EPI-743 for Metabolism or Mitochondrial Disorders

• Sponsor: National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) (NIH)
• Overall Status: Completed
• CT.gov ID: NCT01642056
• Collaborator: (none)
• Enrollment: 20
• Location: 1
• Arms: 2
• Duration (Months): 84.7
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 0.2

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

Background:

• Mitochondria are the parts of cells that help produce energy. Metabolism is the process by which the body uses energy to help cells grow and reproduce. Metabolic and mitochondrial disorders affect the body s ability to produce and store energy. These disorders can cause a wide variety of problems, but most often they affect the muscles and the brain, where energy requirements are high. Treatment is difficult because the exact source of the problem is hard to detect.

• EPI-743 is a new drug that is based on vitamin E. Tests have shown that it can help improve the function of cells with mitochondrial problems. It may be able to treat people with genetic disorders that affect metabolism and mitochondria.

Objectives:

• To see if EPI-743 can improve energy production and use in people with mitochondrial or metabolic disorders.

Eligibility:

• Children between 2 and 11 years of age who have metabolic or mitochondrial problems.

Design:

• Participants will be screened with a physical exam and medical history. Blood and urine samples will be collected.

• The study will last about 13 months. Participants will have seven 3- to 5-day inpatient study visits about 3 months apart.

• Participants will take either EPI-743 or a placebo for the first 6 months of the study. After 6 months, there will be a 1-month rest period. Then, those who received EPI-743 in the first 6 months will take the placebo for the next 6 months. Those who had the placebo will take EPI-743.

• During each inpatient study visit, participants will have a physical exam. A 24-hour urine collection will be obtained. Blood samples will also be taken. Imaging studies and other tests may be performed as directed by the study researchers.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Mitochondrial Disease; Neurology; Myopathy	Drug: EPI-743; Drug: Placebo	Phase 1/Phase 2

Detailed Description

The clinical manifestations of disorders of energy metabolism and defects in oxidation/reduction are similar because the basic defect involves the inability to transfer electrons. The same is true for many mitochondrial diseases. Affected patients exhibit a wide variety of signs and symptoms, but the most frequent and earliest dysfunctions occur in the muscle and brain, where energy requirements are high. The diagnosis of this type of defect is problematic because of the nonspecific and protean clinical manifestations of these disorders. Treatment is equally challenging, since the exact locus of the primary defect generally remains enigmatic. As a consequence, physicians rely upon generic cocktails of vitamin co-factors or endogenous intermediates intended to enhance mitochondrial electron transport, diminish the damage of reactive oxygen species, and promote energy production. The field is such a morass that, in general, it calls for trial-and-error treatment based upon empiric data. Edison Pharmaceuticals, Inc, has developed an in vitro assay that utilizes patient fibroblasts to model the innate susceptibility to oxidative stress caused by the disorders of energy metabolism and oxidation/reduction. The assay system also determines if the cells respond with increased viability to an IND drug called EPI-743. We propose a clinical trial that enrolls 20 children who meet three criteria. First, they must have a disorder that, based upon studies performed in a clinical protocol such as 76-HG-0238 ("Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Other Genetic Disorders"), is consistent with a defect in energy metabolism or oxidation/reduction. Second, their cultured fibroblasts must exhibit a defect in the ability to withstand oxidant stress. Third, their fibroblasts must respond to EPI-743 in vitro by showing improved viability under conditions of oxidative stress. This protocol is a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study with 6-month periods of treatment and a two-month washout period. Patients will be admitted to the NIH Clinical Center for 2-5 days every 3 months. The primary outcome measure will be quality of life based upon the Newcastle Paediatric Mitochondrial Disease Scale (NPMDS) for ages 2-11 years; parts IIII

will be evaluated separately from part IV. Secondary outcome measures will be tailored to each patient's laboratory, imaging, and clinical abnormalities. Results while receiving EPI-743 will be compared to results while receiving placebo; both repeated measures analyses and Student's t test will be employed.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 20 participants
• Allocation: Non-Randomized
• Intervention Model: Crossover Assignment
• Masking: Double (Participant, Investigator)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: Therapeutic Trial of EPI -743 In Patients With Disorders of Energy Utilization or Oxidation-Reduction
• Study Start Date: Sep 1, 2012
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Sep 24, 2019
• Actual Study Completion Date: Sep 24, 2019

