Phase 4, Controlled Study in Adult Subjects Undergoing Primary, 1-2 Level, Open Lumbar Spinal Fusion Surgery

• Sponsor: Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc (Industry)
• Overall Status: Terminated
• CT.gov ID: NCT03015961
• Collaborator: (none)
• Enrollment: 38
• Locations: 15
• Arms: 2
• Actual Duration (Months): 8.2
• Patients Per Site: 2.5
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 0.3

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

Primary Objective: The primary objective of this study is to compare postsurgical pain control following local infiltration analgesia (LIA) with EXPAREL admixed with bupivacaine HCl versus LIA with bupivacaine HCl in adult subjects undergoing open lumbar posterior spinal fusion surgery.

Secondary Objectives: The secondary objectives of this study are to compare additional efficacy, safety, and health economic outcomes following LIA with EXPAREL admixed with bupivacaine HCl versus LIA with bupivacaine HCl in adult subjects undergoing open lumbar posterior spinal fusion surgery.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Postoperative Pain Management	Drug: EXPAREL and bupivacaine HCl; Drug: Bupivacaine HCl	Phase 4

Detailed Description

This is a Phase 4, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled study in 38 adult subjects undergoing primary, 1-2 level, open lumbar spinal fusion surgery under general anesthesia.

Subjects will be screened within 30 days prior to study drug administration and at least one day prior to surgery. During the screening visit, subjects will be assessed for past or present neurologic, cardiac, and general medical conditions that in the opinion of the Investigator would preclude them from study participation. After the informed consent form (ICF) is signed, a medical history, surgical history, physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), vital sign measurements, select clinical laboratory evaluations, urine drug screen, alcohol breath test, and urine pregnancy test for women of childbearing potential will be conducted. Study drug, approximately 1-2 mL every 1.0-1.5 cm, will be administered using 20- or 22-gauge needles prior to wound closure.

Administration Instructions/Procedures

Study drug should be injected in the prescribed locations based on the areas of highest nerve density. Study drug will be administered using syringes with 20- or 22-gauge needles prior to wound closure. The Investigator must document the size of the incision. Each infiltration site should be spaced 1.0-1.5 cm apart and should deliver approximately 1-2 mL into both deep and superficial areas (para-spinous fascia, muscle, and subcutaneous layers). Total volume administered will be depended on the number of levels of dissection, as described below. Following infiltration, the tissue should visibly expand with minimal leakage.

Total Volume of Expansion

The Investigator must document the total volume used for each surgery.

1. Level Procedures Group 1: EXPAREL 266 mg in 20 mL + bupivacaine HCl 0.5% in 20 mL + 20 mL normal saline = total volume of 60 mL Group 2: Bupivacaine HCl 0.5% in 20 mL + 40 mL normal saline = total volume of 60 mL

2. Level Procedures Group 1: EXPAREL 266 mg in 20 mL + bupivacaine HCl 0.5% in 20 mL + 50 mL normal saline = total volume of 90 mL Group 2: Bupivacaine HCl 0.5% in 20 mL + 70 mL normal saline = total volume of 90 mL

Drains may be used at the surgeon's discretion. In addition to LIA, all study participants will receive a standardized approach for managing postsurgical pain that includes a scheduled multimodal pain regimen including adjunctive analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Rescue analgesics will be available as needed.

Postsurgical clinical assessments will include pain intensity scores using a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) (see Appendix 1); overall benefit of analgesia score (OBAS) questionnaire (see Appendix 2); total postsurgical opioid consumption; predefined opioid-related AEs; and nurse's satisfaction with overall analgesia (see Appendix 3).

Adverse events will be recorded from the time the ICF is signed through Day 30. If a cardiac AE (e.g., chest pain [angina, myocardial infarction], abnormal/irregular heart rate [bradycardia, tachycardia, extrasystoles], or shortness of breath), neurological AE (e.g., altered mental status/altered sensorium, dizziness, dysarthria, hyperesthesia, metallic taste, peroral numbness, seizure, tinnitus, tremors, visual disturbance, muscular twitching or rigidity beyond 72 hours postdose, or tingling/paresthesia beyond 72 hours postdose), or serious AE (SAE) occurs during the study a 12-lead ECG, vital signs, and any appropriate clinical laboratory tests should be conducted.

Postsurgical health economic outcome assessments will include hospital length of stay (LOS), use of skilled nursing facility, hospital readmissions, and use of other health services following discharge (phone calls related to postsurgical pain, unscheduled visits related to postsurgical pain, and visits to emergency department) through Day 30.

