Comparing Acute Pain Management Protocols for Patients With Sickle Cell Disease

• Sponsor: Duke University (Other)
• Overall Status: Completed
• CT.gov ID: NCT02222246
• Collaborator: National Institutes of Health (NIH) (NIH), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) (NIH), University of Cincinnati (Other), Mount Sinai Hospital, New York (Other)
• Enrollment: 106
• Locations: 2
• Arms: 2
• Actual Duration (Months): 15.5
• Patients Per Site: 53
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 3.4

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

The goal of this pilot study is to improve emergency department (ED) pain management for adults with sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic disorder in the United States, and occurs primarily among African Americans. Management of painful episodes associated with SCD, referred to as vaso-occlusive crises (VOC), is the most common reason for SCD patients to visit the ED. Currently, there is no standard approach to managing VOC pain in the ED that is widely accepted and used, and pain management for vaso-occlusive crisis in persons with SCD is very different between providers and not based on research. Many times, patients who come to the ED with sickle cell pain feel that they do not receive adequate pain control. If EDs could provide efficient, effective, safe, patient-centered analgesic management, it may be possible to improve pain management for adults with SCD experiencing a VOC. Guidelines for treating vaso-occlusive crises caused by sickle cell disease will soon be published by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health. These guidelines recommend patient-specific pain treatment protocols or a standardized pain management protocol for SCD when a patient does not already have a pain treatment protocol designed for them. The purpose of this pilot study is to compare these two ways to treat vaso-occlusive pain in the ED for adults with sickle cell disease, and to determine if a large randomized controlled trial is feasible and required.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Sickle Cell Disease	Drug: Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing); Drug: Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing); Drug: Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing); Drug: Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing)	Phase 4

Detailed Description

In August 2012 the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHBLI) released for public comment their "Management of Sickle Cell Disease" evidence-based recommendations that were developed with consensus panel expertise. Because of a lack of empirical data, most of the recommendations specific to vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) were based on consensus panel expertise. Recommendations included the use of a patient-specific protocol (specific agents and doses for an individual patient). While many attempts have been made to implement patient-specific analgesic protocols for use in emergency departments (EDs), anecdotally, these have been difficult to implement and maintain over time; a practical approach to development, implementation, and dissemination has not been determined. As patient-specific protocols are not available in most EDs, the guidelines go on to recommend a SCD specific standard analgesic protocol. Both of these recommended protocols provide more aggressive VOC pain management than a typical generic ED pain protocol. However, there is an urgent need to rigorously test the NHLBI recommendations and compare the two approaches for managing VOC in the ED. A large randomized clinical trial (RCT) is essential to test these protocols.

This pilot project will compare these two different, evidence-based, protocols which include opioid pain medicines routinely used as standard of care to treat VOC pain in the ED for individuals with SCD, and collect the data necessary to determine if a large RCT is feasible and required. This study is novel in that it will design an approach to develop and implement patient-specific and standard analgesic VOC protocols for use in the ED, will develop a bundle of information technology and education interventions to enhance protocol adoption for the pilot RCT, and also be the first RCT conducted in an ED setting to compare two different ED pain management protocols for SCD patients who experience a VOC.

The study consists of 3 aims:

1. Develop and implement patient specific VOC protocols for patients randomized to this arm,

2. Conduct a pilot RCT to determine the necessary sample size needed for a large RCT to compare the difference in reduction in pain score from ED arrival to discharge, hospitalization, clinical and safety outcomes, between subjects assigned randomly to either a standard SCD analgesic protocol or to a patient-specific analgesic protocol,

3. Measure feasibility of methods and acceptability of and fidelity to protocols by evaluating optimal recruitment and retention strategies, and assessing ED providers perceptions of facilitators and barriers to protocol use and protocol adherence.

The soon to be published NHBLI guidelines for managing SCD will be used as the standard protocol with the modification of basing the initial dose of pain medicine on patient weight. The standard protocol will recommend re-assessment, and re-dosing with possible dose escalation, every 20-30 minutes. Repeat doses for patients randomized to the weight-based protocol, when necessary, will be maintained or provided at 1 dose level increase (no more than 25%) above the initial dose. For patients randomized to the patient -specific protocol, the SCD provider has experience with the individual patient and is best qualified to make dosing and frequency recommendations based upon doses required during past ED and hospital visits for treatment of VOC, and on daily opioid use if applicable. There is no set maximum dose for patients randomized to the patient-specific protocols.

