24-hour Oral Morphine Equivalent Based Opioid Prescribing After Surgery

• Sponsor: University of Colorado, Denver (Other)
• Overall Status: Completed
• CT.gov ID: NCT04043143
• Collaborator: National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (NIH)
• Enrollment: 57
• Location: 1
• Arms: 2
• Actual Duration (Months): 14.7
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 3.9

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

The investigators will utilize the electronic health record to individualize pain therapy in surgical patients after hospital discharge using last 24-hour opioid intake as the decision variable for the amount of opioid pain pills prescribed. The preliminary data indicate that current opioid prescription practice after surgery follows a "one size fits all" pattern. In-hospital opioid use 24 hours prior to discharge serves as a strong indicator to correctly estimate needs for analgesic medications at home. The investigators will test the hypothesis that this prescription estimation tool will enable providers to write need-based prescriptions based on each patient's' 24-hour prior-to-discharge opioid use. The investigators will test this tool prospectively for patients after Cesarean section who are anticipated to use about half or less of the usually prescribed amount of opioid pain pills after discharge randomized equally to prescription tool intervention or no intervention (prescription as usual).

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Opioid Use	Other: Arm 1 Prescription As Usual; Other: Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention	N/A

Detailed Description

Prescription opioid overdose has emerged as a leading cause of death in the general population. Opioid-based therapy represents a corner-stone of post-operative pain management. With increasing emphasis on robust pain therapy, sales of opioid medications have increased four-fold in the last decade. Parallel to this rise, opioid-associated deaths have also quadrupled. The investigators have shown that long-term opioid use occurs in up to 22% of patients following surgery. Over-prescribed opioids after surgery can create a reservoir of opioids that become available for non-medical use. Effective strategies to maximize non-opioid pain therapy and to limit such a reservoir are lacking. Thus, there is an urgent need to individualize post-operative pain therapy and reduce reliance on opioids.

Converting knowledge on actual need for opioid pain medications after surgery into tangible benefits can prevent over-prescription of opioids that become available for non-medical use. The objective of this study is to prescribe pain medications after surgery in a patient-centered fashion. The investigators will use the average amount of opioid medications (in oral morphine equivalents - OME) taken in the last 24 hours prior to discharge to inform and design a clinical decision support tool. This tool will reduce the amount of opioid medications prescribed while maintaining patient post-operative pain control. The calculated "last 24 hour OME dose" will be applied to generate a recommendation for the prescription of a cumulative opioid dose that will be shared with the provider when the post-discharge pain medication is made, e.g. via displaying the last 24-hour opioid use in the electronic health record (EHR). The rationale is that testing of such a decision-making tool will lay the groundwork to translate the findings of this project into more secure and efficient opioid prescribing practices to a system-wide level. Upon completion, the investigators expect to have developed an effective decision-making tool to help providers estimate required pain medication following patient discharge.

The investigators will perform a randomized clinical trial (RCT) of an Electronic Health Record (EHR)-based recommendation to prescribe opioids at discharge according to the recorded last 24-hour inpatient use according to current recommendations and evaluate its effect on the amount of opioids prescribed as well as pain control after discharge.

Using the University of Colorado Hospital Epic/Clarity database, the investigators will continuously identify all patients who underwent Cesarean section surgery at University Hospital. Patients will be approached regarding interest in the study prior to hospital discharge.A trained Professional Research Assistant or other provider will explain the study and obtain informed consent from prospective participants. After consent, demographics and the best contact information will be collected from those enrolled patients who indicate they are interested in completing the surveys after their hospital discharge.

The investigators expect 44 patients to complete all four weekly surveys and define the intent-to-treat sample as patients who complete one or more surveys (providing at least one observation to be used in analyses). To conservatively allow for increased variability due to attrition, 54 patients will be randomized equally electronically to intervention (prescription tool) or no intervention (prescription as usual). The investigators will use an electronic randomization scheme created so that the principal investigator and statistician can remain blind to assignment.