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: EPI-743, then Placebo Received EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg orally or via gastric tube three times daily with meals, then placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.	Drug: EPI-743; This medication is used to treat disorders of energy metabolism such as mitochondrial diseases. It does not correct the inherited disorder of energy metabolism or mitochondrial diseases. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.; Drug: Placebo
Placebo Comparator: Placebo, then EPI-743 Received Placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals, then EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.	Drug: EPI-743; This medication is used to treat disorders of energy metabolism such as mitochondrial diseases. It does not correct the inherited disorder of energy metabolism or mitochondrial diseases. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.; Drug: Placebo

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Newcastle Paediatric Mitochondrial Disease Scale (NPMDS) Part I-III, Baseline [Baseline - Day 0]

   NPMDS is a semi-quantitative clinical rating scale that evaluates the progression of mitochondrial disease in pediatric patients. The NPMDS scale provides an assessment of the progression of mitochondrial disease. Scores from Parts I-III are added to get a value between 0 and 130, with higher scores representing more severe disease.

2. Newcastle Paediatric Mitochondrial Disease Scale (NPMDS) Part I-III, 6 Months [6 months]

   NPMDS is a semi-quantitative clinical rating scale that evaluates the progression of mitochondrial disease in pediatric patients. The NPMDS scale provides an assessment of the progression of mitochondrial disease. Scores from Parts I-III are added to get a value between 0 and 130, with higher scores representing more severe disease.

3. Newcastle Paediatric Mitochondrial Disease Scale (NPMDS) Part I-III, Post Washout [8 month - Post washout]

   NPMDS is a semi-quantitative clinical rating scale that evaluates the progression of mitochondrial disease in pediatric patients. The NPMDS scale provides an assessment of the progression of mitochondrial disease. Scores from Parts I-III are added to get a value between 0 and 130, with higher scores representing more severe disease.

4. Newcastle Paediatric Mitochondrial Disease Scale (NPMDS) Part I-III, 14 Months [14 months]

   NPMDS is a semi-quantitative clinical rating scale that evaluates the progression of mitochondrial disease in pediatric patients. The NPMDS scale provides an assessment of the progression of mitochondrial disease. Scores from Parts I-III are added to get a value between 0 and 130, with higher scores representing more severe disease.

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 2 Years to 11 Years
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

• INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Inclusion criteria involve enrollment in protocol 76-HG-0238, Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Other Genetic Disorders . In addition, patients must:

• Be 2-11 years of age

• Manifest clinical findings of a neuromuscular disease with a component of impaired energy or oxidation/reduction. Typical symptoms would include hypotonia, dystonia, or seizures.

• Have a disorder that is untreatable or poorly treatable.

• Have cultured fibroblasts that exhibit reduced viability under conditions of oxidative stress, compared to age matched control fibroblasts.

• Have cultured fibroblasts that achieve at least 80% viability rescue with EPI-743 at 1micromolar upon exposure to oxidative stress and that have a half maximal effective concentration of EPI-743 of less than or equal to 50 nanomolar.

• Be willing to abstain from initiating the use of dietary supplements and nonprescribed medications, foods or beverages or bars fortified with coenzyme Q(10), vitamin E, super fortified functional foods or beverages, and idebenone.