Both the patient-specific and standard protocols will be available in the ED via a patient's electronic medical record. Upon ED arrival, providers will retrieve the patient's study protocol (patient-specific, or standard) which will include the starting agents, and doses, the subsequent analgesic recommendations, and order medications according to the pre-determined protocol.

The study will be conducted at the emergency departments of the University of Cincinnati Medical Center and the Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York. Patients will be enrolled in the study for up to 12-months, but may contribute no more that five different ED visits for VOC pain control during enrollment to allow for a larger number of different patients.

Study outcomes will be compared between ED visits of patients randomized to a patient-specific vs. a standard SCD protocol. The primary outcome will be the difference in pain score from ED arrival to discharge, up to 6 hours, as measured using a visual analogue scale. The trajectories of average pain scores from immediately prior to administration of 1st analgesic dose to discharge by 30 minute increments for each treatment group will also be calculated.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 106 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)
• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Official Title: Comparing Acute Pain Management Protocols for Patients With Sickle Cell Disease
• Actual Study Start Date: Mar 15, 2015
• Actual Primary Completion Date: May 31, 2016
• Actual Study Completion Date: Jun 30, 2016

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Experimental: Patient Specific dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 5 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history.	Drug: Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing); Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.; Other Names: Dilaudid ; Drug: Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing); Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Active Comparator: Standard dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose.	Drug: Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing); Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).; Other Names: Dilaudid ; Drug: Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing); Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Difference in Pain Score as Measured by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) [Arrival in ED to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours]

   Each ED study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods addressing the primary outcome. The primary outcome was change in pain score from arrival to discharge. Pain severity was assessed at arrival and discharge from ED using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS range is 0 to 100 with 0 indicating "no pain" and 100 indicating "pain as bad as it could be" or "worst imaginable pain".Discharge was defined by which one of the following occurred first: (a) decision to admit to hospital; (b) patient physically leaves the ED to home; or (c) after six hours of observation in the ED. Thus, the difference in pain scores were calculated as the arrival minus discharge VAS scores, with higher positive pain difference or change scores indicating greater pain reduction.

Secondary Outcome Measures

1. Change in Pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Scores Over Time [Every 30 minutes from arrival in ED to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours]

   Pain severity was assessed at arrival and every 30 minutes until discharge from the ED using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS range is 0 to 100 with 0 indicating "no pain" and 100 indicating "pain as bad as it could be" or "worst imaginable pain". Discharge was defined by which one of the following occurred first: (a) decision to admit to hospital; (b) patient physically leaves the ED to home; or (c) after six hours of observation in the ED. A hierarchical random coefficients regression model for repeated measurements (type of mixed hierarchical mixed-effect model) was conducted on the pain scores collected at six time points (arrival, post-placement 30-min, 60-min, 90-min,120-min, discharge) to evaluate the trajectory of change in pain. Discharge occurred at 120 minutes or later during each visit, with the exception of one discharge at 54 minutes.

2. Incidence of Nausea During Emergency Department Visits [From placement in Emergency Department (ED) treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours]

   Nausea at any point from placement until discharge, based on nausea data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. Thus, a nausea variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that nausea was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval.

3. Incidence of Vomiting During Emergency Department Visits [From placement in ED treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours]

   Vomiting at any point from placement until discharge, based on vomiting data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. Thus, a vomiting variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that vomiting was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval.

4. Incidence of a Decrease in Systolic Blood Pressure Greater Than or Equal to 20% of Baseline During Emergency Department Visit [From placement in ED treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours]

   Decrease in systolic blood pressure at any point from placement until discharge, based on blood pressure data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. A systolic variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that a >= 20% decrease of baseline systolic blood pressure was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval.