In the intervention group (Arm 2), at the time of writing the prescription for a patient, the provider will be informed that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (No opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken equal or less than 22.5 MME (morphine milligram equivalent), e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours.) In the control group (Arm 1), providers will receive a message to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. For this pilot study, the provider information (best practice alert - BPA) will be operationalized via a written recommendation on paper handed to the provider by study staff in a sealed envelope that the provider will be asked to open and read. Alternatively the BPA may be presented electronically using a screen. Providers will be asked to acknowledge that they read the BPA by closing the window or opening the envelope.

One week after hospital discharge interested patients will be contacted and asked to complete the first of four surveys. All communication will be available in English. Patients will be paid with a $10 gift card or money order equivalent to complete the study assessments using REDCap at each of the four weekly follow-up time points ($40 total). All enrolled patients will complete the weekly post-discharge surveys within REDCap or hard copy if they do not have internet access.

The study team will contact all subjects ~2 weeks after discharge to ask about pain management and monitor the need for secondary prescriptions from providers to ensure that no significant under-prescription of opioid medications after surgery occurs.

The investigators will seek follow-up with providers about the usefulness and acceptability of the EHR-based intervention. Providers will be surveyed with a REDCap survey using a modified version of the GUIDES checklist, which provides a tool to improve the successful use of guideline-based computerized clinical decision support.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 57 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Intervention Model Description: The investigators will test this tool prospectively for Cesarean section patients anticipated to use about half or less of the usually prescribed amount of opioid pain pills randomized equally to prescription tool intervention or no intervention (prescription as usual).The investigators will test this tool prospectively for Cesarean section patients anticipated to use about half or less of the usually prescribed amount of opioid pain pills randomized equally to prescription tool intervention or no intervention (prescription as usual).
• Masking: Double (Participant, Investigator)
• Masking Description: The investigators will use an electronic randomization scheme created so that the principal investigator and statistician can remain blind to assignment.
• Primary Purpose: Other
• Official Title: 24-hour Oral Morphine Equivalent Based Opioid Prescribing After Surgery
• Actual Study Start Date: Oct 24, 2019
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Jan 13, 2021
• Actual Study Completion Date: Jan 13, 2021

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Placebo Comparator: Arm 1 Prescription As Usual At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.	Other: Arm 1 Prescription As Usual; At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.
Experimental: Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked.	Other: Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention; The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Prescribed Post-discharge Opioids [Date of admission to the hospital up to 60 days after the date of hospital discharge.]

   Prescribed post-discharge opioid doses in oral morphine equivalents from the electronic health record (EHR).

Secondary Outcome Measures

1. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Week 1 [One week after hospital discharge date.]

   Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Score as reported on the Week 1 study survey. The Scale consists of 8 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Somewhat (3), Quite a bit (4), Very much (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 8; the highest possible raw score is 40, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain interference. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.

2. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Week 2 [Two weeks after hospital discharge date.]

   Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Score as reported on the Week 2 study survey. The Scale consists of 8 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Somewhat (3), Quite a bit (4), Very much (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 8; the highest possible raw score is 40, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain interference. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.

3. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Week 3 [Three weeks after hospital discharge date.]

   Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Score as reported on the Week 3 study survey. The Scale consists of 8 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Somewhat (3), Quite a bit (4), Very much (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 8; the highest possible raw score is 40, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain interference. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.

4. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Week 4 [Four weeks after hospital discharge date.]

   Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Score as reported on the Week 4 study survey. The Scale consists of 8 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Somewhat (3), Quite a bit (4), Very much (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 8; the highest possible raw score is 40, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain interference. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.

5. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Week 1 [One week after hospital discharge date.]

   Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Score as reported on the Week 1 study survey. The Scale consists of 3 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., No pain (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3), Severe (4), Very Severe (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 3; the highest possible raw score is 15, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain intensity. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.

6. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Week 2 [Two weeks after hospital discharge date.]

   Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Score as reported on the Week 2 study survey. The Scale consists of 3 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., No pain (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3), Severe (4), Very Severe (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 3; the highest possible raw score is 15, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain intensity. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.

7. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Week 3 [Three weeks after hospital discharge date.]

   Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Score as reported on the Week 3 study survey. The Scale consists of 3 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., No pain (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3), Severe (4), Very Severe (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 3; the highest possible raw score is 15, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain intensity. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.

8. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Week 4 [Four weeks after hospital discharge date.]

   Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Score as reported on the Week 4 study survey. The Scale consists of 3 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., No pain (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3), Severe (4), Very Severe (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 3; the highest possible raw score is 15, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain intensity. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years to 60 Years
• Sexes Eligible for Study: Female
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Inclusion Criteria:

• Women ages at least 18 years of age having undergone Cesarean section surgery at the University of Colorado Hospital are eligible.

• Willingness to complete weekly surveys for 4 weeks after discharge.

• Anticipated to need half or less of the usually prescribed amount of opioids based on the amount of opioids taken in the last 24 hours prior to the opioid medication being written for discharge (only patients who took 22.5 MME or less opioids in the last 24 hours prior to the day of discharge will be eligible for this study).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients under the age of 18 years.

• Patients returning to institutional settings (e.g. prison, jail, mental health facility).

• Pregnant women (patients will be approached after their C-section).

• Decisionally challenged patients.

• Blind or illiterate patients.

Based on prior research factors such as emergency status, prior opioid use, repeat vs primary C-section, and associated procedures were not associated with post-discharge opioid use once the investigators adjusted for last-24 hour inpatient opioid use. Hence, these patients will not be excluded.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria (including the amount of opioids taken in the last 24 hours prior to discharge) will be evaluated in the morning in patients scheduled to be discharged later that day.

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	University of Colorado	Aurora	Colorado	United States	80045

Sponsors and Collaborators

• University of Colorado, Denver
• National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)

Investigators

None specified.

Study Documents (Full-Text)

• Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan - Feb 12, 2021
• Informed Consent Form - Nov 24, 2020

More Information

Publications

• Bartels K, Binswanger IA, Hopfer CJ. Sources of Prescription Opioids for Nonmedical Use. J Addict Med. 2016 Mar-Apr;10(2):134. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000192.
• Bartels K, Fernandez-Bustamante A, McWilliams SK, Hopfer CJ, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK. Long-term opioid use after inpatient surgery - A retrospective cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 Jun 1;187:61-65. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.013. Epub 2018 Mar 27.
• Bartels K, Mayes LM, Dingmann C, Bullard KJ, Hopfer CJ, Binswanger IA. Opioid Use and Storage Patterns by Patients after Hospital Discharge following Surgery. PLoS One. 2016 Jan 29;11(1):e0147972. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147972. eCollection 2016.
• Bateman BT, Cole NM, Maeda A, Burns SM, Houle TT, Huybrechts KF, Clancy CR, Hopp SB, Ecker JL, Ende H, Grewe K, Raposo Corradini B, Schoenfeld RE, Sankar K, Day LJ, Harris L, Booth JL, Flood P, Bauer ME, Tsen LC, Landau R, Leffert LR. Patterns of Opioid Prescription and Use After Cesarean Delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jul;130(1):29-35. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002093.
• Chen EY, Marcantonio A, Tornetta P 3rd. Correlation Between 24-Hour Predischarge Opioid Use and Amount of Opioids Prescribed at Hospital Discharge. JAMA Surg. 2018 Feb 21;153(2):e174859. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.4859. Epub 2018 Feb 21.
• Hill MV, Stucke RS, Billmeier SE, Kelly JL, Barth RJ Jr. Guideline for Discharge Opioid Prescriptions after Inpatient General Surgical Procedures. J Am Coll Surg. 2018 Jun;226(6):996-1003. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2017.10.012. Epub 2017 Nov 30.
• National Institutes of Health, PROMIS tools for pain intensity and pain interference. http://www.healthmeasures.net/explore-measurement-systems/promis Last accessed on 03/02/2018.
• Volkow ND, Frieden TR, Hyde PS, Cha SS. Medication-assisted therapies--tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 29;370(22):2063-6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1402780. Epub 2014 Apr 23.

