Comparing Therapies for the Treatment of Severe Aplastic Anemia

Sponsor

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) (NIH)

Overall Status

Completed

CT.gov ID

NCT00001626

Collaborator

(none)

Enrollment

Location

Arms

129

Actual Duration (Months)

0.3

Patients Per Site Per Month

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

Severe Aplastic Anemia (SAA) is a rare and very serious blood disorder in which the bone marrow stops producing the cells which make up blood; red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Researchers believe this is caused by an autoimmune reaction, a condition in which the natural defense system of the body begins attacking itself. In SAA the immune system begins attacking the bone marrow. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to all of the organ systems in the body, and low numbers (anemia) can cause difficulty breathing and fatigue. Platelets are responsible for normal blood clotting and low numbers can result in easy bruising and bleeding which can be deadly. White blood cells are responsible for fighting infections, and low numbers of these can lead to frequent infections, the most common cause of death in patients with aplastic anemia.

SAA can be treated by bone marrow transplant (BMT) or by drugs designed to slow down the immune system (immunosuppressants). BMT can be successful, but it requires a donor with matched bone marrow, making this therapy available only to a few patients. BMT with unmatched bone marrow can fail and cause dangerous side effects.

Presently, the two drugs used to treat SAA by slowing down the immune system (immunosuppression) are antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporin A (CSA). When used in combination these two drugs can improve most patients condition. However, one third of the patients who respond to this therapy experience a relapse of SAA. In addition, some patients treated with ATG/CSA can later develop other disorders of the blood.

Recently, researchers have found that another immunosuppressive drug called cyclophosphamide, has been successful at treating patients with SAA. In addition, patients treated with cyclophosphamide do not experience relapses or develop other disorders of the blood.

In this study researchers would like to compare the combinations of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporin A (CSA) to cyclophosphamide and cyclosporin A (CSA) for the treatment of SAA.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Severe Aplastic Anemia (SAA)	Drug: antithymocyte globulin Drug: cyclophosphamide Drug: cyclosporine	Phase 2

Detailed Description

Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is a disorder with a poor prognosis if untreated. Current accepted therapeutic strategies include bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and immunosuppression, both offering cure or amelioration in the majority of patients. Although BMT is successful using human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matched sibling bone marrow, the 25% probability of finding an HLA identical sibling within a family renders this approach available to only a minority of patients. BMT utilizing HLA-matched, unrelated donors carries a high risk of treatment failure along with considerable toxicity. While combined immunosuppression with both antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine A (CSA) produces hematologic improvement in most patients, relapse is common, occurring in about a third of responders. Late evolution of aplastic anemia to other serious hematologic disorders is a significant problem following successful treatment with ATG/CSA with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) occurs in approximately 13%, myelodysplasia in about 10%, and acute leukemia in about 7%. Recently, results of immunosuppression in SAA with another potent immunosuppressive agent, cyclophosphamide, were reported in 10 patients. In this small group, the overall response rate was similar to that seen with ATG/CSA, but relapse and late clonal disease were not seen during a median follow-up of greater than 10 years. In the larger randomized trial proposed here, we will compare sustained hematologic response rates to either conventional immunosuppression with ATG/CSA or high dose cyclophosphamide and CSA. Secondary endpoints include response duration, event free survival, and overall survival.

Study Design

Study Type:

Interventional

Actual Enrollment :

33 participants

Allocation:

Randomized

Intervention Model:

Crossover Assignment

Masking:

None (Open Label)

Primary Purpose:

Treatment

Official Title:

A Randomized Trial of Antithymocyte Globulin and Cyclosporine Versus Cyclophosphamide and Cyclosporine in the Treatment of Severe Aplastic Anemia

Actual Study Start Date :

Jun 2, 1997

Actual Primary Completion Date :

Feb 20, 2001

Actual Study Completion Date :

Mar 3, 2008

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: A D1-4 cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg IV, then cyclosporine starting on d14 at 12 mg/kg/d for 6 months	Drug: cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide Drug: cyclosporine cyclosporine
Experimental: B ATG at 40 mg/kg/d for 4 days then cyclosporine at 12 mg /kg/d for 6 months	Drug: antithymocyte globulin antithymocyte globulin Drug: cyclosporine cyclosporine

Arm

Intervention/Treatment

Experimental: A

D1-4 cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg IV, then cyclosporine starting on d14 at 12 mg/kg/d for 6 months

Drug: cyclophosphamide

cyclophosphamide

Drug: cyclosporine

cyclosporine

Experimental: B

ATG at 40 mg/kg/d for 4 days then cyclosporine at 12 mg /kg/d for 6 months

Drug: antithymocyte globulin

antithymocyte globulin

Drug: cyclosporine

cyclosporine

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

Compare the sustained response proportions among patients with SAA treated with immunosuppressive therapy with either ATG/CSA or high dose cyclophosphamide and CSA. [12 weeks.]

Secondary Outcome Measures

Overall and event-free survival. [12 months]
Response duration. Evolution to PNH, myelodysplasia, and active leukemia. [12 months]

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study:

15 Years to 110 Years

Sexes Eligible for Study:

All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers:

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Severe aplastic anemia confirmed at NIH by:

Bone marrow cellularity less than thirty percent (excluding lymphocytes).
At least two of the following:

Absolute neutrophil count less that 500/mm(3);

Platelet count less than 20,000/mm(3);

Reticulocyte count less than 60,000/mm(3).

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

Serum creatinine greater than to 2.5 mg/dl.

Cardiac ejection fraction less than 45% by MUGA.

Underlying carcinoma (except local cervical, basal cell, squamous cell or melanoma).

Current pregnancy or unwilling to take oral contraceptives.

Diagnosis of Fanconi anemia or other congenital bone marrow failure syndromes.

Evidence of a clonal disorder on cytogenetics.

HIV positivity.

Inability to understand the investigational nature of the study.

Patients who are moribund or have hepatic, renal, cardiac, metabolic or other concurrent diseases of such severity that death within 7-10 days is likely.

Previous treatment with ATG, or cyclophosphamide.