5. Incidence of a Decrease in Diastolic Blood Pressure Greater Than or Equal to 20% of Baseline During Emergency Department Visit [From placement in ED treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours]

   Decrease in diastolic blood pressure at any point from placement until discharge, based on blood pressure data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. A diastolic variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that a > 20% decrease of baseline diastolic blood pressure was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval.

6. Incidence of Oxygen Desaturation (< 95%) (YES) During Emergency Department Visit [From placement in ED treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours]

   Saturation of peripheral capillary oxygen < 95% (SPO2 < 95%) at any point from placement until discharge, based on SPO2 data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. Thus, a SPO2 variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that SPO2 < 95% was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval.

7. Incidence of Respiratory Distress (YES) During Emergency Department Visit [From placement in ED treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours]

   Respiratory distress at any point from placement until discharge, based on data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. Thus, a respiratory distress variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that respiratory distress was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval.

8. Incidence of Sedation During Emergency Department Visit [From placement in ED treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours]

   Severe-to moderate sedation at any point from placement until discharge, based on sedation data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. Thus, a sedation variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that moderate-severe sedation was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval. Sedations scoring was as follows: None was defined as "awake and alert", Mild sedation was defined as "responds to voice", Moderate sedation was defined as "responds to touch, with or without voice" and Severe sedation was defined as "somnolent, difficult to arouse".

9. Incidence of the Need for Supplemental Oxygen During Emergency Department Visit [Following the initiation of opioid therapy until discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours]

   Need for supplemental oxygen during the Emergency Department stay; this was determined at discharge.

10. Incidence of the Administration of Naloxone During Emergency Department Visit [Following the initiation of opioid therapy until discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours]

    Naloxone administered during the Emergency Department stay; this was determined at discharge.

11. Incidence of the Need for Assistive Ventilation [Following the initiation of opioid therapy until discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours]

    Intubation or other assistive ventilation techniques - including bag, valve, or mask was performed during the ED stay; this was determined at discharge.

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 21 Years and Older
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult SCD patients with genotypes SS, SC, SB+, or SB-

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with sickle cell trait

• Allergic to both morphine sulfate and hydromorphone,

• Patients who have an explicit care plan that states they cannot be admitted to the hospital for pain control,

• Non-English speaking,

• Patients admitted for a medical complication,

• Record of >24 ED visits in the prior 12 months,

• Children

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	Mount Sinai Hospital	New York	New York	United States	10029
2	University of Cincinnati Medical Center	Cincinnati	Ohio	United States	45219

Sponsors and Collaborators

• Duke University
• National Institutes of Health (NIH)
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
• University of Cincinnati
• Mount Sinai Hospital, New York

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Paula Tanabe, PhD, Duke University School of Nursing

Study Documents (Full-Text)

None provided.

More Information

Publications

None provided.

• Responsible Party: Duke University
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02222246
• Other Study ID Numbers: Pro00054047; R34 RHL121224A
• First Posted: Aug 21, 2014
• Last Update Posted: Aug 4, 2017
• Last Verified: Jun 1, 2017

• Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement: No
• Plan to Share IPD: No
• Keywords provided by Duke University: Sickle Cell Disease; Emergency Department; Vaso-occlusive Crisis; Pain Management; Pilot Project
• Additional relevant MeSH terms: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Acute Pain; Morphine; Hydromorphone

Study Results

Participant Flow

Pre-assignment Detail	106 subject were enrolled and consented to participation during all future Emergency Department (ED) visits for vaso-occlusive crises (VOC), should they occur, over the study period. 53 subjects were randomized to each arm.

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHBLI) recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	53	53
COMPLETED	26	26
NOT COMPLETED	27	27

