Evaluation Of "Coaching Boys Into Men" (CBIM) Program

• Sponsor: University of Pittsburgh (Other)
• Overall Status: Completed
• CT.gov ID: NCT01367704
• Collaborator: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. Fed)
• Enrollment: 2,006
• Location: 1
• Arms: 2
• Duration (Months): 24
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 83.6

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

Despite the high prevalence of adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) reported among adolescent females and substantial reports of perpetration by young males, effective prevention programs to prevent ARA are limited. Male athletes are an important target for prevention efforts given their higher rates of abuse perpetration compared to non-athlete peers as well as their social influence among their peers. This cluster-randomized school-based investigation examines the effectiveness of a program for the primary prevention of ARA. "Coaching Boys into Men" (CBIM) is a social norms theory-based program intended to alter norms that foster ARA perpetration, promote bystander intervention, and reduce ARA perpetration by engaging athletic coaches as positive role models to deliver violence prevention scripts and tools to high school age male athletes. Coaches receive a 60-minute training session to administer the intervention to their athletes via 11 lessons across a sport season. Trained high school coaches talk to their male athletes about 1) what constitutes disrespectful and harmful vs. respectful behaviors, 2) promoting more gender-equitable attitudes, and 3) modeling bystander intervention when disrespectful behaviors toward women and girls are witnessed. The current investigation evaluates the intervention in 16 urban high schools randomized either to receive the CBIM program (i.e., intervention schools, n=8) or to a control condition (n=8). Baseline computer-based surveys are collected for all intervention and control site student athletes entering grades 9 through 12 at the start of each of three sports seasons across Year 1 (Time 1). Follow up surveys are collected for these same athletes at the end of their first sports season (Time 2). Participating athletes in grades 9 - 11 at baseline are re-surveyed 12 months after Time 1 to examine the longer term effects of the CBIM intervention (Time 3; N of athletes completing all 3 waves of data collection = 1500). Primary assessment of intervention effects are based on intent-to-treat estimates, utilizing generalized linear mixed models to account for clustering arising from school randomization. Hypothesized outcomes for male athletes include a) an increase in recognition of what constitutes abusive behaviors, b) more gender-equitable attitudes, c) an increase in intentions and reports of bystander intervention regarding ARA, and through these intermediate outcomes, d) a decrease in perpetration of ARA among adolescent male athletes.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Violence; Abuse	Behavioral: "Coaching Boys Into Men" program	N/A

Detailed Description

Additional process evaluation includes baseline and follow up surveys with coaches (from both intervention and control arms), individual interviews with coaches, as well as focus groups with students to collect coach and athlete perspectives on the relevance and local impact of the intervention program.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 2006 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)
• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Official Title: A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Adolescent Relationship Abuse Prevention Program Entitled "Coaching Boys Into Men"
• Study Start Date: Oct 1, 2009
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Oct 1, 2011
• Actual Study Completion Date: Oct 1, 2011

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Active Comparator: Control School Control schools (where the coaches do not receive the Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) training until following academic year 'wait list control')	Behavioral: "Coaching Boys Into Men" program; Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) program consists of a 60 minute training for high school coaches led by a violence prevention advocate to introduce coaches to the rationale for CBIM and the CBIM Coaches Kit. The Coaches use this CBIM toolkit to provide weekly discussions with their athletes (generally 10-15 minute mini-sessions) throughout their athletic season (11 weeks). Discussion topics include how to prevent disrespectful and harmful behaviors towards women and girls and how to promote healthy choices and relationships among youth.
Experimental: Intervention School Intervention schools (where coaches receive the CBIM training at start of sports season)	Behavioral: "Coaching Boys Into Men" program; Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) program consists of a 60 minute training for high school coaches led by a violence prevention advocate to introduce coaches to the rationale for CBIM and the CBIM Coaches Kit. The Coaches use this CBIM toolkit to provide weekly discussions with their athletes (generally 10-15 minute mini-sessions) throughout their athletic season (11 weeks). Discussion topics include how to prevent disrespectful and harmful behaviors towards women and girls and how to promote healthy choices and relationships among youth.