• Responsible Party: University of Colorado, Denver
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04043143
• Other Study ID Numbers: 18-2098; K23DA040923
• First Posted: Aug 2, 2019
• Last Update Posted: Oct 27, 2021
• Last Verified: Sep 1, 2021

• Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement: No
• Plan to Share IPD: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: No
• Keywords provided by University of Colorado, Denver: opioids

Study Results

Participant Flow

Pre-assignment Detail	One participant withdrew prior to being randomized.

Arm/Group Title	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual	Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
Arm/Group Description	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Arm 1 Prescription As Usual: At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention: The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	29	27
COMPLETED	23	22
NOT COMPLETED	6	5

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual	Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention	Total
Arm/Group Description	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Arm 1 Prescription As Usual: At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention: The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	23	22	45
Age (Count of Participants)
<=18 years	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Between 18 and 65 years	23 100%	22 100%	45 100%
>=65 years	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	23 100%	22 100%	45 100%
Male	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
Hispanic or Latino	3 13%	3 13.6%	6 13.3%
Not Hispanic or Latino	20 87%	19 86.4%	39 86.7%
Unknown or Not Reported	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Race (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
American Indian or Alaska Native	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Asian	1 4.3%	1 4.5%	2 4.4%
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 0%	1 4.5%	1 2.2%
Black or African American	2 8.7%	3 13.6%	5 11.1%
White	19 82.6%	17 77.3%	36 80%
More than one race	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Unknown or Not Reported	1 4.3%	0 0%	1 2.2%
Region of Enrollment (participants) [Number]
United States	23 100%	22 100%	45 100%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Prescribed Post-discharge Opioids
Description	Prescribed post-discharge opioid doses in oral morphine equivalents from the electronic health record (EHR).
Time Frame	Date of admission to the hospital up to 60 days after the date of hospital discharge.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual	Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
Arm/Group Description	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Arm 1 Prescription As Usual: At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention: The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.
Measure Participants	23	22
Mean (Standard Deviation) [Oral Morphine Equivalent units (OME)]	55.3 (37.1)	62.8 (32.8)

2. Secondary Outcome

Title	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Week 1
Description	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Score as reported on the Week 1 study survey. The Scale consists of 8 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Somewhat (3), Quite a bit (4), Very much (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 8; the highest possible raw score is 40, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain interference. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.
Time Frame	One week after hospital discharge date.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual	Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
Arm/Group Description	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Arm 1 Prescription As Usual: At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention: The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.
Measure Participants	23	22
Mean (Standard Error) [T-Score Metric]	62.0 (6.4)	58.0 (9.6)

3. Secondary Outcome

Title	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Week 2
Description	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Score as reported on the Week 2 study survey. The Scale consists of 8 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Somewhat (3), Quite a bit (4), Very much (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 8; the highest possible raw score is 40, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain interference. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.
Time Frame	Two weeks after hospital discharge date.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual	Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
Arm/Group Description	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Arm 1 Prescription As Usual: At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention: The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.
Measure Participants	23	22
Mean (Standard Error) [T-Score Metric]	55.2 (9.1)	51.9 (8.2)

4. Secondary Outcome

Title	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Week 3
Description	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Score as reported on the Week 3 study survey. The Scale consists of 8 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Somewhat (3), Quite a bit (4), Very much (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 8; the highest possible raw score is 40, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain interference. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.
Time Frame	Three weeks after hospital discharge date.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

2 participants in Arm 2 did not complete the survey.

Arm/Group Title	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual	Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
Arm/Group Description	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Arm 1 Prescription As Usual: At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention: The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.
Measure Participants	23	20
Mean (Standard Error) [T-Score Metric]	50.1 (8.1)	48.6 (8.8)

5. Secondary Outcome

Title	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Week 4
Description	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference Score as reported on the Week 4 study survey. The Scale consists of 8 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., Not at all (1), A little bit (2), Somewhat (3), Quite a bit (4), Very much (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 8; the highest possible raw score is 40, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain interference. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.
Time Frame	Four weeks after hospital discharge date.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

One participant from Arm 1 and two participants from Arm 2 did not complete the survey.