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Total
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	26	26	52
Age (years) [Median (Inter-Quartile Range) ]
Median (Inter-Quartile Range) [years]	27.0	28.5	27.0
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	11 42.3%	11 42.3%	22 42.3%
Male	15 57.7%	15 57.7%	30 57.7%
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
Hispanic or Latino	2 7.7%	5 19.2%	7 13.5%
Not Hispanic or Latino	21 80.8%	21 80.8%	42 80.8%
Unknown or Not Reported	3 11.5%	0 0%	3 5.8%
Race/Ethnicity, Customized (Count of Participants)
African American/Black	23 88.5%	23 88.5%	46 88.5%
Caucasian	3 11.5%	3 11.5%	6 11.5%
Region of Enrollment (Count of Participants)
United States	26 100%	26 100%	52 100%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Difference in Pain Score as Measured by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
Description	Each ED study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods addressing the primary outcome. The primary outcome was change in pain score from arrival to discharge. Pain severity was assessed at arrival and discharge from ED using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS range is 0 to 100 with 0 indicating "no pain" and 100 indicating "pain as bad as it could be" or "worst imaginable pain".Discharge was defined by which one of the following occurred first: (a) decision to admit to hospital; (b) patient physically leaves the ED to home; or (c) after six hours of observation in the ED. Thus, the difference in pain scores were calculated as the arrival minus discharge VAS scores, with higher positive pain difference or change scores indicating greater pain reduction.
Time Frame	Arrival in ED to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Each Emergency Department study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods addressing the primary outcome.

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Measure Participants	26	26
Measure Emergency Department Visits	64	62
Mean (Standard Deviation) [Units on a 100 mm VAS]	26.4 (10.6)	43.0 (18.6)

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Change in pain scores from arrival to discharge
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.0311
	Comments
	Method	Mixed Models Analysis
	Comments	Analysis for pain change was conducted using Hierarchical Linear Mixed Effects Model (HLM), adjusting for nested patient and site effects (N=126)

2. Secondary Outcome

Title	Change in Pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Scores Over Time
Description	Pain severity was assessed at arrival and every 30 minutes until discharge from the ED using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS range is 0 to 100 with 0 indicating "no pain" and 100 indicating "pain as bad as it could be" or "worst imaginable pain". Discharge was defined by which one of the following occurred first: (a) decision to admit to hospital; (b) patient physically leaves the ED to home; or (c) after six hours of observation in the ED. A hierarchical random coefficients regression model for repeated measurements (type of mixed hierarchical mixed-effect model) was conducted on the pain scores collected at six time points (arrival, post-placement 30-min, 60-min, 90-min,120-min, discharge) to evaluate the trajectory of change in pain. Discharge occurred at 120 minutes or later during each visit, with the exception of one discharge at 54 minutes.
Time Frame	Every 30 minutes from arrival in ED to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

The entire observation period was not evaluated because the patient-specific protocol has a shorter time to discharge, and, there was data missing at random after 120 minutes. To avoid a biased result, the mixed model was conducted on the data collected every 30 minutes during initial 120 minutes (2 hours) and at discharge.

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Measure Participants	26	26
Measure Emergency Department Visits	64	62
Emergency Department Arrival	82.2 (13.0)	82.2 (17.0)
Post-placement 30 minutes	80.6 (13.1)	79.6 (17.1)
Post-placement 60 minutes	79.0 (13.4)	77.2 (17.2)
Post-placement 90 minutes	77.4 (13.7)	74.7 (17.3)
Post-placement 120 minutes	75.9 (14.0)	72.2 (17.6)
Emergency Department Discharge	55.7 (21.9)	40.9 (25.4)

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments	The trajectory of change in pain score was evaluated every 30 minutes over 120 hours (2 hours) rather than 6 hours because of expected missing data after 120 minutes due to discharge from the ED.
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Trajectory of pain across time (arrival to discharge)
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.0049
	Comments	p-value for the protocol by time interaction
	Method	Mixed Models Analysis
	Comments

Statistical Analysis 2

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Emergency Department Arrival
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.9393
	Comments
	Method	t-test, 2 sided
	Comments

Statistical Analysis 3

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Post-placement 30 minutes
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.7259
	Comments
	Method	t-test, 2 sided
	Comments

Statistical Analysis 4

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Post-placement 60 minutes
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.5300
	Comments
	Method	t-test, 2 sided
	Comments

Statistical Analysis 5

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Post-placement 90 minutes
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.3678
	Comments
	Method	t-test, 2 sided
	Comments

Statistical Analysis 6

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Post-placement 120 minutes
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.2457
	Comments
	Method	t-test, 2 sided
	Comments

Statistical Analysis 7

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Emergency Department Discharge
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.0007
	Comments
	Method	t-test, 2 sided
	Comments

3. Secondary Outcome

Title	Incidence of Nausea During Emergency Department Visits
Description	Nausea at any point from placement until discharge, based on nausea data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. Thus, a nausea variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that nausea was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval.
Time Frame	From placement in Emergency Department (ED) treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Each Emergency Department study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods.

