The RepEAT Study: Individual Differences in Postprandial Glucose Responses and the Relation With Diet and Phenotype
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
Postprandial glucose responses are related to an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. Existing research recognizes the presence of inter-individual variation in postprandial glucose responses to the same meal or food product. However, the role of diet and phenotype in postprandial glucose responses is unclear.
The primary objective of this study is to determine the variation in postprandial glucose responses to the same meals/food products and how this relates to the variation in postprandial glucose responses over a 9-week fully controlled dietary intervention within individuals. Our secondary objectives are to investigate the difference between postprandial glucose responses to original products and postprandial glucose responses to reformulated products, and to examine the relation between postprandial glucose responses and short-term well-being. In addition, we aim to study the relation between variation in postprandial glucose and phenotype, including immune function, cognitive performance, and microbiota composition.
63 apparently healthy men and women with a BMI of 25-40 kg/m2, aged 45-75 years will be included in the study, comprising a characterization period of 3 weeks and a completely controlled dietary intervention of 9 weeks. During these 9 weeks, glucose will be continuously monitored to measure postprandial glucose responses to standard foods/meals.
There are minor risks for the research subjects of this study. Research subjects will invest approximately 85 hours in the study. During the characterization week, subjects will visit the Wageningen University 3 times and Hospital Gelderse Vallei (Ede, The Netherlands) once. During the controlled dietary intervention, subjects will visit the Wageningen University 2-3 times a week.
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
|
N/A |
Detailed Description
Postprandial glucose responses are related to an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. Existing research recognizes the presence of inter-individual variation in postprandial glucose responses to the same meal or food product. However, the role of diet, i.e. the other consumed food products and meals, and phenotype in postprandial glucose responses is unclear. A repetitive design and a standardized diet are necessary to determine the variation in postprandial glucose responses to a meal or food product irrespective of the diet.
The primary objective of this study is to determine the variation in postprandial glucose responses to the same meals/food products and how this relates to the variation in postprandial glucose responses over a 9-week fully controlled dietary intervention within individuals. Our secondary objectives are to investigate the difference between postprandial glucose responses to original products and postprandial glucose responses to reformulated products, and to examine the relation between postprandial glucose responses and short-term well-being. In addition, we aim to study the relation between variation in postprandial glucose and phenotype, including immune function, cognitive performance, and microbiota composition.
The study population consists of 63 apparently healthy men and women with a BMI of 25-40 kg/m2, aged 45-75 years, and who are weight stable (± <3 kg) for at least three months prior to inclusion.
The study comprises a characterization period of three weeks, followed by a fully controlled dietary intervention trial of nine weeks. In the characterization period, the phenotype of participants will be determined by measures on anthropometrics, immune function, oxidative stress, advanced glycation end-products, cognitive performance, microbiota and gut health, amylase, genetics, and circulating metabolites. The dietary intervention consists of three repetitive rounds of three weeks, in which we test food products in a cross-over setting. Participants will consume test products that fall in the same food category, but differ in glycaemic index/carbohydrate content. Part of these products is provided by industrial partners, of which the original products are reformulated to be reduced in glycaemic index/carbohydrate content. During the 9-week dietary intervention all foods are provided, giving us a complete and detailed picture of food and nutrient intake during this period. The standardized diet follows the average consumption pattern of the study population. Throughout the intervention, interstitial glucose concentrations will be measured using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and physical activity will be monitored with an accelerometer.
This study is related to a broad general population. There are minor risks for the research subjects of this study. Placing a continuous glucose sensor generally does not cause pain, but could result in the loss of a drop of blood, or slight skin irritation after wearing. Blood sampling will be performed via a cannula or venapunction and the insertion can be a bit painful and may cause a bruise. During the characterization period, in total 215 mL of blood will be collected in a 3-week timespan. In the following 9 weeks 108 mL, and at the end of the intervention 34 mL blood will be collected. Research subjects will invest approximately 85 hours in the study. During the characterization week, subjects will visit the Wageningen University 3 times and Hospital Gelderse Vallei (Ede, The Netherlands) once. During the controlled dietary intervention, subjects will visit the Wageningen University 2-3 times a week.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Other: Standardized diet Standardized food products/meals will be tested |
Other: Standardized diet
During 9 weeks all food products will be standardized and provided by the Research Unit. The standardized diet is based on the average food composition in the Netherlands.