• Be able to travel to the Clinical Center for at least 8 visits.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

• Age < 2 years or >11 years

• Diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases benefiting from treatment and at risk from being moved to placebo

• Allergy to EPI-743 or sesame oil

• Hepatic insufficiency with liver function tests greater than 3-times the upper limit of normal

• Renal insufficiency requiring dialysis

• Significant malabsorption of fats precluding drug absorption

• Allergy to vitamin E

• Significant coagulation abnormalities as evidenced by abnormal PT/PTT tests

• Severe end-organ hypo-perfusion syndrome secondary to cardiac failure resulting in lactic acidosis

• Ventilator-dependence

• Chronic pancreatitis

• Clinical history of bleeding requiring ongoing medical management

• Abnormal red cell parameters requiring ongoing medical management besides iron supplementation

• A platelet disorder

• Neutrophils less than 500 mm3

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike	Bethesda	Maryland	United States	20892

Sponsors and Collaborators

• National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: William A Gahl, M.D., National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)

Study Documents (Full-Text)

• Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan - Jun 9, 2019

More Information

Additional Information:

• NIH Clinical Center Detailed Web Page

Publications

• Sadun AA, Chicani CF, Ross-Cisneros FN, Barboni P, Thoolen M, Shrader WD, Kubis K, Carelli V, Miller G. Effect of EPI-743 on the clinical course of the mitochondrial disease Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. Arch Neurol. 2012 Mar;69(3):331-8. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.2972.
• Shrader WD, Amagata A, Barnes A, Enns GM, Hinman A, Jankowski O, Kheifets V, Komatsuzaki R, Lee E, Mollard P, Murase K, Sadun AA, Thoolen M, Wesson K, Miller G. α-Tocotrienol quinone modulates oxidative stress response and the biochemistry of aging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Jun 15;21(12):3693-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.085. Epub 2011 Apr 24.

• Responsible Party: National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01642056
• Other Study ID Numbers: 120161; 12-HG-0161
• First Posted: Jul 17, 2012
• Last Update Posted: Apr 14, 2021
• Last Verified: Dec 9, 2019

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: No
• Keywords provided by National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI): Oxidative Stress; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Mitochondrial Disease
• Additional relevant MeSH terms: Mitochondrial Diseases

Study Results

Participant Flow

Pre-assignment Detail	20 subjects were consented. One subject died during first intervention due to progression of disease. Three subjects did not complete the second intervention.

Arm/Group Title	EPI-743, Then Placebo	Placebo, Then EPI-743
Arm/Group Description	Received EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg orally or via gastric tube three times daily with meals, then placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.	Received Placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals, then EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.
Period Title: First Intervention
STARTED	10	10
COMPLETED	9	10
NOT COMPLETED	1	0
Period Title: First Intervention
STARTED	9	10
COMPLETED	8	8
NOT COMPLETED	1	2

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	EPI-743, Then Placebo	Placebo, Then EPI-743	Total
Arm/Group Description	Received EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg orally or via gastric tube three times daily with meals, then placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.	Received Placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals, then EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	10	10	20
Age (Count of Participants)
<=18 years	10 100%	10 100%	20 100%
Between 18 and 65 years	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
>=65 years	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	3 30%	5 50%	8 40%
Male	7 70%	5 50%	12 60%
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
Hispanic or Latino	0 0%	1 10%	1 5%
Not Hispanic or Latino	9 90%	9 90%	18 90%
Unknown or Not Reported	1 10%	0 0%	1 5%
Race (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
American Indian or Alaska Native	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Asian	3 30%	1 10%	4 20%
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Black or African American	1 10%	0 0%	1 5%
White	4 40%	9 90%	13 65%
More than one race	1 10%	0 0%	1 5%
Unknown or Not Reported	1 10%	0 0%	1 5%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Newcastle Paediatric Mitochondrial Disease Scale (NPMDS) Part I-III, Baseline
Description	NPMDS is a semi-quantitative clinical rating scale that evaluates the progression of mitochondrial disease in pediatric patients. The NPMDS scale provides an assessment of the progression of mitochondrial disease. Scores from Parts I-III are added to get a value between 0 and 130, with higher scores representing more severe disease.
Time Frame	Baseline - Day 0

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Participants who who had treatment intervention in phase I. The outcome measures were analyzed separately by arm and phase, not by combining results by intervention across phases, due to the progressive nature of the underlying disease.

