S. Japonicum and Pregnancy Outcomes
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
The purpose of the study is to understand whether the drug praziquantel (PZQ) is safe for the mother and developing baby when the mother has schistosomiasis (a type of worm) infection, and whether the drug may improve the mother's and baby's health. The usual practice is to wait until after a mother has finished breast feeding before giving the medicine. Approximately 375 infected pregnant women, ages 18 and over, in endemic villages in Leyte, The Philippines will participate. Study volunteers 12-16 weeks pregnant will be given PZQ or an inactive pill (placebo) and stay in the hospital overnight. Small blood samples will be collected before and after the medication is taken. Three stool and urine samples will be taken during a total of 7 study visits. An ultrasound image (picture or outline of the unborn baby) will be performed. When the baby is born, a small blood sample will be taken. Mother and baby will be followed for up to 8 months before the baby is born and 1 month after.
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
|
Phase 2 |
Detailed Description
This double-blind, placebo-controlled study will investigate praziquantel (PZQ) for the treatment of Schistosomiasis japonicum in pregnant women living in endemic villages of Leyte, The Philippines. The study will enroll 375 pregnant women, ages 18 and over, infected with S. japonicum. The primary study objective is to quantify the efficacy of PZQ treatment for S. japonicum at 12-16 weeks gestation on newborn birth weight among live births. This will be assessed by measuring birth weight within 96 hours of delivery to 10 grams. The secondary objectives are to: 1) assess treatment efficacy with respect to maternal and newborn nutritional status and maternal parasitologic response to treatment; 2) collect preliminary safety and toxicity data on use of PZQ among pregnant women and their newborns; 3) identify extra-placental mechanisms mediating the hypothesized beneficial effect of PZQ on birth outcomes; and 4) identify extra-placental mechanisms mediating the hypothesized beneficial effect of PZQ on birth outcomes. Participants will be involved in study related procedures for 9 months (8 months pre-natally and 1 month post-natally) for mother and infant. This study is linked to DMID protocol 08-0049.
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| Placebo Comparator: Control Placebo at 12-16 weeks gestation. |
Other: Placebo
Made with the same color coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose.
|
| Experimental: Praziquantel Praziquantel at 12-16 weeks gestation. |
Drug: Praziquantel
60 mg/kg administered orally given in split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours; over-encapsulated in gelatin capsules. Two capsule sizes will be made which will be differentiated by color; these will contain 300 mg or 150 mg to allow for best dosing by weight.
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Mean Newborn Birth Weight [Within 24 hours of delivery.]
Birth weight was collected for live infants at the time of delivery by a trained midwife, or within 24 hours of delivery for participants who chose to deliver at home with a helot, a birth attendant without formal training.
Secondary Outcome Measures
- Number of Participants Whose Pregnancy Resulted in a Live Birth [At delivery]
Each participant was followed until delivery to record if the outcome of the pregnancy was a live birth. Live births were defined as the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, which, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life such as heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, whether the umbilical cord had been cut or the placenta was attached.
- Mean Change in Maternal Hemoglobin From 14 to 32 Weeks Gestation [14 weeks and 32 weeks gestation]
Hemoglobin concentration in a venous blood sample collected at 14 and 32 weeks gestation was measured using a multi-analyte analyzer. Each participant's change in hemoglobin concentration between the two timepoints was determined, and the mean and standard deviation for each group calculated.
- Median Change in Maternal Transferrin Receptor:Ferritin Ratio From 14 to 32 Weeks Gestation [14 weeks and 32 weeks gestation]
To assess total body iron, one needs to assess the storage compartment, which will contain sequestered iron, and the functional compartment, which represents bioavailable iron. Body iron status is defined by the two laboratory measurements that reflect these compartments, ferritin and serum transferrin receptor. The serum transferrin receptor:ferritin ratio has been shown in quantitative phlebotomy studies to provide an accurate assessment of total body iron over the entire range of status. At 14 and 32 weeks gestation, a blood sample was collected for assessment of total body iron by determination of the transferrin receptor:ferritin ratio. Each participant's change in ratio was calculated, and the median and interquartile range were determined for each group.
- Median Maternal Hepcidin at 32 Weeks Gestation [32 weeks gestation]
Anemia of inflammation was assessed via maternal urine hepcidin levels. In response to inflammation, elevated serum levels of hepcidin is synthesized. Hepcidin causes sequestration of iron from bio-available forms to storage forms such as ferritin and decreases intestinal absorption of iron. Hepcidin was measured in participants' urine at 32 weeks gestation.
- Mean Change in Maternal Weight From 14 to 32 Weeks Gestation [14 and 32 weeks gestation]
Maternal weight gain was assessed by measuring participants' weight in kilograms. The weight increase from 14 to 32 weeks was determined for each participant, and the mean and standard deviation calculated.
- Mean Change in Maternal Thigh Skinfold Thickness From 14 to 32 Weeks Gestation [14 and 32 weeks gestation]
Maternal fat stores were measured by thigh skinfold thickness obtained using a Holtain skinfold caliper. The thickness increase from 14 to 32 weeks was determined for each participant, and the mean and standard deviation calculated.
