The Effects of Dark Chocolate Implementation in Elite Athletes
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
Dark chocolate (DC) is rich in epicatechin which augments nitric oxide (NO) production through endothelium-dependent influences. The increased bioavailability and activity of NO have been demonstrated to statistically increase flow-mediated dilation in healthy subjects and in hypertensive patients. DC supplementation has been hailed for its positive effects on cardiovascular health and it has been proposed as a booster of physical performance in athletes, however the mechanisms by which DC improves oxidative stress, vascular function and athletic performance are not fully understood. The investigators designed a human study assessing how DC improves NO bioavailability and activity in elite athletes. Twenty-four elite soccer players (aged 18-35 years old, all males) are divided in 2 groups and randomly assigned to receive DC (85% cocoa), 40g per day or white/milk chocolate (<35% cocoa) for 30 days. The primary outcome measure is the evaluation of Soluble NOX2-derived peptide (sNOX2-dp), a direct marker of NADPH oxidase activation. The secondary outcome measures are other markers of oxidative stress, as the soluble P-selectin (sPs), Vitamin E, soluble CD40 Ligand (sCD40L), a marker of in vivo platelet activation and flow-mediated dilation assessed by vascular ultrasound. All parameters are assessed at baseline and after 30 days in both groups.
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
|
N/A |
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Experimental: Dark Chocolate Dark chocolate (85% cocoa) 40 mg per day for 30 days |
Dietary Supplement: Dark Chocolate (85% cocoa)
Dark chocolate (85% cocoa) in tablet
|
| Placebo Comparator: White/Milk Chocolate White chocolate or Milk chocolate administration in tablet (<35% cocoa) per day for 30 days |
Dietary Supplement: White/Milk chocolate (<35% cocoa)
white or milk chocolate (<35% cocoa) in tablet
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Soluble NOX2-derived peptides (sNOX2-dp) [30 days]
a marker of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateoxidase activation, was detected in serum by ELISA. The peptide was recognised by the specific monoclonal antibody against the amino-acidic sequence (224-268) of the extra membrane portion of NOX2. Values were expressed as pg/mL; intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation is 5%
Secondary Outcome Measures
- soluble P-selectin (sPs) [30 days]
soluble P-selectin levels, a marker of in-vivo platelet activation, will be measured on citrated platelet poor plasma samples by enzyme immunoassay
- soluble CD40 Ligands (sCD40L) [30 days]
soluble CD40 Ligand, a marker of in vivo platelet activation, will be measured using a commercially available method by Luminex Technology according to the manufacturer's instructions (Milliplex Map Kit Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) in platelet components
- Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) [30 days]
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced by inflammatory and vascular cells. Extracellular H2O2 is detected using incubation with Amplex Red (10 μM) and horseradish peroxidase (0.2 U/mL) for 60 min at 37 °C in Krebs-Ringer's phosphate glucose buffer (in mM: 145 NaCl, 5.7 sodium phosphate, 4.86 KCl, 0.54 CaCl2, 1.22 MgSO4, and 5.5 glucose) protected from light. Fluorescence is detected at 590 nm using an excitation of 530 nm every 5 min for 60 min. H2O2 is expressed as fluorescence per minute.
- flow-mediated dilation (FMD) [30 days]
Evaluation of brachial artery FMD was performed at 60 seconds (FMD60s) and 120 seconds (FMD120s) postischemic stress by vascular ultrasound. Early FMD was defined as peak FMD60s and delayed FMD as peak FMD120s.
- Vitamin E (α-tocopherol, αT) [30 days]
Serum samples will be supplemented with tocopheryl acetate (internal standard), deproteinized by the addition of ethanol, and extracted with hexane. Phase separation is achieved by centrifugation. The collected upper phase is evaporated and analysed using an Agilent 1200 Infinity series high-performance liquid chromatography system equipped with an Eclipse Plus C18 column (4.6 × 100 mm). Serum levels will be given as the ratio (μmol/mmol) between serum α-tocopherol concentration (μmol/L) and serum total cholesterol concentration (mmol/L), which better express the circulating levels of vitamin E.
- Serum isoprostane (8-iso-PGF2a-III) [30 days]
Serum isoprostane (8-iso-PGF2a-III) is measured by the enzyme immunoassay method (DRG International). The values are expressed as pmol/l.
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
- Elite male athletes volunteers, aged between 18 and 35 years
Exclusion Criteria:
-
they suffer from an allergy to cocoa or any of the ingredients contained within either of the chocolate bars
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they have a low platelet count (< 170 x 10E09/ L)
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they are taking aspirin or aspirin-containing drugs, other anti-inflammatory drugs, or any drugs or herbal medicines known to alter platelet function or the haemostatic system in general (without a minimum washout period of one month)
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they are taking fish oils or evening primrose oil, or fat soluble vitamin supplements within the last 4 weeks
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they have unsuitable veins for blood sampling and/ or cannulation
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they have a BMI below 18 or above 35 kg/ sqm
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they are taking any medicine known to affect lipid and/or glucose metabolism
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they are suffering from alcohol or any other substance abuse or are having eating disorders
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they have any known clinical signs of diabetes, hypertension, renal, hepatic, hematological disease, gastrointestinal disorders, endocrine disorders, coronary heart disease, infection or cance
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I | Rome | Italy | 00161 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- University of Roma La Sapienza
Investigators
- Study Director: Giacomo Frati, MD, Sapienza University of Rome
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Additional Information:
Publications
None provided.- CE 4662