Arm/Group Title	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual	Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
Arm/Group Description	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Arm 1 Prescription As Usual: At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention: The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.
Measure Participants	22	20
Mean (Standard Error) [T-Score Metric]	47.4 (6.9)	46.3 (8.5)

6. Secondary Outcome

Title	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Week 1
Description	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Score as reported on the Week 1 study survey. The Scale consists of 3 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., No pain (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3), Severe (4), Very Severe (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 3; the highest possible raw score is 15, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain intensity. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.
Time Frame	One week after hospital discharge date.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual	Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
Arm/Group Description	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Arm 1 Prescription As Usual: At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention: The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.
Measure Participants	23	22
Mean (Standard Error) [T-Score Metric]	58.3 (6.4)	55.6 (8.1)

7. Secondary Outcome

Title	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Week 2
Description	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Score as reported on the Week 2 study survey. The Scale consists of 3 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., No pain (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3), Severe (4), Very Severe (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 3; the highest possible raw score is 15, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain intensity. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.
Time Frame	Two weeks after hospital discharge date.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual	Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
Arm/Group Description	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Arm 1 Prescription As Usual: At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention: The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.
Measure Participants	23	22
Mean (Standard Error) [T-Score Metric]	53.3 (6.5)	49.9 (8.0)

8. Secondary Outcome

Title	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Week 3
Description	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Score as reported on the Week 3 study survey. The Scale consists of 3 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., No pain (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3), Severe (4), Very Severe (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 3; the highest possible raw score is 15, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain intensity. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.
Time Frame	Three weeks after hospital discharge date.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

2 participants in Arm 2 did not complete the survey.

Arm/Group Title	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual	Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
Arm/Group Description	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Arm 1 Prescription As Usual: At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention: The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.
Measure Participants	23	20
Mean (Standard Error) [T-Score Metric]	48.6 (6.3)	45.2 (8.5)

9. Secondary Outcome

Title	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Week 4
Description	Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity Score as reported on the Week 4 study survey. The Scale consists of 3 questions; each question in the Scale has five response options ranging in value from one to five, e.g., No pain (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3), Severe (4), Very Severe (5). To find the total raw score sum the values of the response to each question. The lowest possible raw score is 3; the highest possible raw score is 15, with a lower score indicating a better outcome/less pain intensity. Raw scores are then translated into a T-score for each participant. The T-score rescales the raw score into a standardized score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation (SD) of 10.
Time Frame	Four weeks after hospital discharge date.

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

One participant from Arm 1 and two participants from Arm 2 did not complete the survey.

Arm/Group Title	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual	Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
Arm/Group Description	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Arm 1 Prescription As Usual: At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention: The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.
Measure Participants	22	20
Mean (Standard Error) [T-Score Metric]	45.2 (6.1)	43.6 (9.2)

Adverse Events

Time Frame	4 Weeks
Adverse Event Reporting Description	Only participants who completed the study (i.e. completed at least one survey after discharge) were analyzed for adverse events.
Arm/Group Title	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual		Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
Arm/Group Description	At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge. Arm 1 Prescription As Usual: At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will receive a best practice alert (BPA) to consider prescribing the usual medications for pain management after discharge.		At the time of writing the discharge prescription for a patient the provider will be informed by the best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool that a patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose (no opioids for patients who did not take any opioids in the last 24 hours, and 10 oxycodone 5mg tablets, for patients having taken less than 22.5 MME, e.g. 1-3 oxycodone 5mg tablets in the last 24 hours). Final dosing decisions and drug choices will remain at the discretion of the treating provider and decisions will be tracked. Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention: The best practice alert (BPA) Prescription Tool will only make a suggestion to the provider if the patient may be considered for a lower post-discharge opioid dose. Providers may still choose to prescribe a higher dose as clinically indicated.
All Cause Mortality
	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual		Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/23 (0%)		0/22 (0%)
Serious Adverse Events
	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual		Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/23 (0%)		0/22 (0%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	Arm 1 Prescription As Usual		Arm 2 Prescription Tool Intervention
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/23 (0%)		0/22 (0%)

Limitations/Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

All Principal Investigators ARE employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.