Arm/Group Title	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).
Measure Participants	26	26
Measure Emergency Department Visits	64	62
Nausea - No	26	46
Nausea - Yes	38	16

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Incidence of nausea during Emergency Department Visit - YES
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.0001
	Comments
	Method	Chi-squared
	Comments

4. Secondary Outcome

Title	Incidence of Vomiting During Emergency Department Visits
Description	Vomiting at any point from placement until discharge, based on vomiting data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. Thus, a vomiting variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that vomiting was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval.
Time Frame	From placement in ED treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Each Emergency Department study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods.

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Measure Participants	26	26
Measure Emergency Department Visits	64	62
Vomiting - No	54	54
Vomiting - Yes	10	8

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Incidence of vomiting (YES) during Emergency Department visit
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.6625
	Comments
	Method	Chi-squared
	Comments

5. Secondary Outcome

Title	Incidence of a Decrease in Systolic Blood Pressure Greater Than or Equal to 20% of Baseline During Emergency Department Visit
Description	Decrease in systolic blood pressure at any point from placement until discharge, based on blood pressure data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. A systolic variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that a >= 20% decrease of baseline systolic blood pressure was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval.
Time Frame	From placement in ED treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Each Emergency Department study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods.

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Measure Participants	26	26
Measure Emergency Department Visits	64	62
Decrease in systolic BP - No	55	56
Decrease in systolic BP - Y	9	6

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Decrease in systolic BP (>= 20% of baseline)
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.4473
	Comments
	Method	Chi-squared
	Comments

6. Secondary Outcome

Title	Incidence of a Decrease in Diastolic Blood Pressure Greater Than or Equal to 20% of Baseline During Emergency Department Visit
Description	Decrease in diastolic blood pressure at any point from placement until discharge, based on blood pressure data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. A diastolic variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that a > 20% decrease of baseline diastolic blood pressure was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval.
Time Frame	From placement in ED treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Each Emergency Department study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods addressing the primary outcome.

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Measure Participants	26	26
Measure Emergency Department Visits	64	62
Decrease in diastolic BP - No	40	42
Decrease in diastolic BP - Y	24	20

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Decrease in diastolic blood pressure (>= 20% baseline)
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.5372
	Comments
	Method	Chi-squared
	Comments

7. Secondary Outcome

Title	Incidence of Oxygen Desaturation (< 95%) (YES) During Emergency Department Visit
Description	Saturation of peripheral capillary oxygen < 95% (SPO2 < 95%) at any point from placement until discharge, based on SPO2 data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. Thus, a SPO2 variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that SPO2 < 95% was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval.
Time Frame	From placement in ED treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Each Emergency Department study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods addressing the primary outcome.

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Measure Participants	26	26
Measure Emergency Department Visits	64	62
SpO2 < 95% - No	27	32
SpO2 < 95% - Yes	37	30

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Incidence of oxygen desaturation (<95%) YES during Emergency Department visit
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.2891
	Comments
	Method	Chi-squared
	Comments

8. Secondary Outcome

Title	Incidence of Respiratory Distress (YES) During Emergency Department Visit
Description	Respiratory distress at any point from placement until discharge, based on data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. Thus, a respiratory distress variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that respiratory distress was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval.
Time Frame	From placement in ED treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Each Emergency Department study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods addressing the primary outcome.

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Measure Participants	26	26
Measure Emergency Department Visits	64	62
Respiratory Distress - No	64	62
Respiratory Distress - Yes	0	0

9. Secondary Outcome

Title	Incidence of Sedation During Emergency Department Visit
Description	Severe-to moderate sedation at any point from placement until discharge, based on sedation data collected every 30 minutes during that time period. Thus, a sedation variable was derived in which 0=no and 1=yes that moderate-severe sedation was reported by the patient at least once during the placement to discharge time interval. Sedations scoring was as follows: None was defined as "awake and alert", Mild sedation was defined as "responds to voice", Moderate sedation was defined as "responds to touch, with or without voice" and Severe sedation was defined as "somnolent, difficult to arouse".
Time Frame	From placement in ED treatment room to discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Each Emergency Department study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods addressing the primary outcome.