Arm/Group Title	EPI-743, Then Placebo	Placebo, Then EPI-743
Arm/Group Description	Received EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg orally or via gastric tube three times daily with meals, then placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.	Received Placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals, then EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.
Measure Participants	10	10
Mean (Standard Error) [Units on a scale]	23.9 (2.8)	20.4 (3.7)

2. Primary Outcome

Title	Newcastle Paediatric Mitochondrial Disease Scale (NPMDS) Part I-III, 6 Months
Description	NPMDS is a semi-quantitative clinical rating scale that evaluates the progression of mitochondrial disease in pediatric patients. The NPMDS scale provides an assessment of the progression of mitochondrial disease. Scores from Parts I-III are added to get a value between 0 and 130, with higher scores representing more severe disease.
Time Frame	6 months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

(Participants who who had treatment intervention in phase I. The outcome measures were analyzed separately by arm and phase, not by combining results by intervention across phases, due to the progressive nature of the underlying disease.

Arm/Group Title	EPI-743, Then Placebo	Placebo, Then EPI-743
Arm/Group Description	Received EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg orally or via gastric tube three times daily with meals, then placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.	Received Placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals, then EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.
Measure Participants	9	10
Mean (Standard Error) [Units on a scale]	27.1 (2.7)	20.2 (3.8)

3. Primary Outcome

Title	Newcastle Paediatric Mitochondrial Disease Scale (NPMDS) Part I-III, Post Washout
Description	NPMDS is a semi-quantitative clinical rating scale that evaluates the progression of mitochondrial disease in pediatric patients. The NPMDS scale provides an assessment of the progression of mitochondrial disease. Scores from Parts I-III are added to get a value between 0 and 130, with higher scores representing more severe disease.
Time Frame	8 month - Post washout

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Participants who received treatment in phase II. The outcome measures were analyzed separately by arm and phase, not by combining results by intervention across phases, due to the progressive nature of the underlying disease.

Arm/Group Title	EPI-743, Then Placebo	Placebo, Then EPI-743
Arm/Group Description	Received EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg orally or via gastric tube three times daily with meals, then placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.	Received Placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals, then EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.
Measure Participants	9	10
Mean (Standard Error) [Units on a scale]	27.1 (3.5)	18.3 (3.6)

4. Primary Outcome

Title	Newcastle Paediatric Mitochondrial Disease Scale (NPMDS) Part I-III, 14 Months
Description	NPMDS is a semi-quantitative clinical rating scale that evaluates the progression of mitochondrial disease in pediatric patients. The NPMDS scale provides an assessment of the progression of mitochondrial disease. Scores from Parts I-III are added to get a value between 0 and 130, with higher scores representing more severe disease.
Time Frame	14 months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Participants who received treatment in phase II. The outcome measures were analyzed separately by arm and phase, not by combining results by intervention across phases, due to the progressive nature of the underlying disease.

Arm/Group Title	EPI-743, Then Placebo	Placebo, Then EPI-743
Arm/Group Description	Received EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg orally or via gastric tube three times daily with meals, then placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.	Received Placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals, then EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.
Measure Participants	8	8
Mean (Standard Error) [Units on a scale]	26 (3.3)	15.8 (3.7)