- Newborn Median Serum Transferrin Receptor:Ferritin Ratio [0-6 days after delivery.]
To assess total body iron, the serum transferrin receptor:ferritin ratio was assessed in the infant. At delivery, a heel stick blood sample and a cord blood sample were collected for assessment of total body iron by determination of the transferrin receptor:ferritin ratio.
- Number of Subjects With Reduction in S. Japonicum Egg Counts From Screening to 22 Weeks Gestation of Greater Than 90 Percent [Screening and 22 weeks gestation]
Parasitologic response to treatment was evaluated by counting S. japonicum eggs per gram of stool at screening and again at 22 weeks gestation. Success of treatment was pre-specified as greater than 90 percent reduction in egg count from screening to 22 weeks gestation.
- Number of Participants Reporting Serious Adverse Events Within 24 Hours of Dosing [Within 24 hours of dosing]
Participants were observed in hospital for 24 hours after dosing for serious adverse events. Serious adverse events included any untoward medical occurrence that resulted in death; was life threatening; was a persistent/significant disability/incapacity; required in-patient hospitalization or prolongation thereof (for reasons other than the 24-hour observation period); resulted in a congenital anomaly/birth defect; or may have jeopardized the participant, or required intervention to prevent one of these outcomes.
- Number of Participants Experiencing Fetal Loss by Abortion [After dosing and before 20 weeks gestation]
Abortion was defined by the protocol as bleeding followed by fetal loss as supported by ultrasound before 20 weeks gestation. Abortion was an important safety outcome measure due to the fact that abortion would occur closer to the time of dosing than miscarriage or stillbirth. Participants were observed in hospital for 24 hours after dosing and asked to return for any bleeding at any time.
- Number of Participants Reporting Abnormalities in Hematology Assessments Within 24 Hours of Dosing [Just before and 24 hours after dosing]
Toxicity to maternal bone marrow, kidney, and liver was assessed by laboratory parameters collected just before and 24 hours after dosing. Specifically, blood was drawn just before the dose at 12-16 weeks gestation to determine baseline complete blood count, including white blood count (WBC), platelets, and hemoglobin. Blood was then drawn 24 hours after the second part of the split dose and before discharge from the hospital to assess any changes in these parameters. White blood count was abnormal at or above 10,800 or at or below 3500 cells/square millimeter (sq mm), platelets were abnormal at or below 140,000 cells/sq mm, and hemoglobin was abnormal at or below 10.9 grams/deciliter (g/dL).
- Number of Participants Reporting Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry Assessments Within 24 Hours of Dosing [Just before and 24 hours after dosing]
Toxicity to maternal kidney and liver was assessed by laboratory parameters collected just before and 24 hours after dosing. Specifically, blood was drawn just before the dose at 12-16 weeks gestation to determine baseline blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and bilirubin. Blood was then drawn 24 hours after the second part of the split dose and before discharge from the hospital to assess any changes in these parameters. Any values that were 1.1 times the upper limit of normal or greater for the parameter were considered abnormal.
- Number of Participants Whose Infant Was Born With Congenital Anomalies [At delivery, within 2-6 days of delivery, and at 28 days]
The newborn was examined by the midwife at delivery and within 2-6 days of delivery to assess the presence of congenital anomalies and well-being. The newborn was also examined by study pediatrician at 28 days of life.
- Number of Participants With Pre-eclampsia [22 weeks and 32 weeks]
Participants were assessed for the presence of pre-eclampsia at both the 22 and 32 week visits. Pre-eclampsia was defined by the presence of proteinurea (2+ protein on urine dipstick) and a single diastolic blood pressure reading of 100 millimiters of mercury (mm Hg) or above OR more than one reading, four hours apart, of 90 mm Hg or above.
- Maternal Serum Cytokine Levels of TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha Receptors I and II, IL-1, and IL-6 [At 32 weeks gestation]
Extra-placental mechanisms mediating improved outcomes in the PZQ group were planned to be evaluated with maternal serum cytokine levels, particularly TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha receptors I and II, IL-1, and IL-6. These assays were intended to be performed only if the primary objective of the study was met; therefore, there will be no results reported for this outcome measure.
- Placental Blood Cytokine Levels [At delivery]
Cytokine assays were planned to be performed with culture supernatant harvested from placental explant cultures. The cytokines were to be measured with a multi-analyte analyzer. These assays were intended to be performed only if the primary objective of the study was met; therefore, there will be no results reported for this outcome measure.
- Cytokeratin 18 Neo-epitope Staining as a Measure of Apoptosis [32 weeks gestation]
A study hypothesis was that peripheral serum obtained from S. japonicum infected, treated mothers would induce a lower level of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cultured trophoblasts as measured by cytokeratin 18 neo-epitope staining compared to peripheral serum obtained from S. japonicum infected, PZQ untreated mothers. This assay was planned to be completed only if the primary objective was met; therefore, there will be no data for this outcome measure.