A follow-up visit will be scheduled for all subjects on postsurgical Day 14. A follow-up phone call will be made on Day 30 to all subjects who received study drug to assess for adverse events (AEs).

Number of Subjects (Planned):

Approximately 194 subjects are planned for enrollment in this study in order to have at least 184 evaluable subjects.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 38 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study of EXPAREL for Postsurgical Pain Management in Subjects Undergoing Open Lumbar Spinal Fusion Surgery
• Actual Study Start Date: Feb 21, 2017
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Oct 30, 2017
• Actual Study Completion Date: Oct 30, 2017

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Active Comparator: EXPAREL admixed with bupivacaine HCl EXPAREL 266 mg + bupivacaine HCl	Drug: EXPAREL and bupivacaine HCl; Drug: EXPAREL EXPAREL and bupivacaine HCl Other Name: bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension Drug: Bupivacaine Single dose of bupivacaine HCl 0.5% Other Name: bupivacaine HCl
Placebo Comparator: Bupivacaine HCl Bupivacaine HCl	Drug: Bupivacaine HCl; Drug: Bupivacaine Single dose of bupivacaine HCl 0.5% Other Name: bupivacaine HCl

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Intensity Scores From 0 to 72 Hours [0-72 hours]

   AUC of VAS pain intensity scores from 0 to 72 hours postsurgery. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a pain scale. The VAS was presented as a straight 10 cm line, where 0 cm is no pain and 10 cm is the worst pain possible. Patients were asked, "How much pain are you experiencing right now? Please place a vertical mark on the line below to indicate the level of pain you are experiencing right now." AUC curve is derived using the trapezoidal rule (see formula below) on the pain scores. AUC start with the first pain assessment obtained after surgery and use all subsequent pain assessments up to 72 hours post-surgery. (Where pi is the VAS pain score at time i and ti is the time, in hours, from end of surgery. Note t1 is pain score collected after surgery.)

Other Outcome Measures

1. Percentage of Opioid-Free Patients [0-24, 0-48, 0-72 hours]

   Percentage of opioid-free patients through 24, 48 and 72 hours post-surgery

2. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Intensity Scores From 24-48 and 48-72 Hours Postsurgery [24-48 hours, 48-72 hours]

   AUC of the VAS pain intensity scores from 24-48 and 48-72 hours postsurgery. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a pain scale. The VAS was presented as a straight 10 cm line, where 0 cm is no pain and 10 cm is the worst pain possible. Patients were asked, "How much pain are you experiencing right now? Please place a vertical mark on the line below to indicate the level of pain you are experiencing right now." AUC from 24-48 hours start with the pain assessment obtained at 24 hours post-surgery and use all subsequent pain assessments up to 48 hours post-surgery. AUC from 48-72 hours start with the pain assessment obtained at 48 hours post-surgery and use all subsequent pain assessments up to 72 hours post-surgery. (Where pi is the VAS pain score at time i and ti is the time, in hours, from end of surgery.)

3. Total Opioid Consumption Through 48 Hours Postsurgery [0-48 hours]

   Total Opioid Consumption Through 48 Hours Postsurgery

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years and Older
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Male or female, at least 18 years of age at screening.

2. Primary surgical indication is lumbar pain, radiculopathy, disc degeneration, disc herniation, foraminal stenosis, or 1-2 level spondylolisthesis or deformity.

3. Scheduled to undergo primary, 1-2 level, open lumbar spinal fusion surgery under general anesthesia.

4. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status 1, 2, or 3.

5. Female subjects must be surgically sterile; or at least 2 years postmenopausal; or have a monogamous partner who is surgically sterile; or practicing double-barrier contraception; or practicing abstinence (must agree to use double-barrier contraception in the event of sexual activity); or using an insertable, injectable, or transdermal, contraceptive approved by the FDA for greater than 2 months prior to screening. All women of childbearing potential (ie, premenopausal without permanent sterilization) must commit to the use of an acceptable form of birth control for the duration of the study and for 30 days after completion of the study.

6. Able to provide informed consent, adhere to the study visit schedule, and complete all study assessments.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Currently pregnant, nursing, or planning to become pregnant during the study or within 1 month after study drug administration.

2. Serious spinal conditions (to include cauda equina syndrome, infection, tumor, fracture, or severe osteoporosis [ie, if taking Bisphosphonate or TNF-α blockers]).

3. Planned anterior or lateral incisions

4. Previous spinal surgery at the same level other than microdiscectomy or hemilaminectomy (eg, bi-lateral laminectomy, fusion).

5. Planned concurrent surgical procedure.

6. Identification of a dural tear during surgery will be an intra-operative exclusion unless it is well repaired (no evidence of cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] leak with Valsalva and no plan to restrict activity post-operatively). Any injury to the nerve root occurring during surgery will also be considered an intra-operative exclusion.

