The Role of the Rate of Force Application in Responses to Spinal Manipulation Therapy

• Sponsor: Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (Other)
• Overall Status: Completed
• CT.gov ID: NCT02550132
• Collaborator: Fondation Chiropratique du Québec (Other)
• Enrollment: 25
• Arm: 1
• Duration (Months): 12

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

The objective of the present study is to determine if spinal manipulations with a constant rate of force application but with different peak force and time to peak force lead to similar responses in healthy adults.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Spinal Manipulation	Procedure: Spinal manipulation; Device: Apparatus used to deliver spinal manipulations	N/A

Detailed Description

Although there are indirect evidences that the rate of force application modulates neuromuscular responses to spinal manipulation therapy (SMT) through peak force or thrust duration modulations, such an assumption remains to be confirmed. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine if different SMT force-time profiles where a constant rate of force application would be maintained (through the modulation of the peak force and the time to peak force) lead to similar neuromechanical responses. Based on the available data relative to the effect of SMT biomechanical parameters modulation, it was hypothesized that neuromuscular responses would be similar across SMT force-time profiles, while vertebral displacements would increase as SMT peak force increases.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 25 participants
• Allocation: N/A
• Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)
• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Official Title: Neuromechanical Response to Spinal Manipulation Therapy: Effects of a Constant Rate of Force Application
• Study Start Date: Jun 1, 2013
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Jun 1, 2014
• Actual Study Completion Date: Jun 1, 2014

Arms and Interventions

Arm

Intervention/Treatment

Experimental: Participants All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.

Procedure: Spinal manipulation; Participants will lie down during the 45-minute experimental session. Vertebral displacements (cm) and muscle response amplitude (RMS value) will be recorded through kinematic markers (on T6, T7 and T8 spinous processes) and surface electromyography electrodes (on the left and right erector spinae at T6 and T8 vertebra level). Each SMT (4 per participant) will be delivered at T7 transverse processes by an apparatus. Responses during the thrust phase (duration equal to twice the time to peak force) and after the thrust (1,5s duration) will be compared between SMTs.; Other Names: Manual therapy ; Device: Apparatus used to deliver spinal manipulations; An apparatus using a servo-controlled linear actuator motor (Linear Motor Series P01-48x360, LinMot Inc., Switzerland) will be used to deliver spinal manipulations.

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Left T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

   Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

2. Left T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

   Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

3. Right T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

   Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

4. Right T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

   Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

5. Left T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

   Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

6. Left T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

   Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

7. Right T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

   Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

8. Right T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

   Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

9. Left T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

   Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

10. Left T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

11. Right T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

12. Right T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

13. Left T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

14. Left T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

15. Right T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

16. Right T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value [During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.

17. Vertebral Displacement of the Sixth Thoracic Vertebra [During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter

18. Vertebral Displacement of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra [During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter

19. Vertebral Displacement of the Eighth Thoracic Vertebra [During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter

20. Vertebral Displacement of the Sixth Thoracic Vertebra [During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter

21. Vertebral Displacement of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra [During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter

22. Vertebral Displacement of the Eighth Thoracic Vertebra [During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter

23. Vertebral Displacement of the Sixth Thoracic Vertebra [During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter

24. Vertebral Displacement of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra [During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter

25. Vertebral Displacement of the Eighth Thoracic Vertebra [During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter

26. Vertebral Displacement of the Sixth Thoracic Vertebra [During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter

27. Vertebral Displacement of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra [During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter

28. Vertebral Displacement of the Eighth Thoracic Vertebra [During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset]

    Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years to 50 Years
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy adult

Exclusion Criteria:

• Thoracic or lumbar pain

• History of back trauma or surgery

• Severe osteoarthritis

• Inflammatory arthritis

• Vascular conditions

• Contraindication to the use of SMT

Contacts and Locations

Locations

No locations specified.

Sponsors and Collaborators

• Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
• Fondation Chiropratique du Québec

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Martin Descarreaux, DC, PhD, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières

Study Documents (Full-Text)

None provided.

More Information

Publications

None provided.