- Praziquantel Pharmacokinetic Concentrations [4.5 and 8 hours after the first praziquantel dose (subjects assigned to an even study number) or 6 and 10 hours after the first praziquantel dose (subjects assigned to an odd study number).]
Two plasma samples were collected during the overnight hospitalization from approximately 200 subjects that remained at the time of study modification to incorporate PK studies. Subjects had samples collected based on one of two sample collection strategies: 4.5 and 8 hr after the first praziquantel dose or 6 and 10 hr after the first praziquantel dose. Subjects randomized to an even study number were assigned to the 4.5 and 8 hour schedule. Subjects randomized to an odd study number were assigned to the 6 and 10 hour schedule. Samples only from subjects randomized to receive praziquantel were analyzed for praziquantel. Samples drawn from subjects randomized to the control group were not analyzed. Praziquantel concentrations (ng/ml) were assayed using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in the University of California at San Diego Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory.
- 4-hydroxy Praziquantel Pharmacokinetic Concentrations [4.5 and 8 hours after the first praziquantel dose (subjects assigned to an even study number) or 6 and 10 hours after the first praziquantel dose (subjects assigned to an odd study number).]
Since pregnancy is associated with increased cytochrome P450 activity and physiologic changes in the gastrointestinal tract that tend to reduce drug absorption, praziquantel pharmacokinetics may be affected by pregnancy. Thus, the metabolite-to-parent drug ratio may serve as a differential marker to help determine if variability in drug exposure following oral administration during pregnancy is due to altered metabolism or drug absorption. Samples that were collected from subjects who were randomized to receive praziquantel were analyzed for praziquantel and 4-hydroxy praziquantel concentrations. Assays were performed using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in the University of California at San Diego Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory. Descriptive statistics were obtained for concentrations at each of the four sparse sampling timepoints.
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
For screening:
-
Female, age 18 or over.
-
Present to a study midwife with suspected pregnancy.
-
Live in a study village.
For the main study:
-
Infected with S. japonicum.
-
Pregnancy as determined by urine pregnancy test.
-
Age 18 or older.
-
Participant is otherwise healthy as determined by history, physical exam, ultrasound and laboratory assessment.
-
Pregnancy between 12-16 weeks gestation.
-
Ability to provide informed consent to participate.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Presence of significant disease/illness that is either acute or chronic. This will be defined by history, physical examination, ultrasound and laboratory assessment. In particular:
-
History of seizures or other neurologic disorder, chronic medical problem determined by history or physical examination, e.g. active hepatitis, tuberculosis, heart disease.
-
Grade 3 or higher laboratory abnormality of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, bilirubin, white blood cell count, or platelet count will warrant exclusion. Grade 2 or higher abnormality of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) will warrant exclusion. For hemoglobin, women with severe anemia defined as hemoglobin less than 7.0 g/dl will be excluded.
-
Women with myoma on ultrasound that are sub-mucosal or women with myoma that is in any location and greater than 5 cm in size.
-
Women with congenital anomalies of the reproductive tract that would be expected to cause decreased fetal weight or greatly increase the risk of prematurity such as duplicate uterus, uterine septum.
-
For less clear cases, the researchers will define significant illness as one that significantly alters a woman's ability to perform activities of daily living, causes symptoms at least two days per week, or necessitates regular use of medication. In the case of acute medical conditions such as urinary tract infection, pneumonia, febrile illness, enrollment may be postponed until the illness is successfully treated (not currently on any medication for the illness) or the illness self resolves if this occurs before 16 weeks gestation.
-
Presence of cysts in the eye suggestive of neurocysticercosis.
-
Regular use of a medication for a chronic medical condition.
-
History of severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis, facial swelling, or difficulty breathing) or seizure with praziquantel administration.
-
Fetus has congenital anomaly determined by 12-16 week ultrasound or is determined to be nonviable (e.g. blighted ovum).
-
Twin or higher order pregnancy.
-
Woman has been enrolled into this study for a previous pregnancy.
-
Inability to comprehend study procedures and provide informed consent due to limited cognitive abilities or other, or refuses to provide informed consent.