Other Names:
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Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Blood glucose profile [Continuous for 9 weeks]
Interstitial glucose concentrations, as measured by continuous glucose monitoring
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Short-term well-being [Baseline]
Short-term well-being upon investigational product consumption assessed by the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (MDMQ)
- Short-term well-being [1 hour post-ingestion]
Short-term well-being upon investigational product consumption assessed by the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (MDMQ)
- Short-term well-being [2 hours post-ingestion]
Short-term well-being upon investigational product consumption assessed by the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (MDMQ)
- Short-term well-being [4 hours post-ingestion]
Short-term well-being upon investigational product consumption assessed by the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire (MDMQ)
- Postprandial glucose blood levels [Baseline]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial glucose blood levels [30 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial glucose blood levels [60 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial glucose blood levels [90 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial glucose blood levels [120 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial glucose blood levels [180 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial glucose blood levels [240 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial insulin blood levels [Baseline]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial insulin blood levels [30 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial insulin blood levels [60 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial insulin blood levels [90 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial insulin blood levels [120 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial insulin blood levels [180 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial insulin blood levels [240 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial metabolite blood levels [Baseline]
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
- Postprandial metabolite blood levels [30 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
- Postprandial metabolite blood levels [60 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
- Postprandial metabolite blood levels [90 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
- Postprandial metabolite blood levels [120 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
- Postprandial metabolite blood levels [180 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
- Postprandial metabolite blood levels [240 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial responses in blood upon a mixed meal challenge as measured by metabolomics
- Postprandial lipid profiling [Baseline]
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial lipid profiling [30 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial lipid profiling [60 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial lipid profiling [90 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial lipid profiling [120 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial lipid profiling [180 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial lipid profiling [240 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial lipid profiling in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial fatty acid blood levels [Baseline]
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial fatty acid blood levels [30 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial fatty acid blood levels [60 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial fatty acid blood levels [90 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial fatty acid blood levels [120 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial fatty acid blood levels [180 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial fatty acid blood levels [240 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial fatty acid concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial gut hormone blood levels [Baseline]
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial gut hormone blood levels [30 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial gut hormone blood levels [60 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial gut hormone blood levels [90 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial gut hormone blood levels [120 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial gut hormone blood levels [180 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Postprandial gut hormone blood levels [240 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial gut hormone concentrations in blood upon a mixed meal challenge
- Cholesterol concentration [Baseline]
Fasting plasma cholesterol concentration
- Postprandial blood glucose levels [Baseline]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood glucose levels [15 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood glucose levels [30 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood glucose levels [45 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood glucose levels [60 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood glucose levels [90 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood glucose levels [120 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial glucose responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood insulin levels [Baseline]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood insulin levels [15 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood insulin levels [30 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood insulin levels [45 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood insulin levels [60 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood insulin levels [90 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Postprandial blood insulin levels [120 minutes post-ingestion]
Postprandial insulin responses in blood upon an oral glucose tolerance test
- Physical activity [Continuous for 9 weeks]
