The Puerto Rico Asthma Integrated Response Program ("PR-AIR")
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
The purpose of this study is to adapt and deliver an evidence-based multi-level intervention to reduce asthma disparities, and that promote and improve population health in the high-burden communities of San Juan, Puerto Rico.
The Puerto Rico-Asthma Integrated Response Program (PR-AIR) will be implemented and evaluated to address pediatric asthma disparities in San Juan, PR, an area of high asthma burden. This study unfolds in two phases: In Phase 1, the researchers will collaborate with community stakeholders to identify needs, barriers and facilitators of PR-AIR implementation. Phase 2 consists of an evaluation of low-intensity (virtual) and high-intensity (in-person) methods of PR-AIR implementation outcomes using the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) framework and a mixed methods approach.
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
|
N/A |
Detailed Description
During the formative evaluation (Phase 1), the researchers will engage community stakeholders (primary caregivers of children with asthma, school personnel, asthma healthcare providers) to help identify, adapt and finalize strategies for PR-AIR implementation. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) will be used to identify barriers and facilitators of low-intensity and high-intensity implementation approaches, the Adaptome to guide intervention adaptation to the context of PR, and the CFIR-ERIC matching tool to identify strategies to support but low- and high-intensity implementation packages. Fifteen stakeholders will complete in-depth interviews early in Phase 1, and 16 will participate in two focus groups at the end of Phase 1 prior to the transition to Phase 2, in preparation for trial implementation. A collaborative of community stakeholders will be convened (the PR-AIR CC) to provide input throughout both phases of the trial.
In Phase 2 (Years 2-4) 480 urban children will be enrolled, ages 2-12 (expected retention for full protocol, n = 400) with asthma across 12 areas in San Juan with high asthma burden. Randomization is at the level of targeted geographic area, and data will be collected from groups in each of these areas over time. Individual-level (asthma control, QOL) and community-specific (ED use/hospitalizations, school absence) effectiveness outcomes will be evaluated. All families will participate in both a control (in our case, baseline period for the community indicators) and intervention (active trial). Each target area will begin with a low-intensity (virtual) implementation phase, and transition to a high-intensity implementation phase mid-year. Families enrolled in the first 5 months of the school year will receive the low-intensity intervention package, and those enrolled in the last 5 months of the school year will receive the high-intensity intervention package. Input will be collected throughout each year from community stakeholders about the trial, through in-depth interviews and surveys. Reach, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance will be measured using a mixed-methods approach at the end of each trial year (years 2 - 4). Repeated assessments will measure individual-level effectiveness outcomes (asthma control, QOL) at time points linked to the start of intervention participation; at enrollment, end of treatment (EOT; 1 - 2 months after baseline, depending on intervention assignment), and every 3 months for 1 year.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Active Comparator: Low-Intensity (Virtual) Intervention Implementation During low intensity implementation, families of children with poorly controlled asthma will be referred to the remote version of HARP (HARP-V) and will receive CASE remotely (CASE-V). Children with not well controlled asthma will receive only CASE-V remotely. |
Behavioral: CASE in person version (High Intensity Package)
Controlling Asthma in Schools Effectively (CASE) is a multi-level school-based asthma management program delivered by a Community Health Worker (CHW) that includes 1) staff training involving education on asthma management in school, 2) child-based asthma management education with an emphasis on control of symptoms in the school setting provided in a group setting during the school day, 3) caregiver education after school involving supporting children's asthma control in the school setting, 4), and provision of an Asthma Action Plan (AAP) to the school for child enrollees.
Behavioral: CASE-V remote version (Low Intensity Package)
CASE-V, the low intensity version of CASE, includes similar child and caregiver-based asthma management education that is provided in a remote format with adaptation to integrate technological feature of Zoom. All CASE-V components (for staff, children, and parents) have been adapted to promote engagement (e.g., use of chat and polling function).
|
| Active Comparator: High Intensity (in-Person) Intervention Implementation During high intensity implementation, all interventions are administered in person. Specifically, families of children with poorly controlled asthma will receive in-person versions of HARP and CASE. Children with not well controlled asthma will receive an in-person version of CASE only. |
Behavioral: CASE and HARP in person (High Intensity package)
Children with "poorly controlled" asthma will receive both the CASE and HARP programs. HARP is a home-visiting program that includes individualized asthma management education and strategies and supplies for environmental remediation. All 3 visits can be conducted by a CHW. The first includes a "walk-through" to identify triggers. Asthma education and self-management strategies are provided using a structured protocol and low-literacy flip-book (English or Spanish). Referrals and advocacy are offered to address asthma management barriers (e.g., communication with landlord/housing re: code violation). The 2nd and 3rd visits include delivery of supplies (e.g., HEPA vacuum, pest gels, mattress covers), instruction for use, review of AAP, and follow-up on environmental control recommendations provided during the 1st visit.
Behavioral: CASE-V and HARP-V remote version (Low Intensity package)
HARP-V replicates the content delivered in HARP in a remote format. The first session includes a virtual "walk-through" in which the educator uses a structured script and checklist to guide the caregiver through the home and show specific components of the environment (e.g., carpeting, area under the kitchen sink, exhaust fan in bathroom) to identify asthma triggers. Asthma education and self-management strategies are provided using a structured protocol and slide overview based on the HARP flip-book. Supplies for environmental remediation are delivered prior to the 2nd visit. The 2nd and 3rd visit include instruction for use of supplies, review of AAP, and follow-up on recommendations and referrals.
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Change in Child Asthma Control (Individual Level, ages 2-4 years) [Asthma Control will be measured at baseline, End of Treatment (EOT; 1 - 2 months after baseline, depending on intervention assignment), and every 3 months for 1 year.]