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Research Institute for Tropical Medicine - Health Compound | Muntinlupa City | National Capital Region | Philippines | 1781 |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Investigators
None specified.Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
None provided.- 06-0039
Study Results
Participant Flow
| Recruitment Details | Participants were otherwise healthy schistosomiasis-infected women at 12-16 weeks gestation, recruited from approximately 50 schistosomiasis-endemic villages served by 6 municipal health centers in Leyte, The Phillipines. Participants were enrolled between 13Aug2007 and 5Nov2012. |
|---|---|
| Pre-assignment Detail |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules as the test agent, but with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. The agent was gel encapsulated to reduce appreciation of odor and taste and mimic appearance of the placebo. |
| Period Title: Overall Study | ||
| STARTED | 184 | 186 |
| COMPLETED | 183 | 183 |
| NOT COMPLETED | 1 | 3 |
Baseline Characteristics
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. | Total of all reporting groups |
| Overall Participants | 184 | 186 | 370 |
| Age (Count of Participants) | |||
| <=18 years |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| Between 18 and 65 years |
184
100%
|
186
100%
|
370
100%
|
| >=65 years |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| Age (years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ] | |||
| Mean (Standard Deviation) [years] |
25.9
(6.3)
|
26.2
(6.6)
|
26.1
(6.4)
|
| Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants) | |||
| Female |
184
100%
|
186
100%
|
370
100%
|
| Male |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| Region of Enrollment (participants) [Number] | |||
| Philippines |
184
100%
|
186
100%
|
370
100%
|
Outcome Measures
| Title | Mean Newborn Birth Weight |
|---|---|
| Description | Birth weight was collected for live infants at the time of delivery by a trained midwife, or within 24 hours of delivery for participants who chose to deliver at home with a helot, a birth attendant without formal training. |
| Time Frame | Within 24 hours of delivery. |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All newborns for whom birth weights were reported were included in the analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 181 | 180 |
| Mean (Standard Deviation) [kilograms] |
2.85
(0.39)
|
2.85
(0.44)
|
Statistical Analysis 1
| Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation, Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Comments | ||
| Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other | |
| Comments | ||
| Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | 0.988 |
| Comments | The p-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons. The a priori threshold for statistical significance is 0.05. | |
| Method | t-test, 2 sided | |
| Comments | ||
| Title | Number of Participants Whose Pregnancy Resulted in a Live Birth |
|---|---|
| Description | Each participant was followed until delivery to record if the outcome of the pregnancy was a live birth. Live births were defined as the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, which, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life such as heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, whether the umbilical cord had been cut or the placenta was attached. |
| Time Frame | At delivery |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All participants for whom the status of the infant at delivery was reported are included in the analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 183 | 183 |
| Number [participants] |
181
98.4%
|
181
97.3%
|
Statistical Analysis 1
| Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation, Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Comments | ||
| Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other | |
| Comments | ||
| Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | >0.999 |
| Comments | The p-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons. The a priori threshold for statistical significance is 0.05. | |
| Method | Chi-squared | |
| Comments | ||
| Title | Mean Change in Maternal Hemoglobin From 14 to 32 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|
| Description | Hemoglobin concentration in a venous blood sample collected at 14 and 32 weeks gestation was measured using a multi-analyte analyzer. Each participant's change in hemoglobin concentration between the two timepoints was determined, and the mean and standard deviation for each group calculated. |
| Time Frame | 14 weeks and 32 weeks gestation |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All participants for whom hemoglobin concentrations were reported are included in the analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 183 | 181 |
| Mean (Standard Deviation) [grams/deciliter] |
-0.42
(1.39)
|
-0.44
(1.38)
|
Statistical Analysis 1
| Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation, Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Comments | ||
| Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other | |
| Comments | ||
| Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | 0.926 |
| Comments | The p-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons. The a priori threshold for statistical significance is 0.05. | |
| Method | t-test, 2 sided | |
| Comments | ||
| Title | Median Change in Maternal Transferrin Receptor:Ferritin Ratio From 14 to 32 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|
| Description | To assess total body iron, one needs to assess the storage compartment, which will contain sequestered iron, and the functional compartment, which represents bioavailable iron. Body iron status is defined by the two laboratory measurements that reflect these compartments, ferritin and serum transferrin receptor. The serum transferrin receptor:ferritin ratio has been shown in quantitative phlebotomy studies to provide an accurate assessment of total body iron over the entire range of status. At 14 and 32 weeks gestation, a blood sample was collected for assessment of total body iron by determination of the transferrin receptor:ferritin ratio. Each participant's change in ratio was calculated, and the median and interquartile range were determined for each group. |
| Time Frame | 14 weeks and 32 weeks gestation |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All participants for whom transferrin receptor:ferritin ratio was reported at both timepoints are included in the analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 183 | 181 |
