Understanding and Overcoming the Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance
Study Details
Study Description
Brief Summary
With the constant threat of new epidemic waves and the emergence of variants, COVID-19 resilience can only be attained when a sufficient level of immunity is achieved. Yet, in the US and the UK, COVID-19 vaccination campaigns have failed to secure consistent vaccination acceptance in racial/ethnic minority communities. Despite racial/ethnic minorities being more at risk from COVID-19, they are less vaccinated than the White majority. The investigators propose that current vaccination invitation messages are deemed less trustworthy by racial/ethnic minorities than the White majority and that this might partly explain reduced vaccination acceptance. To provide causal evidence of the role of trust and actionable insights, the investigators will experimentally assess the benefits of new invitation messages to receive the COVID-19 booster dose in large, racially/ethnically diverse samples in the US and the UK. Results will evidence how to increase message and source trustworthiness to foster trust and vaccination acceptance across racial/ethnic groups.
| Condition or Disease | Intervention/Treatment | Phase |
|---|---|---|
|
N/A |
Study Design
Arms and Interventions
| Arm | Intervention/Treatment |
|---|---|
| No Intervention: Control sender + control content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: You are invited to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 |
|
| Experimental: Control sender + Low trust boost content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: You are invited to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. The vaccine reduces your chance of becoming infected and protects you against severe forms of the illness. It also protects your loved ones by reducing the risk that you infect others. COVID can be severe, don't risk it. Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: Control sender + Medium trust boost content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: You are invited to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. The vaccine reduces your chance of becoming infected and protects you against severe forms of the illness. It also protects your loved ones by reducing the risk that you infect others. COVID can be severe, don't risk it. Vaccines may cause side effects, but the benefits outweigh the risks. The most common side effects are very mild (e.g., sore arm, fever) and severe side effects are very rare (e.g., allergic reaction). Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: Control sender+ high trust boost content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: You are invited to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. The vaccine reduces your chance of becoming infected and protects you against severe forms of the illness. It also protects your loved ones by reducing the risk that you infect others. COVID can be severe, don't risk it. This vaccination is especially important for people who are at higher risk from COVID such as older individuals or those from ethnic minorities. Vaccines may cause side effects, but the benefits outweigh the risks. The most common side effects are very mild (e.g., sore arm, a fever) and severe side effects are very rare (e.g., allergic reaction). Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: Low trust boost Sender + control content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: As your local GP, I would like to invite you to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: Low trust boost Sender + low trust boost content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: As your local GP, I would like to invite you to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. The vaccine reduces your chance of becoming infected and protects you against severe forms of the illness. It also protects your loved ones by reducing the risk that you infect others. COVID can be severe, don't risk it. Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: Low trust boost Sender + medium trust boost content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: As your local GP, I would like to invite you to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. The vaccine reduces your chance of becoming infected and protects you against severe forms of the illness. It also protects your loved ones by reducing the risk that you infect others. COVID can be severe, don't risk it. Vaccines may cause side effects, but the benefits outweigh the risks. The most common side effects are very mild (e.g., sore arm, fever) and severe side effects are very rare (e.g., allergic reaction). Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: Low trust boost sender + high trust boost content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: As your local GP, I would like to invite you to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. The vaccine reduces your chance of becoming infected and protects you against severe forms of the illness. It also protects your loved ones by reducing the risk that you infect others. COVID can be severe, don't risk it. This vaccination is especially important for people who are at higher risk from COVID such as older individuals or those from ethnic minorities. Vaccines may cause side effects, but the benefits outweigh the risks. The most common side effects are very mild (e.g., sore arm, a fever) and severe side effects are very rare (e.g., allergic reaction). Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: Medium trust boost Sender + control content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: As your local GP and a health expert who cares for the local community, I would like to invite you to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: Medium trust boost sender + low trust boost content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: As your local GP and a health expert who cares for the local community, I would like to invite you to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. The vaccine reduces your chance of becoming infected and protects you against severe forms of the illness. It also protects your loved ones by reducing the risk that you infect others. COVID can be severe, don't risk it. Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: Medium trust boost sender + Medium trust boost content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: As your local GP and a health expert who cares for the local community, I would like to invite you to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. The vaccine reduces your chance of becoming infected and protects you against severe forms of the illness. It also protects your loved ones by reducing the risk that you infect others. COVID can be severe, don't risk it. Vaccines may cause side effects, but the benefits outweigh the risks. The most common side effects are very mild (e.g., sore arm, fever) and severe side effects are very rare (e.g., allergic reaction). Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: Medium trust boost Sender+ high trust boost content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: As your local GP and a health expert who cares for the local community, I would like to invite you to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. The vaccine reduces your chance of becoming infected and protects you against severe forms of the illness. It also protects your loved ones by reducing the risk that you infect others. COVID can be severe, don't risk it. This vaccination is especially important for people who are at higher risk from COVID such as older individuals or those from ethnic minorities. Vaccines may cause side effects, but the benefits outweigh the risks. The most common side effects are very mild (e.g., sore arm, a fever) and severe side effects are very rare (e.g., allergic reaction). Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: High trust boost sender + control content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: As your local GP and a health expert who cares for the local community, I would like to invite you to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 Dr Sanjay Kumar |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: High trust boost sender + low trust boost content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: As your local GP and a health expert who cares for the local community, I would like to invite you to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. The vaccine reduces your chance of becoming infected and protects you against severe forms of the illness. It also protects your loved ones by reducing the risk that you infect others. COVID can be severe, don't risk it. Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 Dr Sanjay Kumar |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: High trust boost Sender + medium trust boost content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: As your local GP and a health expert who cares for the local community, I would like to invite you to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. The vaccine reduces your chance of becoming infected and protects you against severe forms of the illness. It also protects your loved ones by reducing the risk that you infect others. COVID can be severe, don't risk it. Vaccines may cause side effects, but the benefits outweigh the risks. The most common side effects are very mild (e.g., sore arm, fever) and severe side effects are very rare (e.g., allergic reaction). Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 Dr Sanjay Kumar |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
| Experimental: High trust boost sender + high trust boost content Participants will read the following text in an online survey: As your local GP and a health expert who cares for the local community, I would like to invite you to book your COVID-19 booster vaccination. The vaccine reduces your chance of becoming infected and protects you against severe forms of the illness. It also protects your loved ones by reducing the risk that you infect others. COVID can be severe, don't risk it. This vaccination is especially important for people who are at higher risk from COVID such as older individuals or those from ethnic minorities. Vaccines may cause side effects, but the benefits outweigh the risks. The most common side effects are very mild (e.g., sore arm, a fever) and severe side effects are very rare (e.g., allergic reaction). Click here to book an appointment: accurx.thirdparty.nhs.uk/r/aafwaczmd5 Dr Sanjay Kumar |
Behavioral: Trust boost
The investigators adapt the wording of the vaccination invitation to foster trust and increase vaccination acceptance.
|
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome Measures
- Trust perception [immediately after intervention]
Perceived trustworthiness of the vaccine invitation. Participants will rate how trustworthy is the invitation message on a 5 point Likert scale (1: Untrustworthy 3: Not sure, 5: Trustworthy)
- Vaccination appointment booking [immediately after intervention]
Likelihood to book a vaccination appointment via the message. Participants will report if they would use the link in the message to book their vaccination appointment on a 5 point Likert scale (1: No, I would not, 3: Not sure/maybe later, 5: Yes, I would)
Eligibility Criteria
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
-
if participants complete the study in less than 5 minutes
-
if participants complete the study without paying attention (as indicated by their answers to two attention check questions)
Contacts and Locations
Locations
| Site | City | State | Country | Postal Code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Qualtrics. The data is gathered via an online platform. | London | United Kingdom |
Sponsors and Collaborators
- University of Essex
- University of Southern California
- Department of Health and Social Care
- Kingston University
Investigators
- Study Chair: Marie Juanchich, PhD, University of Essex
Study Documents (Full-Text)
None provided.More Information
Publications
None provided.- ETH2122-0265