total score, the sum of all 5 domains, will also be assessed.

10. Study Retention Rate. [Up to 12 months]

    The number of participants who complete all study visits, phone calls, and maintain drug compliance. Retention will be documented via conventional Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) criteria and documentation of missed study visits, missed telephone communications and compliance with study drug administration. All data will be maintained in the CRFs.

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 50 Years to 65 Years
• Sexes Eligible for Study: Female
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Willing and able to give written informed consent for participation in the study

2. Age range 50-65 years

3. Menopausal status (defined by >1 yr since last menstrual period or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level in the postmenopausal range)

4. Ambulatory

5. Body mass Index (BMI) must be ≥ 18 and ≤ 32 kg/m2 at screening

6. Bone mineral density (BMD), expressed as T-scores, must be > - 2.5 in the lumbar spine (L1-L4), the femoral neck, and the total hip, as measured by DEXA

7. Commitment not to use any products that may influence the study outcome

8. Ability to understand and comply with the requirements of the study

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Premenopausal status

2. History of >1 previous atraumatic bone fractures after age 50

3. Presence of established osteoporosis (T-score ≤ - 2.5, in the lumbar spine, femoral neck or total hip as measured by screening DEXA)

4. History of immunological or bone-related disorders including: HIV infection, Type I diabetes mellitus, bone marrow or organ transplantation; Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease); multiple myeloma; osteomalacia; osteosarcoma; Paget's disease; rheumatoid arthritis; systemic lupus erythematous; parathyroid disorders

5. Uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus (HgbA1c ≥ 7% within the last 12 months)

6. History of bariatric surgery or other forms of malabsorption (including documented celiac disease, or chronic diarrhea)

7. Alcohol abuse

8. Clinically significant chronic kidney disease (stage ≥ 2, with total serum creatinine level > 2.5 mg/dL and calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD equation)

9. Clinically significant cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, cerebral vascular accident or acute congestive heart failure within the previous 12 months

10. Any malignancies, other than localized skin squamous cell carcinoma, diagnosed within the previous 5 years, or any history of metastatic cancer

11. History of use of oral supplement products containing probiotic bacteria (more than once per week) within four weeks prior to baseline

12. Current use (within the past 8 weeks) of any medication with known influences on the immune or skeletal system (e.g. immune modulation therapy, systemic glucocorticoids, systemic steroid hormones

13. Use of oral or injectable bisphosphonates for more than 1 year within the last 5 years

14. Current or past use (within 1 year) of Denosumab, Teriparatide, Raloxifene, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), calcitonin, or any other anti-resorptive agent other than bisphosphonates used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

15. Use of antibiotics during the previous two months or frequent user of antibiotics (>2 courses during the previous 12 months) for any cause

16. Smoking or use of nicotine-containing products during the last six months

17. Known hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients in the VSL#3 or the placebo study drug

18. serum or plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration < 12 ng/mL

19. uncontrolled thyroid disease (abnormal blood thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level within the last 12 months and/or changing dose of thyroid replacement therapy within the last 12 months)

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	Emory University Hospital Clinical Research Network, Emory Clinic, Emory St. Joseph's Hospital, Emory University Hospital (non-CRN)	Atlanta	Georgia	United States	30322

Sponsors and Collaborators

• Emory University

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Roberto Pacifici, Emory University

Study Documents (Full-Text)

• Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan - Oct 17, 2018

More Information

Publications

None provided.

• Responsible Party: Roberto Pacifici, Assistant Professor, Emory University
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03165747
• Other Study ID Numbers: IRB00095798
• First Posted: May 24, 2017
• Last Update Posted: Mar 4, 2020
• Last Verified: Mar 1, 2020

• Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement: No
• Plan to Share IPD: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: No
• Keywords provided by Roberto Pacifici, Assistant Professor, Emory University: Probiotics; Menopausal Osteoporosis
• Additional relevant MeSH terms: Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal

Study Results

Participant Flow

Recruitment Details	Participants were recruited at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Enrollment began on October 1, 2017 and all study activity stopped on March 23, 2019.
Pre-assignment Detail	35 individuals consented to participate. The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	0	0
COMPLETED	0	0
NOT COMPLETED	0	0

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo	Total
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	0	0	0
Age () []
<=18 years
Between 18 and 65 years
>=65 years
Age () []
Sex: Female, Male () []
Female
Male
Race and Ethnicity Not Collected () []
Region of Enrollment (participants) []

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Change in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the Lumbar Spine (L1-L4 Segment) as Measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
Description	All DEXA scans will be performed on the same device using a GE Lunar iDEXA machine. Participants will be asked to lie still on a scanning table with their arms at their sides for approximately 10 minutes.
Time Frame	Baseline and 12-month visit.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
Measure Participants	0	0