| Median (Inter-Quartile Range) [ratio] |
0.0
(75.88)
|
0.0
(162.4)
|
Statistical Analysis 1
| Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation, Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Comments | ||
| Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other | |
| Comments | ||
| Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | 0.502 |
| Comments | The p-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons. The a priori threshold for statistical significance is 0.05. | |
| Method | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | |
| Comments | ||
| Title | Median Maternal Hepcidin at 32 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|
| Description | Anemia of inflammation was assessed via maternal urine hepcidin levels. In response to inflammation, elevated serum levels of hepcidin is synthesized. Hepcidin causes sequestration of iron from bio-available forms to storage forms such as ferritin and decreases intestinal absorption of iron. Hepcidin was measured in participants' urine at 32 weeks gestation. |
| Time Frame | 32 weeks gestation |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All participants for whom hepcidin levels were reported are included in the analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 183 | 181 |
| Median (Inter-Quartile Range) [nanograms/milliliter] |
2.58
(5.06)
|
3.38
(4.32)
|
Statistical Analysis 1
| Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation, Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Comments | ||
| Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other | |
| Comments | ||
| Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | 0.439 |
| Comments | The p-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons. The a priori threshold for statistical significance is 0.05. | |
| Method | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | |
| Comments | ||
| Title | Mean Change in Maternal Weight From 14 to 32 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|
| Description | Maternal weight gain was assessed by measuring participants' weight in kilograms. The weight increase from 14 to 32 weeks was determined for each participant, and the mean and standard deviation calculated. |
| Time Frame | 14 and 32 weeks gestation |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All participants for whom weight was reported at both timepoints were included in this analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 183 | 181 |
| Mean (Standard Deviation) [kilograms] |
0.33
(0.13)
|
0.32
(0.13)
|
Statistical Analysis 1
| Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation, Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Comments | ||
| Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other | |
| Comments | ||
| Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | 0.704 |
| Comments | The p-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons. The a priori threshold for statistical significance is 0.05. | |
| Method | t-test, 2 sided | |
| Comments | ||
| Title | Mean Change in Maternal Thigh Skinfold Thickness From 14 to 32 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|
| Description | Maternal fat stores were measured by thigh skinfold thickness obtained using a Holtain skinfold caliper. The thickness increase from 14 to 32 weeks was determined for each participant, and the mean and standard deviation calculated. |
| Time Frame | 14 and 32 weeks gestation |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All participants for whom thigh skinfold thickness was reported at both timepoints were included in this analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 183 | 181 |
| Mean (Standard Deviation) [millimeters] |
0.08
(0.09)
|
0.08
(0.09)
|
Statistical Analysis 1
| Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation, Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Comments | ||
| Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other | |
| Comments | ||
| Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | 0.517 |
| Comments | The p-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons. The a priori threshold for statistical significance is 0.05. | |
| Method | t-test, 2 sided | |
| Comments | ||
| Title | Newborn Median Serum Transferrin Receptor:Ferritin Ratio |
|---|---|
| Description | To assess total body iron, the serum transferrin receptor:ferritin ratio was assessed in the infant. At delivery, a heel stick blood sample and a cord blood sample were collected for assessment of total body iron by determination of the transferrin receptor:ferritin ratio. |
| Time Frame | 0-6 days after delivery. |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All infants for whom transferrin receptor and ferritin were reported are included in the analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 181 | 181 |
| Cord Blood |
1.76
(480.39)
|
1.33
(1392.55)
|
| Heel Stick |
0.00
(239.81)
|
0.00
(162.24)
|
Statistical Analysis 1
| Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation, Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Comments | Analysis included the transferrin receptor: ferritin ratio from the cord blood. | |
| Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other | |
| Comments | ||
| Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | 0.524 |
| Comments | The p-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons. The a priori threshold for statistical significance is 0.05. | |
| Method | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | |
| Comments | ||
Statistical Analysis 2
| Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation, Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Comments | Analysis included the transferrin receptor: ferritin ratio from the heel stick. | |
| Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other | |
| Comments | ||
| Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | 0.070 |
| Comments | The p-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons. The a priori threshold for statistical significance is 0.05. | |
| Method | Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) | |
| Comments | ||
| Title | Number of Subjects With Reduction in S. Japonicum Egg Counts From Screening to 22 Weeks Gestation of Greater Than 90 Percent |
|---|---|
| Description | Parasitologic response to treatment was evaluated by counting S. japonicum eggs per gram of stool at screening and again at 22 weeks gestation. Success of treatment was pre-specified as greater than 90 percent reduction in egg count from screening to 22 weeks gestation. |