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Change From Baseline to 3 Months Using the Recognition of Abusive Behavior Scale [3 months]

   Recognition of disrespectful and harmful behaviors against girls as abusive comparing baseline and follow up mean scores, using a 5-point Likert-like scale ranging from "not abusive" to "extremely abusive" (minimum = 1 and maximum = 5). This scale was developed by Silverman et al to assess perceptions of the degree of abusiveness of specified relationship behaviors and modeled as a mean of responses to 12 items.

2. Change From Baseline to 3 Months Using the Gender Equitable Attitudes Scale [3 months]

   Assessment of gender-equitable attitudes comparing baseline mean score with follow up mean score, using a 5-point Likert-like scale ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree" (minimum = 1 and maximum = 5). This scale includes questions modified from Barker's Gender-Equitable Norms Scale and modeled as a mean of responses to 11 items.

3. Change From Baseline to 3 Months Using the Intentions to Intervene Scale [3 months]

   Proclivity to intervene when witnessing disrespectful and harmful behaviors among peers comparing baseline and follow up mean scores, using a 5-point Likert-like scale ranging from "very unlikely" to "very likely" (minimum = 1 and maximum = 5). This scale was investigator developed by Miller (PI) et al to assess participants report of how likely they would be to do something to stop the behavior and modeled as a mean of 8 items.

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 14 Years to 18 Years
• Sexes Eligible for Study: Male
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

School Eligibility:

Inclusion Criteria

-urban and suburban public high schools in Sacramento region with athletics program

Exclusion Criteria -private high schools, rural high schools

Coach Eligibility:

Inclusion Criteria

• coaching an athletic team at one of the participating schools (intervention or control)

• age 18 or older

Exclusion Criteria

-not coaching an athletic team at the participating schools

Athlete Eligibility:

Inclusion Criteria

• ages 14-18 (grades 9 to 12)

• student at one of the participating high schools

• able to read English

• participating in an athletic program led by a coach willing to participate in the research study

Exclusion Criteria

• outside age range

• not participating on sports team at the high school in which they are enrolled

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center	Pittsburgh	Pennsylvania	United States	15213

Sponsors and Collaborators

• University of Pittsburgh
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Elizabeth Miller, MD, PhD, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Study Documents (Full-Text)

None provided.

More Information

Publications

None provided.

• Responsible Party: Elizabeth Miller, Chief, Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of Pittsburgh
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01367704
• Other Study ID Numbers: PRO11060186; 1R01CE001561-01
• First Posted: Jun 7, 2011
• Last Update Posted: Aug 8, 2014
• Last Verified: Jul 1, 2014

• Keywords provided by Elizabeth Miller, Chief, Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of Pittsburgh: gender-based violence; intimate partner violence; relationship abuse; sexual harassment; sexual violence

Study Results

Participant Flow

Arm/Group Title	Control School	Intervention School
Arm/Group Description	Control schools (where the coaches do not receive the Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) training until following academic year 'wait list control')	Intervention schools (where coaches receive the CBIM training at start of sports season) "Coaching Boys Into Men" program: Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) program consists of a 60 minute training for high school coaches led by a violence prevention advocate to introduce coaches to the rationale for CBIM and the CBIM Coaches Kit. The Coaches use this CBIM toolkit to provide weekly discussions with their athletes (generally 10-15 minute mini-sessions) throughout their athletic season (11 weeks). Discussion topics include how to prevent disrespectful and harmful behaviors towards women and girls and how to promote healthy choices and relationships among youth.
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	998	1008
COMPLETED	951	847
NOT COMPLETED	47	161