2. Secondary Outcome

Title	Change in Bone Density of the Non-dominant Hip (Femoral Neck and Total Hip Area) as Measured by DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry).
Description	All DEXA scans will be performed on the same device using a GE Lunar iDEXA machine. Participants will be asked to lie still on a scanning table with their arms at their sides for approximately 10 minutes.
Time Frame	Baseline and 12-month visit.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
Measure Participants	0	0

3. Secondary Outcome

Title	Change in Serum Collagen Type 1 Cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX) Concentrations (a Marker of Bone Resorption).
Description	Up to approximately 50 mL of fasted blood will be collected at every visit from a peripheral vein.
Time Frame	Baseline, 6-month, 12-month visits

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
Measure Participants	0	0

4. Secondary Outcome

Title	Change in Serum Procollagen Type I N Propeptide (PINP) - a Marker of Bone Formation - Concentrations.
Description	Up to approximately 50 mL of fasted blood will be collected at every visit from a peripheral vein.
Time Frame	Baseline, 6-month, 12-month visits

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
Measure Participants	0	0

5. Secondary Outcome

Title	Change in Serum Free Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand (RANKL) Concentrations.
Description	Up to approximately 50 mL of fasted blood will be collected at every visit from a peripheral vein.
Time Frame	Baseline, 6-month, 12-month visits

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
Measure Participants	0	0

6. Secondary Outcome

Title	Change in Serum Osteoprotegrin (OPG) Concentrations.
Description	Up to approximately 50 mL of fasted blood will be collected at every visit from a peripheral vein.
Time Frame	Baseline, 6-month, 12-month visits

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
Measure Participants	0	0

7. Secondary Outcome

Title	Change in Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
Description	Up to approximately 50 mL of fasted blood will be collected at every visit from a peripheral vein.
Time Frame	Baseline, 6-month, 12-month visits

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
Measure Participants	0	0

8. Secondary Outcome

Title	Change in Serum Interleukin-17 (IL-17) Concentrations.
Description	Up to approximately 50 mL of fasted blood will be collected at every visit from a peripheral vein.
Time Frame	Baseline, 6-month, 12-month visits

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
Measure Participants	0	0

9. Secondary Outcome

Title	Number of Unused Study Drug Sachets.
Description	This will be determined by contacts (twice monthly telephone or at research center visits) of the study coordinator with each subject and responses to three standardized question areas: 1) "Are you having any difficulty, problems or new symptoms with the study medication?" 2) If yes, "What has the problem been?" and 3) "Have you missed any of your study drug doses, and if so how many in the previous 2 week period?" Appropriate notations based on subject responses will be documented in the case report form (CRF). Subjects will be instructed at study entry and reminded via serial contacts to return all of their used and unused drug sachets at each research center visit. Unused and used study drug sachets will be tallied and recorded in the CRF by the study coordinator serially for the entire study.
Time Frame	Every two weeks during the study 12-months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
Measure Participants	0	0

10. Secondary Outcome

Title	Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating
Description	Study drug tolerance will be assessed by obtaining serial measures of the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS). These will be obtained with in-person interviews at the baseline and month 6 and 12 visits and by telephone contact with all subjects by the study coordinator every 2 weeks. Data will be analyzed within the 5 symptom domains depicting symptoms related to gastric reflux, abdominal pain, indigestion, diarrhea, and constipation.The GSRS has a seven-point graded Likert-type scale where 1 represents absence of troublesome symptoms and 7 represents very troublesome symptoms. A GSRS total score, the sum of all 5 domains, will also be assessed.
Time Frame	Every two weeks during the study 12-months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
Measure Participants	0	0

11. Secondary Outcome

Title	Study Retention Rate.
Description	The number of participants who complete all study visits, phone calls, and maintain drug compliance. Retention will be documented via conventional Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) criteria and documentation of missed study visits, missed telephone communications and compliance with study drug administration. All data will be maintained in the CRFs.
Time Frame	Up to 12 months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.

Arm/Group Title	VSL#3	Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.	Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
Measure Participants	0	0

Adverse Events

Time Frame	Upon beginning to take the study products, participants were called every other week to monitor for any adverse effects. In addition to twice monthly phone calls, participants were asked to complete Subject Diary Cards to capture adverse events during the course of the trial and up to 1 month following the cessation of the study drug (up to Month 13).
Adverse Event Reporting Description	The investigational product became the subject of a court judgment upholding false advertising claims concerning the product's similarity to earlier products sold under the same name. Because of questions raised by this ruling, no participants are considered as being assigned to a protocol-defined study arm.
Arm/Group Title	VSL#3		Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Participants randomized to receive two sachets of the VSL#3 probiotic, taken orally daily in a single administration.		Participants randomized to receive two placebo sachets, taken orally daily in a single administration.
All Cause Mortality
	VSL#3		Placebo
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/0 (NaN)		0/0 (NaN)
Serious Adverse Events
	VSL#3		Placebo
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/0 (NaN)		0/0 (NaN)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	VSL#3		Placebo
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/0 (NaN)		0/0 (NaN)

Limitations/Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

All Principal Investigators ARE employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.