| Time Frame | Screening and 22 weeks gestation |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All participants for whom egg counts were reported are included in the analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 184 | 184 |
| Number [participants] |
92
50%
|
157
84.4%
|
Statistical Analysis 1
| Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation, Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Comments | ||
| Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other | |
| Comments | ||
| Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | <0.001 |
| Comments | The p-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons. The a priori threshold for statistical significance is 0.05. | |
| Method | Chi-squared | |
| Comments | ||
| Title | Number of Participants Reporting Serious Adverse Events Within 24 Hours of Dosing |
|---|---|
| Description | Participants were observed in hospital for 24 hours after dosing for serious adverse events. Serious adverse events included any untoward medical occurrence that resulted in death; was life threatening; was a persistent/significant disability/incapacity; required in-patient hospitalization or prolongation thereof (for reasons other than the 24-hour observation period); resulted in a congenital anomaly/birth defect; or may have jeopardized the participant, or required intervention to prevent one of these outcomes. |
| Time Frame | Within 24 hours of dosing |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All participants were included in this analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 184 | 186 |
| Number [participants] |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| Title | Number of Participants Experiencing Fetal Loss by Abortion |
|---|---|
| Description | Abortion was defined by the protocol as bleeding followed by fetal loss as supported by ultrasound before 20 weeks gestation. Abortion was an important safety outcome measure due to the fact that abortion would occur closer to the time of dosing than miscarriage or stillbirth. Participants were observed in hospital for 24 hours after dosing and asked to return for any bleeding at any time. |
| Time Frame | After dosing and before 20 weeks gestation |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All participants were included in this analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 184 | 186 |
| Number [participants] |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| Title | Number of Participants Reporting Abnormalities in Hematology Assessments Within 24 Hours of Dosing |
|---|---|
| Description | Toxicity to maternal bone marrow, kidney, and liver was assessed by laboratory parameters collected just before and 24 hours after dosing. Specifically, blood was drawn just before the dose at 12-16 weeks gestation to determine baseline complete blood count, including white blood count (WBC), platelets, and hemoglobin. Blood was then drawn 24 hours after the second part of the split dose and before discharge from the hospital to assess any changes in these parameters. White blood count was abnormal at or above 10,800 or at or below 3500 cells/square millimeter (sq mm), platelets were abnormal at or below 140,000 cells/sq mm, and hemoglobin was abnormal at or below 10.9 grams/deciliter (g/dL). |
| Time Frame | Just before and 24 hours after dosing |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All participants were included in this analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 184 | 186 |
| White Blood Cell Abnormal |
69
37.5%
|
60
32.3%
|
| Platelets Abnormal |
3
1.6%
|
0
0%
|
| Hemoglobin Abnormal |
54
29.3%
|
56
30.1%
|
| Title | Number of Participants Reporting Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry Assessments Within 24 Hours of Dosing |
|---|---|
| Description | Toxicity to maternal kidney and liver was assessed by laboratory parameters collected just before and 24 hours after dosing. Specifically, blood was drawn just before the dose at 12-16 weeks gestation to determine baseline blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and bilirubin. Blood was then drawn 24 hours after the second part of the split dose and before discharge from the hospital to assess any changes in these parameters. Any values that were 1.1 times the upper limit of normal or greater for the parameter were considered abnormal. |
| Time Frame | Just before and 24 hours after dosing |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All participants were included in this analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 184 | 186 |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Abnormal |
127
69%
|
137
73.7%
|
| Creatinine Abnormal |
23
12.5%
|
39
21%
|
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Abnormal |
8
4.3%
|
9
4.8%
|
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Abnormal |
13
7.1%
|
10
5.4%
|
| Bilirubin Abnormal |
127
69%
|
137
73.7%
|
| Title | Number of Participants Whose Infant Was Born With Congenital Anomalies |
|---|---|
| Description | The newborn was examined by the midwife at delivery and within 2-6 days of delivery to assess the presence of congenital anomalies and well-being. The newborn was also examined by study pediatrician at 28 days of life. |
| Time Frame | At delivery, within 2-6 days of delivery, and at 28 days |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All newborns are included in the analysis. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 181 | 181 |
| Number [participants] |
1
0.5%
|
1
0.5%
|
Statistical Analysis 1
| Statistical Analysis Overview | Comparison Group Selection | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation, Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Comments | ||
| Type of Statistical Test | Superiority or Other | |
| Comments | ||
| Statistical Test of Hypothesis | p-Value | 0.991 |
| Comments | The p-value is not adjusted for multiple comparisons. The a priori threshold for statistical significance is 0.05. | |
| Method | Chi-squared | |
| Comments | ||
| Title | Number of Participants With Pre-eclampsia |
|---|---|
| Description | Participants were assessed for the presence of pre-eclampsia at both the 22 and 32 week visits. Pre-eclampsia was defined by the presence of proteinurea (2+ protein on urine dipstick) and a single diastolic blood pressure reading of 100 millimiters of mercury (mm Hg) or above OR more than one reading, four hours apart, of 90 mm Hg or above. |
| Time Frame | 22 weeks and 32 weeks |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| All participants seen at both timepoints are included. |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 183 | 181 |
| Number [participants] |
0
0%
|
0
0%
|