7. Concurrent painful physical condition that may require analgesic treatment (such as an NSAID or opioid) in the postsurgical period for pain that is not strictly related to the spinal surgery and which may confound the postsurgical assessments.

8. Comorbidity impacting current physical function or Investigator opinion that it may impact postsurgical rehabilitation.

9. Allergy, hypersensitivity, or contraindication to any of the study medications (ie, bupivacaine, oxycodone, morphine, hydromorphone, gabapentin, acetaminophen, or cyclobenzaprine) for which an alternative medication is not provided in the protocol.

10. Use of any of the following medications within the times specified before surgery: long-acting opioid medication (eg, morphine including MS Contin®, hydromorphone [Dilaudid®], oxycodone [Oxycontin®], methadone) daily for more than 3 months duration or within 3 days of surgery. Patients receiving short-acting opioids or NSAIDs should be at a steady or plateau dose. Such patients should require or receive no more than 40 mg morphine (oral) equivalents (eg, approximately 5 mg oxycodone) within 24 hours of surgery.

11. Initiation of treatment with any of the following medications within 1 month of study drug administration or if the medication(s) are being given to control pain: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), or duloxetine (Cymbalta®). If a subject is taking one of these medications for a reason other than pain control, he or she must be on a stable dose for at least 1 month prior to study drug administration.

12. Current use of systemic glucocorticosteroids within 1 month of enrollment in this study.

13. Use of dexmedetomidine HCl (Precedex®) within 3 days of study drug administration.

14. History of coronary or vascular stent placed within the past 3 months (may be extended to 1 year if medically indicated per physician discretion).

15. Have been treated for a deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke within the past 6 months (may be extended to 1 year if medically indicated per physician discretion).

16. Severely impaired renal (eg, serum creatinine clearance ≤ 30) or hepatic function (eg, serum aspartate aminotransferase [AST] level >3 times the upper limit of normal [ULN] or serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT] level >3 x ULN).

17. Any neurologic or psychiatric disorder that might impact postsurgical pain or interfere with study assessments.

18. Malignancy in the last 2 years, per physician discretion.

19. History of misuse, abuse, or dependence on opioid analgesics, other prescription drugs, illicit drugs, or alcohol as defined in DSM-IV. Dependence or chronic opioid use will be defined as use of more than 30 morphine equivalents per day during the prior 90 days.

20. Failure to pass the alcohol breath test or urine drug screen positive for illicit drugs.

21. Body weight <50 kg (110 pounds) or a body mass index >44 kg/m2.

22. Subjects receiving Worker's compensation for a disability or who are involved in litigation.

23. Previous participation in an EXPAREL study.

24. Administration of an investigational drug within 30 days or 5 elimination half-lives of such investigational drug, whichever is longer, prior to study drug administration, or planned administration of another investigational product or procedure during the subject's participation in this study.

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	OrthoArizona	Gilbert	Arizona	United States	85295
2	St. Joseph's Hospital	Phoenix	Arizona	United States	85013
3	UC Davis	Sacramento	California	United States	95817
4	Massachusetts General Hospital	Boston	Massachusetts	United States	02114
5	Beaumont Health	Troy	Michigan	United States	48085
6	Washington Univ	Saint Louis	Missouri	United States	63110
7	Icahn School of Medicine	New York	New York	United States	10029
8	OrthoCarolina	Charlotte	North Carolina	United States	28207
9	Ohio State Univ	Columbus	Ohio	United States	43210
10	Thomas Jefferson University of Neurosurgery	Philadelphia	Pennsylvania	United States	19107
11	Central Texas Spine Institute	Austin	Texas	United States	78731
12	Baylor Scott & White	Temple	Texas	United States	76508
13	Univ of Virginia	Charlottesville	Virginia	United States	22903
14	Colonial Orthopaedics	Colonial Heights	Virginia	United States	23834
15	West Virginia University Hospitals	Morgantown	West Virginia	United States	26506

Sponsors and Collaborators

• Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc

Investigators

None specified.

Study Documents (Full-Text)

• Study Protocol - Aug 2, 2017
• Statistical Analysis Plan - Mar 5, 2018

More Information

Publications

None provided.

• Responsible Party: Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03015961
• Other Study ID Numbers: 402-C-409
• First Posted: Jan 10, 2017
• Last Update Posted: Oct 13, 2021
• Last Verified: Oct 1, 2021

• Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement: No
• Plan to Share IPD: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: No
• Additional relevant MeSH terms: Pain, Postoperative; Bupivacaine

Study Results

Participant Flow

Recruitment Details	Participants were recruited between February 21, 2017 and October 30, 2017 at 15 sites in the United States. The study was terminated due to low enrollment.