Continuous physical activity levels, measured by the Actigraph accelerometer wGT3X-BT (ActiGraph, Pensacola, USA)
- Physical activity [Continuous for 3 non-consecutive weeks between week 1 and week 9 of the dietary intervention]
Continuous physical activity levels, measured by ActivPAL3 micro (PAL Technologies, Glasgow, Scotland) during 3 non-consecutive weeks
- Body fat distribution [Baseline]
Ratio between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Liver fat content [Baseline]
Liver fat content as measured by MRS
- HbA1c [Baseline]
HbA1c
- Fasting glucose concentration [Baseline]
Fasting glucose concentration
- Fasting insulin concentration [Baseline]
Fasting insulin concentration
- Circulating cytokines [Baseline]
Circulating plasma cytokines
- PBMC composition [Baseline]
Immune function as measured by PBMC composition
- PBMC composition [End of intervention (week 12)]
Immune function as measured by PBMC composition
- Metabolism immune cell populations [Baseline]
Metabolism of immune cell populations as measured by SCENITH
- Immune function [End of intervention (week 12)]
Metabolism of immune cell populations as measured by SCENITH
- Immune response [Baseline]
Immune response upon TLR stimulation
- Immune response [End of intervention (week 12)]
Immune response upon TLR stimulation
- PBMC cytokine production [Baseline]
PBMC cytokine production as measured by intracellular staining
- PBMC cytokine production [End of intervention (week 12)]
PBMC cytokine production as measured by intracellular staining
- Oxidative stress marker urine [Baseline]
Oxidative stress as measured by free 8-iso PGF2a in urine
- Oxidative stress marker urine [End of intervention (week 12)]
Oxidative stress as measured by free 8-iso PGF2a in urine
- Oxidative stress in plasma [Baseline]
Oxidative stress as measured by MDA levels in plasma
- Oxidative stress in plasma [End of intervention (week 12)]
Oxidative stress as measured by MDA levels in plasma
- Oxidative stress in plasma [Baseline]
Oxidative stress as measured by nitrotyrosine in plasma
- Oxidative stress in plasma [End of intervention (week 12)]
Oxidative stress as measured by nitrotyrosine in plasma
- Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) blood [Baseline]
AGE concentrations in plasma as measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) blood [End of intervention (week 12)]
AGE concentrations in plasma as measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- Alpha-dicarbonyl concentrations blood [Baseline]
alpha-dicarbonyl concentrations in plasma as measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- Alpha-dicarbonyl concentrations blood [End of intervention (week 12)]
alpha-dicarbonyl concentrations in plasma as measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- AGE accumulation [Baseline]
Accumulation of AGEs in the skin as measured by an AGE reader (Diagnoptics, Groningen, the Netherlands)
- AGE accumulation [End of intervention (week 12)]
Accumulation of AGEs in the skin as measured by an AGE reader (Diagnoptics, Groningen, the Netherlands)
- Cognitive performance [Baseline]
Cognitive performance as measured by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery
- Oral microbiota composition [Baseline]
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Oral microbiota composition [Week 1 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Oral microbiota composition [Week 2 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Oral microbiota composition [Week 3 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Oral microbiota composition [Week 4 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Oral microbiota composition [Week 5 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Oral microbiota composition [Week 6 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Oral microbiota composition [Week 7 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Oral microbiota composition [Week 8 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Oral microbiota composition [Week 9 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the saliva by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Fecal microbiota composition [Baseline]
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Fecal microbiota composition [Week 1 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Fecal microbiota composition [Week 2 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Fecal microbiota composition [Week 3 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Fecal microbiota composition [Week 4 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Fecal microbiota composition [Week 5 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Fecal microbiota composition [Week 6 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Fecal microbiota composition [Week 7 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Fecal microbiota composition [Week 8 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Fecal microbiota composition [Week 9 dietary intervention]
Microbiota composition in the feces by extracting bacterial DNA for 16S rRNA sequencing
- Self-reported stool consistency [Baseline]
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
- Self-reported stool consistency [Week 1 dietary intervention]
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
- Self-reported stool consistency [Week 2 dietary intervention]
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
- Self-reported stool consistency [Week 3 dietary intervention]
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
- Self-reported stool consistency [Week 4 dietary intervention]
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
- Self-reported stool consistency [Week 5 dietary intervention]
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
- Self-reported stool consistency [Week 6 dietary intervention]
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
- Self-reported stool consistency [Week 7 dietary intervention]
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
- Self-reported stool consistency [Week 8 dietary intervention]
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
- Self-reported stool consistency [Week 9 dietary intervention]
Self-reported stool consistency by using the bristol stool chart (scores between 1-7). Low scores indicate constipation and high scores diarrhea. Scores of 3-4 indicate a 'normal' stool.