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	Control School	Intervention School	Total
Arm/Group Description	Control schools (where the coaches do not receive the Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) training until following academic year 'wait list control')	Intervention schools (where coaches receive the CBIM training at start of sports season) "Coaching Boys Into Men" program: Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) program consists of a 60 minute training for high school coaches led by a violence prevention advocate to introduce coaches to the rationale for CBIM and the CBIM Coaches Kit. The Coaches use this CBIM toolkit to provide weekly discussions with their athletes (generally 10-15 minute mini-sessions) throughout their athletic season (11 weeks). Discussion topics include how to prevent disrespectful and harmful behaviors towards women and girls and how to promote healthy choices and relationships among youth.	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	998	1008	2006
Age (Count of Participants)
<=18 years	998 100%	1008 100%	2006 100%
Between 18 and 65 years	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
>=65 years	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Age (Count of Participants)
<=18 years	998 100%	1008 100%	2006 100%
Between 18 and 65 years	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
>=65 years	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Male	998 100%	1008 100%	2006 100%
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
Hispanic or Latino	169 16.9%	220 21.8%	389 19.4%
Not Hispanic or Latino	822 82.4%	776 77%	1598 79.7%
Unknown or Not Reported	7 0.7%	12 1.2%	19 0.9%
Race (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
American Indian or Alaska Native	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Asian	114 11.4%	78 7.7%	192 9.6%
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	33 3.3%	61 6.1%	94 4.7%
Black or African American	191 19.1%	248 24.6%	439 21.9%
White	567 56.8%	502 49.8%	1069 53.3%
More than one race	86 8.6%	107 10.6%	193 9.6%
Unknown or Not Reported	7 0.7%	12 1.2%	19 0.9%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Change From Baseline to 3 Months Using the Recognition of Abusive Behavior Scale
Description	Recognition of disrespectful and harmful behaviors against girls as abusive comparing baseline and follow up mean scores, using a 5-point Likert-like scale ranging from "not abusive" to "extremely abusive" (minimum = 1 and maximum = 5). This scale was developed by Silverman et al to assess perceptions of the degree of abusiveness of specified relationship behaviors and modeled as a mean of responses to 12 items.
Time Frame	3 months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Control School	Intervention School
Arm/Group Description	Control schools (where the coaches do not receive the Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) training until following academic year 'wait list control') "Coaching Boys Into Men" program: Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) program consists of a 60 minute training for high school coaches led by a violence prevention advocate to introduce coaches to the rationale for CBIM and the CBIM Coaches Kit. The Coaches use this CBIM toolkit to provide weekly discussions with their athletes (generally 10-15 minute mini-sessions) throughout their athletic season (11 weeks). Discussion topics include how to prevent disrespectful and harmful behaviors towards women and girls and how to promote healthy choices and relationships among youth.	Intervention schools (where coaches receive the CBIM training at start of sports season) "Coaching Boys Into Men" program: Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) program consists of a 60 minute training for high school coaches led by a violence prevention advocate to introduce coaches to the rationale for CBIM and the CBIM Coaches Kit. The Coaches use this CBIM toolkit to provide weekly discussions with their athletes (generally 10-15 minute mini-sessions) throughout their athletic season (11 weeks). Discussion topics include how to prevent disrespectful and harmful behaviors towards women and girls and how to promote healthy choices and relationships among youth.
Measure Participants	951	847
Mean (Standard Deviation) [mean scores]	3.38 (.82)	3.37 (.92)