Adverse Events

Time Frame	14 Months
Arm/Group Title	EPI-743		Placebo
Arm/Group Description	Received EPI-743, 15mg/kg up to a maximum dose of 200 mg orally or via gastric tube three times daily with meals. EPI-743 is structurally related to Vitamin E and can be broadly classified as an antioxidant.		Received Placebo three times daily orally or via gastric tube with meals.
All Cause Mortality
	EPI-743		Placebo
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	1/20 (5%)		0/19 (0%)
Serious Adverse Events
	EPI-743		Placebo
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	3/20 (15%)		4/19 (21.1%)
General disorders
Hyperthermia	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Investigations
Blood creatine phosphokinase increased	1/20 (5%)	3	0/19 (0%)	3
Nervous system disorders
Status epilepticus	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Respiratory tract infection	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Surgical and medical procedures
Hospitalisation	2/20 (10%)	3	4/19 (21.1%)	6
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	EPI-743		Placebo
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	17/20 (85%)		18/19 (94.7%)
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Anaemia	0/20 (0%)		2/19 (10.5%)	3
Polycythaemia	2/20 (10%)	3	5/19 (26.3%)	5
Ear and labyrinth disorders
Tinnitus	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Endocrine disorders
Adrenal insufficiency	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Goitre	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Hypercalcaemia	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Hyperthyroidism	1/20 (5%)	1	2/19 (10.5%)	2
Hypothyroidism	3/20 (15%)	4	1/19 (5.3%)	1
Gastrointestinal disorders
Diarrhoea	0/20 (0%)		2/19 (10.5%)	2
Gastroenteritis viral	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Nausea	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Pharyngitis	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Vomiting	4/20 (20%)	4	4/19 (21.1%)	5
General disorders
Fatigue	0/20 (0%)		2/19 (10.5%)	2
Hyperthermia	0/20 (0%)		6/19 (31.6%)	6
Influenza like illness	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Hepatobiliary disorders
Hyperammonaemia	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Investigations
Activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged	3/20 (15%)	4	5/19 (26.3%)	6
Alanine aminotransferase increased	4/20 (20%)	7	4/19 (21.1%)	5
Amylase increased	1/20 (5%)	1	3/19 (15.8%)	3
Aspartate aminotransferase increased	4/20 (20%)	5	4/19 (21.1%)	6
Blood albumin decreased	0/20 (0%)		2/19 (10.5%)	3
Blood alkaline phosphatase increased	2/20 (10%)	3	1/19 (5.3%)	1
Blood creatine phosphokinase increased	10/20 (50%)	14	6/19 (31.6%)	10
Electrocardiogram QT prolonged	1/20 (5%)	1	1/19 (5.3%)	2
International normalised ratio increased	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Lipase increased	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Lymphocyte count increased	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Neutrophil count decreased	1/20 (5%)	1	2/19 (10.5%)	2
Platelet count decreased	1/20 (5%)	1	2/19 (10.5%)	2
Prothrombin time prolonged	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Red blood cell sedimentation rate increased	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
White blood cell count decreased	1/20 (5%)	1	2/19 (10.5%)	2
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Dehydration	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Hyperbilirubinaemia	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Hypercholesterolaemia	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Hyperkalaemia	1/20 (5%)	2	1/19 (5.3%)	1
Hypernatraemia	2/20 (10%)	2	0/19 (0%)	2
Hypocalcaemia	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Hypoglycaemia	2/20 (10%)	2	1/19 (5.3%)	1
Hyponatraemia	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Psychiatric disorders
Psychomotor hyperactivity	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Violence-related symptom	0/20 (0%)		1/19 (5.3%)	1
Renal and urinary disorders
Proteinuria	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Cough	2/20 (10%)	2	2/19 (10.5%)	2
Nasal congestion	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Upper respiratory tract irritation	2/20 (10%)	2	1/19 (5.3%)	1
Wheezing	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Rash	1/20 (5%)	1	0/19 (0%)	1

Limitations/Caveats

All 20 randomized patients were included in the model to assess baseline characteristics. Of the 20 randomized, 19 provided 6-month outcomes (10 placebo, 9 treatment), who then crossed over their treatments and provided 8-month baseline scores. Of these, 16 provided 14-month outcomes (8 who had crossed over to treatment, and 8 who had crossed over to placebo).

More Information

Certain Agreements

All Principal Investigators ARE employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.