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Measure Participants	26	26
Measure Emergency Department Visits	64	62
none to mild sedation	51	53
moderate to severe sedation	13	9

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Incidence of sedation during Emergency Department visit.
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.3915
	Comments
	Method	Chi-squared
	Comments

10. Secondary Outcome

Title	Incidence of the Need for Supplemental Oxygen During Emergency Department Visit
Description	Need for supplemental oxygen during the Emergency Department stay; this was determined at discharge.
Time Frame	Following the initiation of opioid therapy until discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Each Emergency Department study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods addressing the primary outcome.

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Measure Participants	26	26
Measure Emergency Department Visits	64	62
O2 needed - No	49	55
O2 needed - Yes	15	7

Statistical Analysis 1

Statistical Analysis Overview	Comparison Group Selection	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone, Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Comments
	Type of Statistical Test	Non-Inferiority
	Comments	Incidence of the need for supplemental oxygen during Emergency Department visit
Statistical Test of Hypothesis	p-Value	0.0726
	Comments
	Method	Chi-squared
	Comments

11. Secondary Outcome

Title	Incidence of the Administration of Naloxone During Emergency Department Visit
Description	Naloxone administered during the Emergency Department stay; this was determined at discharge.
Time Frame	Following the initiation of opioid therapy until discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Each Emergency Department study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods addressing the primary outcome.

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Measure Participants	26	26
Measure Emergency Department Visits	64	62
Naloxone administered - No	64	62
Naloxone administered - Yes	0	0

12. Secondary Outcome

Title	Incidence of the Need for Assistive Ventilation
Description	Intubation or other assistive ventilation techniques - including bag, valve, or mask was performed during the ED stay; this was determined at discharge.
Time Frame	Following the initiation of opioid therapy until discharge from the ED, up to 6 hours

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Each Emergency Department study visit was the unit of analysis for the statistical methods addressing the primary outcome.

Arm/Group Title	Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.
Measure Participants	26	26
Measure Emergency Department Visits	64	62
Assistive Ventilation - No	64	62
Assistive Ventilation - Yes	0	0

Adverse Events

Time Frame	Adverse Events were collected on study subjects from time of admission to the Emergency Department until discharge from the Emergency Department, decision to admit to hospital, or up to 6 hours, whichever came first.
Adverse Event Reporting Description	Adverse Events were defined as intubation and/or admission to the Intensive Care Unit.
Arm/Group Title	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone		Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
Arm/Group Description	A patient-specific analgesic protocol for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Following randomization, a patient's healthcare team will develop a specific analgesic protocol for use during future ED visits for VOC occurring during the study period (up to 6 visits). Treatment protocols will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous). Dosage and frequency will be based on a patient's prior treatment history. Hydromorphone (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team. Morphine Sulfate (Patient Specific dosing): Patient specific analgesic management, with specific opioid dosage and frequency based on a protocol developed by a patient's healthcare team.		A standardized analgesic protocol (based on recent NHLBI recommendations) for use in the ED to manage VOC crises. Treatment protocol will include either morphine sulfate or hydromorphone (delivered intravenous or sub-cutaneous), with dosage based on weight. Repeat doses of opioids may be administered every 20-30 minutes as needed, although dosage will be maintained or provided at no more than 25% above the initial dose. Hydromorphone (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based). Morphine Sulfate (Standardized, weight-based dosing): Standardized analgesic management using a SCD specific standard protocol based on NHBLI guidelines (initial opioid dose weight-based).
All Cause Mortality
	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone		Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	/ (NaN)		/ (NaN)
Serious Adverse Events
	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone		Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/26 (0%)		0/26 (0%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	Patient Specific Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone		Standard Dose of Morphine Sulfate or Hydromorphone
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/26 (0%)		0/26 (0%)

Limitations/Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

All Principal Investigators ARE employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.