Effectiveness of the intervention on child-level asthma control is measured using the Test for Respiratory and Asthma Control in Kids (TRACK). The TRACK is a 5-item measure assessing asthma symptoms and control in young children by caregiver report. Items assessing frequency of various asthma-related events (e.g., breathing problems, quick-relief medication use, etc.) are rated on a Likert-type scale from Not at all (scored 20) to Extremely (scored 0). Scores < 80 suggest child's asthma is not well controlled.
- Change in Child Asthma Control (Individual Level, ages 5-11 years) [Asthma Control will be measured at baseline, End of Treatment (EOT; 1 - 2 months after baseline, depending on intervention assignment), and every 3 months for 1 year.]
Effectiveness of the intervention on child-level asthma control is measured using the Childhood Asthma Control Test (cACT). Children answer 4 questions on a 0-3 scale, and caregivers answer 3 questions on a 0-5 scale related to the frequency child's asthma symptoms in the previous 4 weeks. Lower scores indicate worse symptoms. Scores of 19 or less suggest asthma is not well controlled.
- Change in Child Asthma Control (Individual Level; ages 12 and up) [Asthma Control will be measured at baseline, End of Treatment (EOT; 1 - 2 months after baseline, depending on intervention assignment), and every 3 months for 1 year.]
Effectiveness of the intervention on child-level asthma control is measured using the Asthma Control Test. Youth ages 12 and up complete 5-items related to their asthma on Likert-type scales ranging from 1-5, with lower scores indicating more severe symptoms. A cutoff score <19 indicates suboptimal asthma control; scores <=15 suggest poorly controlled asthma.
- Health Care Utilization-ED visits (Community Level) [12 months pre- and post-intervention year]
Health care utilization will be assessed by community-level rates of Emergency Department visits of children within the targeted geographic area. Obtaining utilization rates in this way will help the researchers to assess effectiveness of the intervention on the community level.
- Health Care Utilization-Hospitalizations (Community Level) [12 months pre- and post-intervention year]
Effectiveness of the intervention on the community level. Health care utilization will be assessed by community-level rates of hospitalizations in children within the targeted geographic area.
- Health Care Utilization-Urgent Care Visits (Community Level) [12 months pre- and post-intervention year]
Effectiveness of the intervention on the community level. Health care utilization will be assessed by community-level rates of urgent care visits in children within the targeted geographic area.
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Asthma-related Quality of Life (QoL) (Individual Level) [Asthma-related QOL will be measured at baseline, End of Treatment (EOT; 1 - 2 months after baseline, depending on intervention assignment), and every three months for 1 year.]
Effectiveness on child-level quality of life (QOL) will be measured by the Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ). The instrument consists of 23 items related to limitation across three domains (activity limitation, symptoms and emotional function). Each item is rated 1-7 on a Likert scale, with lower numerical responses indicating greater impairment.
- School Absences (Community Level) [12 months pre- and post-intervention year]
Community-level school absences will be assessed by attendance data (i.e., number of school absences) from the schools in the targeted area that correspond to each "step" in the wedge of the study design.
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
-
Children between the ages of 2 and 12 years old
-
Children must reside in one of the identified catchment areas
-
Children must meet the screening criteria as having not well controlled or poorly controlled asthma
Exclusion Criteria:
- Children with complex medical conditions
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rhode Island Hospital | Providence | Rhode Island | United States | 02903 |
| 2 | Medial Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico | San Juan | Puerto Rico | 00937 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- Rhode Island Hospital
- University of Puerto Rico
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Daphne Koinis Mitchell, PhD, Rhode Island Hospital
- Principal Investigator: Elizabeth L McQuaid, PhD, ABPP, Rhode Island Hospital
- Principal Investigator: Ligia Chavez, PhD, University of Puerto Rico
- Principal Investigator: Glorisa Canino, PhD, University of Puerto Rico
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
- CFIR Research Team. Strategy Design [Web]. Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research; 2019 [Available from: https://cfirguide.org/choosing-strategies/ accessed 22 November 2019.
- Chambers DA, Norton WE. The Adaptome: Advancing the Science of Intervention Adaptation. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Oct;51(4 Suppl 2):S124-31. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.05.011. Epub 2016 Jun 28.
- Glasgow RE, Harden SM, Gaglio B, Rabin B, Smith ML, Porter GC, Ory MG, Estabrooks PA. RE-AIM Planning and Evaluation Framework: Adapting to New Science and Practice With a 20-Year Review. Front Public Health. 2019 Mar 29;7:64. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00064. eCollection 2019.
- Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Feeny DH, Ferrie PJ, Griffith LE, Townsend M. Measuring quality of life in the parents of children with asthma. Qual Life Res. 1996 Feb;5(1):27-34. doi: 10.1007/BF00435966.
- Liu AH, Zeiger R, Sorkness C, Mahr T, Ostrom N, Burgess S, Rosenzweig JC, Manjunath R. Development and cross-sectional validation of the Childhood Asthma Control Test. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Apr;119(4):817-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.662. Epub 2007 Mar 13.
- Murphy KR, Zeiger RS, Kosinski M, Chipps B, Mellon M, Schatz M, Lampl K, Hanlon JT, Ramachandran S. Test for respiratory and asthma control in kids (TRACK): a caregiver-completed questionnaire for preschool-aged children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Apr;123(4):833-9.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.058.
- Nathan RA, Sorkness CA, Kosinski M, Schatz M, Li JT, Marcus P, Murray JJ, Pendergraft TB. Development of the asthma control test: a survey for assessing asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Jan;113(1):59-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.008.
- Waltz TJ, Powell BJ, Fernandez ME, Abadie B, Damschroder LJ. Choosing implementation strategies to address contextual barriers: diversity in recommendations and future directions. Implement Sci. 2019 Apr 29;14(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s13012-019-0892-4.
- R01HL159701