| Title | Maternal Serum Cytokine Levels of TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha Receptors I and II, IL-1, and IL-6 |
|---|---|
| Description | Extra-placental mechanisms mediating improved outcomes in the PZQ group were planned to be evaluated with maternal serum cytokine levels, particularly TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha receptors I and II, IL-1, and IL-6. These assays were intended to be performed only if the primary objective of the study was met; therefore, there will be no results reported for this outcome measure. |
| Time Frame | At 32 weeks gestation |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| [Not Specified] |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 0 | 0 |
| Title | Placental Blood Cytokine Levels |
|---|---|
| Description | Cytokine assays were planned to be performed with culture supernatant harvested from placental explant cultures. The cytokines were to be measured with a multi-analyte analyzer. These assays were intended to be performed only if the primary objective of the study was met; therefore, there will be no results reported for this outcome measure. |
| Time Frame | At delivery |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| [Not Specified] |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 0 | 0 |
| Title | Cytokeratin 18 Neo-epitope Staining as a Measure of Apoptosis |
|---|---|
| Description | A study hypothesis was that peripheral serum obtained from S. japonicum infected, treated mothers would induce a lower level of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cultured trophoblasts as measured by cytokeratin 18 neo-epitope staining compared to peripheral serum obtained from S. japonicum infected, PZQ untreated mothers. This assay was planned to be completed only if the primary objective was met; therefore, there will be no data for this outcome measure. |
| Time Frame | 32 weeks gestation |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| [Not Specified] |
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 0 | 0 |
| Title | Praziquantel Pharmacokinetic Concentrations |
|---|---|
| Description | Two plasma samples were collected during the overnight hospitalization from approximately 200 subjects that remained at the time of study modification to incorporate PK studies. Subjects had samples collected based on one of two sample collection strategies: 4.5 and 8 hr after the first praziquantel dose or 6 and 10 hr after the first praziquantel dose. Subjects randomized to an even study number were assigned to the 4.5 and 8 hour schedule. Subjects randomized to an odd study number were assigned to the 6 and 10 hour schedule. Samples only from subjects randomized to receive praziquantel were analyzed for praziquantel. Samples drawn from subjects randomized to the control group were not analyzed. Praziquantel concentrations (ng/ml) were assayed using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in the University of California at San Diego Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory. |
| Time Frame | 4.5 and 8 hours after the first praziquantel dose (subjects assigned to an even study number) or 6 and 10 hours after the first praziquantel dose (subjects assigned to an odd study number). |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| The analysis population for pharmacokinetics descriptive analyses was defined as all subjects who had plasma samples collected and who were randomized to receive PZQ (N=99; 50 subjects at 4.5 and 8 hr after first PZQ dose and 49 at 6 and 10 hr after first PZQ dose). |
| Arm/Group Title | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 99 |
| 4.5 Hours, n=50 |
814.7
|
| 6 Hours, n=49 |
945.2
|
| 8 Hours, n=50 |
687.8
|
| 10 Hours, n=49 |
422.2
|
| Title | 4-hydroxy Praziquantel Pharmacokinetic Concentrations |
|---|---|
| Description | Since pregnancy is associated with increased cytochrome P450 activity and physiologic changes in the gastrointestinal tract that tend to reduce drug absorption, praziquantel pharmacokinetics may be affected by pregnancy. Thus, the metabolite-to-parent drug ratio may serve as a differential marker to help determine if variability in drug exposure following oral administration during pregnancy is due to altered metabolism or drug absorption. Samples that were collected from subjects who were randomized to receive praziquantel were analyzed for praziquantel and 4-hydroxy praziquantel concentrations. Assays were performed using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry in the University of California at San Diego Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory. Descriptive statistics were obtained for concentrations at each of the four sparse sampling timepoints. |
| Time Frame | 4.5 and 8 hours after the first praziquantel dose (subjects assigned to an even study number) or 6 and 10 hours after the first praziquantel dose (subjects assigned to an odd study number). |
Outcome Measure Data
| Analysis Population Description |
|---|
| The analysis population for pharmacokinetics descriptive analyses was defined as all subjects who had plasma samples collected and who were randomized to receive PZQ (N=99; 50 subjects at 4.5 and 8 hr after first PZQ dose and 49 at 6 and 10 hr after first PZQ dose). |
| Arm/Group Title | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation |
|---|---|
| Arm/Group Description | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. |
| Measure Participants | 99 |
| 4.5 Hours, n=50 |
4020.1
|
| 6 Hours, n=49 |
4590.8
|
| 8 Hours, n=50 |
5373.7
|
| 10 Hours, n=49 |
4304.1
|
Adverse Events
| Time Frame | Solicited systemic symptoms were observed in clinic 24 hours after treatment and recorded for 14 days post treatment. Unsolicited adverse events and SAEs were evaluated at clinic visits and passively reported through 28 days post delivery. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse Event Reporting Description | For solicited symptoms recorded on the Memory Aid in the 14 days after treatment, a participant was considered to have one event if it was reported as experienced at any time in the 14-day period. | |||
| Arm/Group Title | Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | ||
| Arm/Group Description | Placebo was made with the same color-coded gelatin capsules with the inert compound dextrose. | Praziquantel was administered orally as 60 mg/kg given in a split dose (30/mg/kg each) separated by 3 hours. | ||
All Cause Mortality |
||||
| Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | |||
| Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | |
| Total | / (NaN) | / (NaN) | ||
Serious Adverse Events |
||||
| Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | |||
| Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | |
| Total | 34/184 (18.5%) | 45/186 (24.2%) | ||
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | ||||
| Anaemia | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 2/186 (1.1%) | 2 |
| Cardiac disorders | ||||
| Cardio-respiratory arrest | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Congenital, familial and genetic disorders | ||||
| Cleft lip and palate | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 2/186 (1.1%) | 2 |
| Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 4/186 (2.2%) | 4 |
| Microtia | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 0/186 (0%) | 0 |
| Talipes | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | ||||
| Abdominal distension | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | ||||
| Hyperbilirubinaemia | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Hyperbilirubinaemia neonatal | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Jaundice | 2/184 (1.1%) | 2 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Infections and infestations | ||||
| Amoebiasis | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 0/186 (0%) | 0 |
| Gastroenteritis | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Sepsis | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 0/186 (0%) | 0 |
| Dacryocystitis | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Neonatal pneumonia | 2/184 (1.1%) | 2 | 5/186 (2.7%) | 5 |
| Omphalitis | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 0/186 (0%) | 0 |
| Pneumonia | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Staphylococcal skin infection | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 0/186 (0%) | 0 |
| Urinary tract infection | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | ||||
| Multiple injuries | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 0/186 (0%) | 0 |
| Chemical injury | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 0/186 (0%) | 0 |
| Investigations | ||||
| 17-hydroxyprogesterone increased | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 0/186 (0%) | 0 |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | ||||
| Muscular weakness | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Nervous system disorders | ||||
| Convulsion | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 0/186 (0%) | 0 |
| Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | ||||
| Abortion spontaneous incomplete | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Abortion threatened | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Eclampsia | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Foetal death | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 2/186 (1.1%) | 2 |
| Postpartum haemorrhage | 2/184 (1.1%) | 2 | 2/186 (1.1%) | 2 |
| Pre-eclampsia | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Premature delivery | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Premature labour | 5/184 (2.7%) | 6 | 4/186 (2.2%) | 4 |
| Preterm premature rupture of membranes | 3/184 (1.6%) | 3 | 0/186 (0%) | 0 |
| Stillbirth | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Foetal growth restriction | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Low birth weight baby | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Premature baby | 3/184 (1.6%) | 3 | 2/186 (1.1%) | 2 |
| Small for dates baby | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Renal and urinary disorders | ||||
| Urinary retention | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | ||||
| Asthma | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 0/186 (0%) | 0 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 0/186 (0%) | 0 |
| Neonatal asphyxia | 1/184 (0.5%) | 1 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Neonatal aspiration | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Neonatal respiratory failure | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
| Pneumonia aspiration | 0/184 (0%) | 0 | 1/186 (0.5%) | 1 |
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events |
||||
| Placebo Control at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | Praziquantel at 12-16 Weeks Gestation | |||
| Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | Affected / at Risk (%) | # Events | |
| Total | 159/184 (86.4%) | 176/186 (94.6%) | ||
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | ||||
| Anaemia | 51/184 (27.7%) | 52 | 47/186 (25.3%) | 48 |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | ||||
| Abdominal pain lower | 15/184 (8.2%) | 16 | 12/186 (6.5%) | 12 |
| Abdominal Pain | 63/184 (34.2%) | 63 | 76/186 (40.9%) | 76 |
| Nausea | 68/184 (37%) | 68 | 94/186 (50.5%) | 94 |
| Vomiting | 53/184 (28.8%) | 53 | 77/186 (41.4%) | 77 |
| General disorders | ||||
| Pyrexia | 13/184 (7.1%) | 14 | 16/186 (8.6%) | 17 |
| Pyrexia | 47/184 (25.5%) | 47 | 39/186 (21%) | 39 |
| Malaise | 68/184 (37%) | 68 | 81/186 (43.5%) | 81 |
| Infections and infestations | ||||
| Nasopharyngitis | 7/184 (3.8%) | 8 | 15/186 (8.1%) | 16 |
| Urinary tract infection | 13/184 (7.1%) | 13 | 10/186 (5.4%) | 11 |
| Investigations | ||||
| Blood pressure increased | 10/184 (5.4%) | 10 | 3/186 (1.6%) | 3 |
| Haemoglobin decreased | 16/184 (8.7%) | 17 | 9/186 (4.8%) | 9 |
| Urine leukocyte esterase positive | 10/184 (5.4%) | 10 | 4/186 (2.2%) | 4 |
| Nervous system disorders | ||||
| Headache | 82/184 (44.6%) | 82 | 99/186 (53.2%) | 99 |
| Dizziness | 50/184 (27.2%) | 50 | 100/186 (53.8%) | 100 |
| Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions | ||||
| Uterine contractions during pregnancy | 15/184 (8.2%) | 16 | 10/186 (5.4%) | 10 |
| Renal and urinary disorders | ||||
| Dysuria | 4/184 (2.2%) | 4 | 15/186 (8.1%) | 15 |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | ||||
| Cough | 37/184 (20.1%) | 41 | 37/186 (19.9%) | 40 |
| Dyspnoea | 11/184 (6%) | 11 | 14/186 (7.5%) | 14 |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | ||||
| Rash | 11/184 (6%) | 11 | 20/186 (10.8%) | 20 |
Limitations/Caveats
More Information
Certain Agreements
Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.
The only disclosure restriction on the PI is that the sponsor can review results communications prior to public release and can embargo communications regarding trial results for a period that is less than or equal to 60 days. The sponsor cannot require changes to the communication and cannot extend the embargo.
Results Point of Contact
| Name/Title | Jennifer Friedman, M.D., Ph.D |
|---|---|
| Organization | Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan Center for International Health Research |
| Phone | (401) 444-7449 |
| jennifer_friedman@brown.edu |
- 06-0039