Arm/Group Title	EXPAREL Admixed With Bupivacaine HCl	Bupivacaine HCl
Arm/Group Description	Local infiltration analgesia with EXPAREL (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) 266 mg/20 mL admixed with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL and expanded with 20 mL (1-level procedures) or 50 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline	Local infiltration analgesia with bupivacaine hydrochloride (HCl) 0.5% 20 mL expanded with 40 mL (1-level procedures) or 70 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	18	20
COMPLETED	18	18
NOT COMPLETED	0	2

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	EXPAREL Admixed With Bupivacaine HCl	Bupivacaine HCl	Total
Arm/Group Description	Local infiltration analgesia with EXPAREL (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) 266 mg/20 mL admixed with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL and expanded with 20 mL (1-level procedures) or 50 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline	Local infiltration analgesia with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL expanded with 40 mL (1-level procedures) or 70 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	18	20	38
Age (year) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [year]	57.3 (12.13)	61.6 (9.33)	59.5 (10.81)
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	11 61.1%	11 55%	22 57.9%
Male	7 38.9%	9 45%	16 42.1%
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
Hispanic or Latino	1 5.6%	1 5%	2 5.3%
Not Hispanic or Latino	17 94.4%	19 95%	36 94.7%
Unknown or Not Reported	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Race (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
American Indian or Alaska Native	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Asian	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Black or African American	0 0%	1 5%	1 2.6%
White	18 100%	19 95%	37 97.4%
More than one race	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Unknown or Not Reported	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Area Under the Curve (AUC) of Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Intensity Scores From 0 to 72 Hours
Description	AUC of VAS pain intensity scores from 0 to 72 hours postsurgery. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a pain scale. The VAS was presented as a straight 10 cm line, where 0 cm is no pain and 10 cm is the worst pain possible. Patients were asked, "How much pain are you experiencing right now? Please place a vertical mark on the line below to indicate the level of pain you are experiencing right now." AUC curve is derived using the trapezoidal rule (see formula below) on the pain scores. AUC start with the first pain assessment obtained after surgery and use all subsequent pain assessments up to 72 hours post-surgery. (Where pi is the VAS pain score at time i and ti is the time, in hours, from end of surgery. Note t1 is pain score collected after surgery.)
Time Frame	0-72 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	EXPAREL Admixed With Bupivacaine HCl	Bupivacaine HCl
Arm/Group Description	Local infiltration analgesia with EXPAREL (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) 266 mg/20 mL admixed with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL and expanded with 20 mL (1-level procedures) or 50 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline	Local infiltration analgesia with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL expanded with 40 mL (1-level procedures) or 70 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline
Measure Participants	18	20
Mean (Full Range) [score on a scale*hours]	342.8	369.0

2. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	Percentage of Opioid-Free Patients
Description	Percentage of opioid-free patients through 24, 48 and 72 hours post-surgery
Time Frame	0-24, 0-48, 0-72 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	EXPAREL Admixed With Bupivacaine HCl	Bupivacaine HCl
Arm/Group Description	Local infiltration analgesia with EXPAREL (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) 266 mg/20 mL admixed with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL and expanded with 20 mL (1-level procedures) or 50 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline	Local infiltration analgesia with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL expanded with 40 mL (1-level procedures) or 70 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline
Measure Participants	18	20
0-24 hours	11.11	11.11
0-48 hours	11.11	5.56
0-72 hours	11.11	5.56

3. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	Area Under the Curve (AUC) of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Intensity Scores From 24-48 and 48-72 Hours Postsurgery
Description	AUC of the VAS pain intensity scores from 24-48 and 48-72 hours postsurgery. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a pain scale. The VAS was presented as a straight 10 cm line, where 0 cm is no pain and 10 cm is the worst pain possible. Patients were asked, "How much pain are you experiencing right now? Please place a vertical mark on the line below to indicate the level of pain you are experiencing right now." AUC from 24-48 hours start with the pain assessment obtained at 24 hours post-surgery and use all subsequent pain assessments up to 48 hours post-surgery. AUC from 48-72 hours start with the pain assessment obtained at 48 hours post-surgery and use all subsequent pain assessments up to 72 hours post-surgery. (Where pi is the VAS pain score at time i and ti is the time, in hours, from end of surgery.)
Time Frame	24-48 hours, 48-72 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	EXPAREL Admixed With Bupivacaine HCl	Bupivacaine HCl
Arm/Group Description	Local infiltration analgesia with EXPAREL (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) 266 mg/20 mL admixed with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL and expanded with 20 mL (1-level procedures) or 50 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline	Local infiltration analgesia with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL expanded with 40 mL (1-level procedures) or 70 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline
Measure Participants	18	20
24-48 hours	97.3	98.1
48-72 hours	86.8	90.6