• Responsible Party: Martin Descarreaux, Dr Martin Descarreaux DC, PhD, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02550132
• Other Study ID Numbers: UQTR-2013-SMTrate
• First Posted: Sep 15, 2015
• Last Update Posted: Feb 5, 2016
• Last Verified: Jan 1, 2016

• Keywords provided by Martin Descarreaux, Dr Martin Descarreaux DC, PhD, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières: electromyography; biomechanical phenomena; dose-response relationship; musculoskeletal manipulations; spinal manipulation

Study Results

Participant Flow

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	25
COMPLETED	25
NOT COMPLETED	0

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Overall Participants	25
Age (years) [Mean (Standard Deviation) ]
Mean (Standard Deviation) [years]	24.76 (3.8)
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	10 40%
Male	15 60%
Region of Enrollment (participants) [Number]
Canada	25 100%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Left T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	3.72 (0.68)

2. Primary Outcome

Title	Left T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	2.83 (0.30)

3. Primary Outcome

Title	Right T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	3.03 (0.35)

4. Primary Outcome

Title	Right T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	3.51 (0.84)

5. Primary Outcome

Title	Left T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	4.75 (0.76)

6. Primary Outcome

Title	Left T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	4.12 (0.50)

7. Primary Outcome

Title	Right T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	3.13 (0.33)

8. Primary Outcome

Title	Right T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	3.46 (0.41)

9. Primary Outcome

Title	Left T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	4.92 (0.91)

10. Primary Outcome

Title	Left T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	4.03 (0.52)

11. Primary Outcome

Title	Right T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	3.40 (0.40)

12. Primary Outcome

Title	Right T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	3.57 (0.55)

13. Primary Outcome

Title	Left T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	4.17 (0.53)

14. Primary Outcome

Title	Left T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	4.80 (0.88)

15. Primary Outcome

Title	Right T6 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	3.87 (0.64)

16. Primary Outcome

Title	Right T8 Normalized Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
Description	Normalized amplitude (RMS) of surface electromyography response. The normalisation was achieved by dividing the obtained RMS by the RMS value before thrust application.
Time Frame	During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [ratio]	3.79 (0.49)

17. Primary Outcome

Title	Vertebral Displacement of the Sixth Thoracic Vertebra
Description	Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time Frame	During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [cm]	0.81 (0.04)

18. Primary Outcome

Title	Vertebral Displacement of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra
Description	Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time Frame	During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [cm]	1.01 (0.03)

19. Primary Outcome

Title	Vertebral Displacement of the Eighth Thoracic Vertebra
Description	Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time Frame	During the 150N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [cm]	0.76 (0.04)

20. Primary Outcome

Title	Vertebral Displacement of the Sixth Thoracic Vertebra
Description	Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time Frame	During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [cm]	1.18 (0.07)

21. Primary Outcome

Title	Vertebral Displacement of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra
Description	Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time Frame	During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [cm]	1.32 (0.06)

22. Primary Outcome

Title	Vertebral Displacement of the Eighth Thoracic Vertebra
Description	Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time Frame	During the 200N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [cm]	1.10 (0.05)

23. Primary Outcome

Title	Vertebral Displacement of the Sixth Thoracic Vertebra
Description	Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time Frame	During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [cm]	1.48 (0.06)

24. Primary Outcome

Title	Vertebral Displacement of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra
Description	Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time Frame	During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [cm]	1.69 (0.05)

25. Primary Outcome

Title	Vertebral Displacement of the Eighth Thoracic Vertebra
Description	Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time Frame	During the 250N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [cm]	1.40 (0.05)

26. Primary Outcome

Title	Vertebral Displacement of the Sixth Thoracic Vertebra
Description	Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time Frame	During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [cm]	1.74 (0.09)

27. Primary Outcome

Title	Vertebral Displacement of the Seventh Thoracic Vertebra
Description	Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time Frame	During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [cm]	1.40 (0.08)

28. Primary Outcome

Title	Vertebral Displacement of the Eighth Thoracic Vertebra
Description	Absolute posterior to anterior vertebral displacement during the spinal manipulation in centimeter
Time Frame	During the 300N spinal manipulation procedure, assessed up to 2 seconds following thrust onset

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
Measure Participants	25
Mean (Standard Error) [cm]	1.70 (0.07)

Adverse Events

Time Frame	Adverse event were collected during the 45 min experimental session
Adverse Event Reporting Description	Participants were invited to express their pain or discomfort during the experimental session.
Arm/Group Title	Participants
Arm/Group Description	All volunteers will participate in an experimental session. Participants will be delivered four different spinal manipulations (SMT) at T7 with a rate of force application of about 2200 Newtons/seconds and a preload force of 25 Newtons (N). SMTs will differed in their time to peak force (ms) and peak force (N), respectively fixed as follow for each applied SMT: (1)57 ms / 150 N, (2)80 ms / 200 N, (3)102 ms / 250 N and (4)125 ms / 300 N.
All Cause Mortality
	Participants
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	/ (NaN)
Serious Adverse Events
	Participants
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/25 (0%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	Participants
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/25 (0%)

Limitations/Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.