2. Primary Outcome

Title	Change From Baseline to 3 Months Using the Gender Equitable Attitudes Scale
Description	Assessment of gender-equitable attitudes comparing baseline mean score with follow up mean score, using a 5-point Likert-like scale ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree" (minimum = 1 and maximum = 5). This scale includes questions modified from Barker's Gender-Equitable Norms Scale and modeled as a mean of responses to 11 items.
Time Frame	3 months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Control School	Intervention School
Arm/Group Description	Control schools (where the coaches do not receive the Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) training until following academic year 'wait list control') "Coaching Boys Into Men" program: Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) program consists of a 60 minute training for high school coaches led by a violence prevention advocate to introduce coaches to the rationale for CBIM and the CBIM Coaches Kit. The Coaches use this CBIM toolkit to provide weekly discussions with their athletes (generally 10-15 minute mini-sessions) throughout their athletic season (11 weeks). Discussion topics include how to prevent disrespectful and harmful behaviors towards women and girls and how to promote healthy choices and relationships among youth.	Intervention schools (where coaches receive the CBIM training at start of sports season) "Coaching Boys Into Men" program: Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) program consists of a 60 minute training for high school coaches led by a violence prevention advocate to introduce coaches to the rationale for CBIM and the CBIM Coaches Kit. The Coaches use this CBIM toolkit to provide weekly discussions with their athletes (generally 10-15 minute mini-sessions) throughout their athletic season (11 weeks). Discussion topics include how to prevent disrespectful and harmful behaviors towards women and girls and how to promote healthy choices and relationships among youth.
Measure Participants	951	847
Mean (Standard Deviation) [mean scores]	3.09 (.63)	3.00 (.65)

3. Primary Outcome

Title	Change From Baseline to 3 Months Using the Intentions to Intervene Scale
Description	Proclivity to intervene when witnessing disrespectful and harmful behaviors among peers comparing baseline and follow up mean scores, using a 5-point Likert-like scale ranging from "very unlikely" to "very likely" (minimum = 1 and maximum = 5). This scale was investigator developed by Miller (PI) et al to assess participants report of how likely they would be to do something to stop the behavior and modeled as a mean of 8 items.
Time Frame	3 months

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

[Not Specified]

Arm/Group Title	Control School	Intervention School
Arm/Group Description	Control schools (where the coaches do not receive the Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) training until following academic year 'wait list control') "Coaching Boys Into Men" program: Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) program consists of a 60 minute training for high school coaches led by a violence prevention advocate to introduce coaches to the rationale for CBIM and the CBIM Coaches Kit. The Coaches use this CBIM toolkit to provide weekly discussions with their athletes (generally 10-15 minute mini-sessions) throughout their athletic season (11 weeks). Discussion topics include how to prevent disrespectful and harmful behaviors towards women and girls and how to promote healthy choices and relationships among youth.	Intervention schools (where coaches receive the CBIM training at start of sports season) "Coaching Boys Into Men" program: Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) program consists of a 60 minute training for high school coaches led by a violence prevention advocate to introduce coaches to the rationale for CBIM and the CBIM Coaches Kit. The Coaches use this CBIM toolkit to provide weekly discussions with their athletes (generally 10-15 minute mini-sessions) throughout their athletic season (11 weeks). Discussion topics include how to prevent disrespectful and harmful behaviors towards women and girls and how to promote healthy choices and relationships among youth.
Measure Participants	951	847
Mean (Standard Deviation) [mean scores]	3.51 (.75)	3.73 (.81)

Adverse Events

Arm/Group Title	Control School		Intervention School
Arm/Group Description	Control schools (where the coaches do not receive the Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) training until following academic year 'wait list control')		Intervention schools (where coaches receive the CBIM training at start of sports season) "Coaching Boys Into Men" program: Coaching Boys into Men (CBIM) program consists of a 60 minute training for high school coaches led by a violence prevention advocate to introduce coaches to the rationale for CBIM and the CBIM Coaches Kit. The Coaches use this CBIM toolkit to provide weekly discussions with their athletes (generally 10-15 minute mini-sessions) throughout their athletic season (11 weeks). Discussion topics include how to prevent disrespectful and harmful behaviors towards women and girls and how to promote healthy choices and relationships among youth.
All Cause Mortality
	Control School		Intervention School
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	/ (NaN)		/ (NaN)
Serious Adverse Events
	Control School		Intervention School
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/998 (0%)		0/1008 (0%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	Control School		Intervention School
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/998 (0%)		0/1008 (0%)

Limitations/Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.