4. Other Pre-specified Outcome

Title	Total Opioid Consumption Through 48 Hours Postsurgery
Description	Total Opioid Consumption Through 48 Hours Postsurgery
Time Frame	0-48 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	EXPAREL Admixed With Bupivacaine HCl	Bupivacaine HCl
Arm/Group Description	Local infiltration analgesia with EXPAREL (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) 266 mg/20 mL admixed with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL and expanded with 20 mL (1-level procedures) or 50 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline	Local infiltration analgesia with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL expanded with 40 mL (1-level procedures) or 70 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline
Measure Participants	18	20
Mean (Standard Deviation) [MED, mg]	103.6 (101.55)	90.8 (100.58)

Adverse Events

Time Frame	From the time informed consent form is signed to Day 30
Adverse Event Reporting Description	An adverse event (AE) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence associated with the use of a drug in humans whether or not considered drug-related. An AE could therefore have been any unfavorable and unintended sign (eg, abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a drug without any judgment about causality. Serious AEs were defined as per clinicaltrials.gov.
Arm/Group Title	EXPAREL Admixed With Bupivacaine HCl		Bupivacaine HCl
Arm/Group Description	Local infiltration analgesia with EXPAREL (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) 266 mg/20 mL admixed with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL and expanded with 20 mL (1-level procedures) or 50 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline		Local infiltration analgesia with bupivacaine HCl 0.5% 20 mL expanded with 40 mL (1-level procedures) or 70 mL (2-level procedures) normal saline
All Cause Mortality
	EXPAREL Admixed With Bupivacaine HCl		Bupivacaine HCl
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/18 (0%)		0/20 (0%)
Serious Adverse Events
	EXPAREL Admixed With Bupivacaine HCl		Bupivacaine HCl
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Intervertebral disc protrusion	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	EXPAREL Admixed With Bupivacaine HCl		Bupivacaine HCl
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	11/18 (61.1%)		14/20 (70%)
Cardiac disorders
Tachycardia	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Eye disorders
Diplopia	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Gastrointestinal disorders
Nausea	3/18 (16.7%)		1/20 (5%)
Constipation	3/18 (16.7%)		0/20 (0%)
Flatulence	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
General disorders
Gait disturbance	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Pyrexia	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Vessel puncture site bruise	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Infections and infestations
Urinary tract infection	3/18 (16.7%)		0/20 (0%)
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications
Incision site pain	2/18 (11.1%)		2/20 (10%)
Agitation postoperative	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Anaemia postoperative	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Contusion	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Postoperative fever	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Procedural pain	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Investigations
Blood creatinine increased	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Blood glucose increased	1/18 (5.6%)		1/20 (5%)
Blood magnesium decreased	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Blood pressure increased	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Electrocardiogram T wave abnormal	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Pedal pulse decreased	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Pain in extremity	1/18 (5.6%)		2/20 (10%)
Back pain	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Muscle tightness	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Musculoskeletal pain	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Nervous system disorders
Dizziness	0/18 (0%)		4/20 (20%)
Radiculopathy	1/18 (5.6%)		2/20 (10%)
Hypoaesthesia	0/18 (0%)		2/20 (10%)
Facial spasm	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Headache	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Paraesthesia	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Tremor	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Psychiatric disorders
Anxiety	2/18 (11.1%)		0/20 (0%)
Mental status changes	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Renal and urinary disorders
Urinary retention	2/18 (11.1%)		0/20 (0%)
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Apnoea	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Wheezing	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Pruritus	3/18 (16.7%)		0/20 (0%)
Hyperhidrosis	1/18 (5.6%)		0/20 (0%)
Rash	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)
Vascular disorders
Hypotension	0/18 (0%)		3/20 (15%)
Hypertension	0/18 (0%)		1/20 (5%)

Limitations/Caveats

This study was terminated early due to low enrollment; small sample sizes make data interpretation difficult.

More Information

Certain Agreements

Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

Results conducted at Site shall not be published before 1st multicenter publication by Sponsor but can proceed if there is no such publication ≤18 months after study completion/termination at all sites and all data have been received. Before submitting manuscript/materials to an outside person/entity, site shall give Sponsor 60 days to review and comment. Site shall, upon request, further delay publication/presentation for ≤120 days to allow Sponsor to protect its interests in Inventions.