- Transit time [Baseline]
Transit time, measured as the time in with blue (dietary) dye is consumed and observed in the feces
- Transit time [End of intervention (week 12)]
Transit time, measured as the time in with blue (dietary) dye is consumed and observed in the feces
- Salivary amylase concentration [Baseline]
Concentration of salivary amylase
- Salivary amylase concentration [End of intervention (week 12)]
Concentration of salivary amylase
- Salivary amylase activity [Baseline]
Activity of salivary amylase
- Salivary amylase activity [End of intervention (week 12)]
Activity of salivary amylase
- Genetic variation amylase genes [Baseline]
SNPs in genes coding for amylase, collected using a mouth swab
- Genetic variation metabolism and responses to food [Baseline]
SNPs in genes relevant for metabolism and responses to food, collected using a mouth swab
- Habitual dietary intake [Baseline]
Habitual dietary intake assessment with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)
- Plasma glucose response fries A [Baseline]
Plasma glucose response to fries type A
- Plasma glucose response fries A [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma glucose response to fries type A
- Plasma glucose response fries B [Baseline]
Plasma glucose response to fries type B
- Plasma glucose response fries B [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma glucose response to fries type B
- Plasma glucose response fries C [Baseline]
Plasma glucose response to fries type C
- Plasma glucose response fries C [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma glucose response to fries type C
- Plasma glucose response yoghurt A [Baseline]
Plasma glucose response to yoghurt type A
- Plasma glucose response yoghurt A [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma glucose response to yoghurt type A
- Plasma glucose response yoghurt B [Baseline]
Plasma glucose response to yoghurt type B
- Plasma glucose response yoghurt B [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma glucose response to yoghurt type B
- Plasma glucose response yoghurt C [Baseline]
Plasma glucose response to yoghurt type C
- Plasma glucose response yoghurt C [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma glucose response to yoghurt type C
- Plasma glucose response cake A [Baseline]
Plasma glucose response to cake type A
- Plasma glucose response cake A [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma glucose response to cake type A
- Plasma glucose response cake B [Baseline]
Plasma glucose response to cake type B
- Plasma glucose response cake B [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma glucose response to cake type B
- Plasma glucose response cake C [Baseline]
Plasma glucose response to cake type C
- Plasma glucose response cake C [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma glucose response to cake type C
- Plasma insulin response fries A [Baseline]
Plasma insulin response to fries type A
- Plasma insulin response fries A [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma insulin response to fries type A
- Plasma insulin response fries B [Baseline]
Plasma insulin response to fries type B
- Plasma insulin response fries B [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma insulin response to fries type B
- Plasma insulin response fries C [Baseline]
Plasma insulin response to fries type C
- Plasma insulin response fries C [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma insulin response to fries type C
- Plasma insulin response yoghurt A [Baseline]
Plasma insulin response to yoghurt type A
- Plasma insulin response yoghurt A [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma insulin response to yoghurt type A
- Plasma insulin response yoghurt B [Baseline]
Plasma insulin response to yoghurt type B
- Plasma insulin response yoghurt B [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma insulin response to yoghurt type B
- Plasma insulin response yoghurt C [Baseline]
Plasma insulin response to yoghurt type C
- Plasma insulin response yoghurt C [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma insulin response to yoghurt type C
- Plasma insulin response cake A [Baseline]
Plasma insulin response to cake type A
- Plasma insulin response cake A [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma insulin response to cake type A
- Plasma insulin response cake B [Baseline]
Plasma insulin response to cake type B
- Plasma insulin response cake B [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma insulin response to cake type B
- Plasma insulin response cake C [Baseline]
Plasma insulin response to cake type C
- Plasma insulin response cake C [2 hours post-ingestion]
Plasma insulin response to cake type C
Other Outcome Measures
- Waist-to-hip ratio [Baseline]
Waist-to-hip ratio
- Body mass index [Baseline]
Body mass index
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
-
Apparently healthy men and women
-
BMI of 25 - 40 kg/m2
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Age 45-75 years
-
Weight stable (± <3 kg) for at least two months prior to inclusion
Exclusion Criteria:
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Diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
-
Diseases or prior surgeries affecting the stomach, liver, or intestines
-
Food allergies/intolerances for products used in the study design
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Receiving medication or supplements interfering with glucose metabolism (as judged by our research physician)
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Regular use of medication interfering with immune function (e.g. corticosteroids, immune blockers, as judged by our research physician)
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Donated blood within 2 months prior to the screening
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Anaemia defined as Hb concentrations <8.5 mmol/L for men and <7.5 mmol/L for women
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Veins not suitable for venflon needle
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Allergy/intolerance to medical skin adhesives
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Dietary habits interfering with the study design (e.g. vegetarian, vegan, ketogenic diet)
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Intention to change the intensity of exercise during the study period
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Current smokers
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Alcohol intake ≥14 alcoholic beverages per week (women) or ≥21 alcoholic beverages per week (men)
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Being pregnant or lactating
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Use of soft and/or hard drugs
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Unable/unwilling to download a research application on the mobile phone
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Participation in another study that involves an intervention within two months prior to the intervention
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Working at the division of Human Nutrition and Health of Wageningen University and Research or the Food, Health and Consumer research group of Wageningen University and Biobased Research
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition | Wageningen | Gelderland | Netherlands | 6700 EV |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- Wageningen University
Investigators
None specified.Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
None provided.- NL80179.091.21