Status and Predictors of Mental Health Symptoms Among Migrants and Refugees During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
Migrants and refugees are vulnerable subgroups in general with regards to symptoms of psychopathology. Furthermore, recent calls for paper urge investigation on current mental health status of migrants and refugees during the pandemic, as different barriers such as lack of emotional support from relatives, in addition to language barriers potentially impairing comprehension about the pandemic having the chance to increase symptoms of psychopathology such as anxiety and depression. This study seeks to investigate the levels of mental health symptoms (i.e., depression, general anxiety, and health anxiety) among immigrants and refugees in Norway during the COVID-19 pandemic. Demographic factors will be investigated to identify subgroups with increased risk of meeting clinically significant depression and anxiety symptoms, as established by validated cut-offs to be elaborated below. Furthermore, transdiagnostic predictors which may prove as useful intervention targets will be investigated.
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Detailed Description
Research question What is the levels of mental health symptoms (i.e., depression, general anxiety, and health anxiety) among immigrants and refugees in Norway during the COVID-19 pandemic? The results will be benchmarked against the levels of mental symptoms in national and international surveys.
Hypothesis:
H1: There will be a significant decrease in the levels of health anxiety, depression, and general anxiety symptoms at the measurement period three months into the pandemic (T2) as compared to the baseline period (T1) with the strictest mitigation protocols in place during the first weeks of the pandemic.
H2: Higher level at T1 and less reduction from T1 to T2 in positive metacognitions, negative metacognitions, unhelpful coping strategies, loneliness will be associated with less reduction in anxiety, depression and health anxiety from T1 to T2 above, and beyond age, gender, and education. Higher level at T1 and less reduction from T1 to T2 in emotional support will be associated with more reduction in anxiety, depression and health anxiety from T1 to T2.
Statistical analysis:
Repeated surveys like the present one typically have a lot of drop out and missing data. Therefore, we will use mixed models instead of paired t-tests, repeated measures ANOVAs, and ordinary linear regression to analyze the data. Mixed models use maximum likelihood estimation, which is the state of the art approach to handle missing data (Schafer & Graham, 2002). Especially if data are missing at random, which is likely in our survey, mixed models give more unbiased results than the other analytic methods (O'Connel et al., 2017).
In preliminary analyses, and for each of the dependent variables (GAD-7, PHQ-9) HAI, the combination of random effects and covariance structure of residuals that gives the best fit for the "empty" model (the model without fixed predictors except the intercept) will be chosen. Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) will used to compare the fit of different models. Models that give a reduction in AIC greater than 2 will be considered better (Burnham & Anderson, 2004). The program SPSS 25.0 will be used (IBM Corp, 2018).
First, H1 about decrease in GAD-7, PHQ-9 and HAI will be tested by using anxiety or depression as dependent variable in a model using time (T1 period = 0, T2 period = 1) as a predictor. Second, demographic group variables will be added as predictors. Third, the initial (T1) levels of positive metacognitions, negative metacognitions and unhelpful coping strategies as measured with CAS-1, loneliness, and emotional support measured will be added, together with the interactions of these constant covariates with time. These interactions represent tests of H2 about the covariates predicting change in anxiety, depression and health anxiety. Finally, the T2 levels of positive metacognitions, negative metacognitions and unhelpful coping strategies as measured with CAS-1, loneliness, and emotional support as constant covariates will be added, together with the interactions of these constant covariates with time. These interactions represent tests of H2 about the change in the covariates from T1 to T2 predicting change in anxiety, depression and health anxiety from T1 to T2s.
Inference criteria We pre-define the significance level: p < 0.05 to determine significance.
Sample size:
The sample size at T1 included 574 participants. For the present study at T2, all participants will be invited to participate in accordance with the study plan. The data collection period will continue for up to three weeks until as many of the participants at baseline have responded.
Measures:
Positive metacognitions, negative metacognitions and unhelpful coping strategies will be measured with the CAS 1 (Wells, 2009): Emotional support will be measured with two items and loneliness is measured with the The UCLA Loneliness Scale-8 (ULS-8; Hays & DiMatteo, 1987)which measures the frequency and intensity of aspects of the lonely experience.
Possible transformations:
All variables will be assessed in their original and validated format as is recommended practice, as long as this is possible with regards to statistical assumptions underlying the pre-defined analyses. However, if this is not possible with regards to the statistical assumptions behind the analyses, transformation (e.g., square root or log-transformations) may be needed to apply interval-based methods, alternatively the use of non-parametric tests.
Missing data:
Maximum likelihood
Exploratory:
Questions addressed in the future paper which is not pre-specified will be defined as exploratory.
Study Design
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Patient Health Questionnaire 9 [Data is set to be collected starting from 22th of June. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks depending on the response to the questionnaire]
• The Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer & Williams, 2001) is used to measure symptoms of depression in accordance with the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. The questionnaire consists of nine items where each is scored on a four-point Likert scale (0-3), with the range of scores from 0 to 27. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity, and scores above 10 are considered as the cut-off that indicating that the patient is within the depressive area.
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 [Data is set to be collected starting from 22th of June. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks depending on the response to the questionnaire]
The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7; Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams & Löwe, 2006) is a questionnaire consisting of seven items measuring symptoms of anxiety and worry. The items are scored on a four-point Likert scale (0-3), with the scores ranging from 0 to 21. Specific cut-off for Norwegian samples have been found yielding a cut-off of 8 and above for high sensitivity and specificity (Johnson, Ulvenes, Øktedalen & Hoffart, 2019).
- Health Anxiety Symptoms [Data is set to be collected starting from 22th of June. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks depending on the response to the questionnaire]
• Symptoms of health anxiety will be measured measured with two items from the validated Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI; Salkovskis et al., 2002), one item measuring specific fear of being infected by coronavirus, and an item measuring fear of dying by the coronavirus on a four-point Likert scale (0-3).
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
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Eligible participants are all refugees, first generation, and second generation migrants.
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Adults including those of 18 years and above
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Who are currently living in Norway and thus experiencing identical NPIs, and
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Who had provided digital consent to partake in the study.
Exclusion Criteria:
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Children and adolescents (individuals below 18)
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Adults not residing in Norway during the measurement period
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Those not defined as vulnerable health-care professionals or public servide providers (see definition above)
Contacts and Locations
Locations
No locations specified.Sponsors and Collaborators
- University of Oslo
- Modum Bad
Investigators
- Principal Investigator: Sverre Urnes Johnson, PhD, University of Oslo & Modum Bad
- Principal Investigator: KariAnne Vrabel, PhD, Modum Bad
- Principal Investigator: Omid Ebrahimi, Mr, University of Oslo & Modum Bad
- Principal Investigator: Asle Hoffart, PhD, Modum Bad & University of Oslo
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
None provided.- REK125510 (8)