Treatment of Depression With Connectivity Guided Robotically Delivered rTMS

• Sponsor: The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (Other)
• Overall Status: Terminated
• CT.gov ID: NCT02802293
• Collaborator: IKARE Mood, Trauma, Recovery Clinic (Other)
• Enrollment: 10
• Location: 1
• Arms: 3
• Actual Duration (Months): 43.2
• Patients Per Site Per Month: 0.2

Study Details

Study Description

Brief Summary

The purpose of this study is to determine the clinical effects (if any) of connectivity-guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) to provide clues about the ideal neural networks to target for more robust clinical outcomes, and to identify potential biomarkers of treatment response including changes in brain network connectivity.

Condition or Disease	Intervention/Treatment	Phase
Major Depressive Disorder	Device: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; Device: robotic arm	N/A

Detailed Description

The investigators propose a randomized, double-blind, 4-week trial of TMS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for subjects with MDD all of whom at the patient's treatment clinic are concurrently receiving pharmaceutical and psychotherapeutic interventions. Arm 1 delivers active rTMS to the left DLPFC using the standard aiming strategy. Arm 2 delivers active rTMS to the left anterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming. Arm 3 delivers active rTMS to the left posterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming. In all three arms, rTMS is administered in an image-guided, robotically-positioned TMS (irTMS) manner to ensure therapist blinding and equivalent subject experiences across arms. In all three arms, the following stimulation protocol will be used: 10 Hz irTMS delivered in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. Neuroimaging will be used both for treatment planning and to characterize any TMS-induced network plasticity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) at week 4 of each treatment arm. Clinical assessments will be administered weekly throughout treatment (weeks 1-4) at the patient's treatment clinic. Additional psychological tests will be performed at UT Health-San Antonio's Research Imaging Institute (RII) at the baseline and post-treatment visits in order to track patient progress.

Study Design

• Study Type: Interventional
• Actual Enrollment: 10 participants
• Allocation: Randomized
• Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Official Title: Treatment of Depression With Connectivity Guided Robotically Delivered Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
• Actual Study Start Date: Aug 17, 2017
• Actual Primary Completion Date: Mar 23, 2021
• Actual Study Completion Date: Mar 23, 2021

Arms and Interventions

Arm	Intervention/Treatment
Active Comparator: Standard rTMS Aiming Active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will be delivered to the left DLPFC using the standard aiming strategy with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks.	Device: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder.; Other Names: rTMS ; Device: robotic arm; This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.
Active Comparator: Anterior DLPFC targeting Active rTMS will be delivered to the left anterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks.	Device: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder.; Other Names: rTMS ; Device: robotic arm; This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.
Active Comparator: Posterior DLPFC targeting Active rTMS will be delivered to the left posterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks.	Device: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder.; Other Names: rTMS ; Device: robotic arm; This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcome Measures

1. Change in Depression Severity (MADRS) [Baseline to four weeks (the conclusion of rTMS treatment)]

   Measured by the Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale. This is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire with an overall score range from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more severe depression: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression.

Secondary Outcome Measures

1. Change in Depression Severity (MADRS) [Baseline to sixteen weeks (twelve weeks after the conclusion of rTMS treatment)]

   Measured by the Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale. This is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire with an overall score range from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more severe depression: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression.

2. Clinically Significant Response (MADRS) [Baseline to four weeks (the conclusion of rTMS treatment)]

   Defined as greater than or equal to a 50% decrease in the Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale. This is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire with an overall score range from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more severe depression: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression.

3. Clinically Significant Response (MADRS) [Baseline to sixteen weeks (twelve weeks after the conclusion of rTMS treatment)]

   Defined as greater than or equal to a 50% decrease in the Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale. This is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire with an overall score range from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more severe depression: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression.

4. Remission From Depression (MADRS) [Baseline to four weeks (the conclusion of rTMS treatment)]

   Defined as Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale score less than or equal to 10. This is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire with an overall score range from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more severe depression: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression.

5. Remission From Depression (MADRS) [Baseline to sixteen weeks (twelve weeks after the conclusion of rTMS treatment)]

   Defined as Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale score less than or equal to 10. This is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire with an overall score range from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more severe depression: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression.

6. Functional Connectivity Changes of the Targeted Brain Network(s) Following rTMS Treatment [Baseline to four weeks (the conclusion of rTMS treatment)]

   resting-state fMRI scan will also be used to assess, network-specific functional connectivity differences between each subject's pre-treatment and post-treatment scans. The purpose of the Z score is to "standardize" distributions so that each has a mean of 0, and standard deviation as 1, so we can then make comparisons. Standard Score, the "Z-Score": A way to make a comparison between values on two different normal curves by converting the values to the number of standard deviations above or below the mean.

Eligibility Criteria

Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years to 65 Years
• Sexes Eligible for Study: All
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Males or females with MDD receiving treatment at the iKare Mood Trauma Recovery Clinic between the ages of 18-65 years;

2. Meeting the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) criteria for MDD as determined using the Mini-International Psychiatric Interview (MINI)

3. Meeting the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9 > 14) and/or the Structured Interview Guide for the Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale (SIGMA>18) criteria for treatment resistance in MDD despite completing at least one adequate trial of an Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) or Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI) at an FDA-recommended dose for at least 6-8 weeks.

4. Subjects on SSRIs or other antidepressants, hypnotic medications including modulators of Gamma-Aminobutryic Acid (GABA)-A receptor function, trazodone, atypical neuroleptic or other psychotropic medications such as prazosin may enter the study if they are deemed to be on a stable dose of their medication.

5. Able to provide written informed consent.

6. Able to read and write English.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Subjects with a diagnostic history of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder or currently exhibiting psychotic features as confirmed by MINI.

2. Serious, active suicidal risk as assessed by evaluating psychiatrist. Serious active suicidal risk is determine as imminent risk of suicide reflected in a subject having a plan and intent to end his or her life. History of suicidality in itself is not exclusion for participation in this protocol so long as the evaluating psychiatrist determines that there is an absence of serious active suicidal risk and the means to keep subjects safe.

3. Substance use disorder during the 3 months prior to screening; except for Mild or Moderate Alcohol Use Disorder according to DSM-V criteria.

4. Any history or signs of serious medical or neurological illness including seizure disorders. Except for seizures, a subject with a clinical abnormality may be included only if the study clinician considers the illness will not introduce additional risk and will not interfere with the study procedures.

5. Females will be excluded if they are pregnant (i.e. positive pregnancy test identified after their intake at the treatment clinic).

6. History of traumatic brain injury (TBI) with loss of consciousness for 20 minutes or more as determined by the Brief Traumatic Brain Injury Screen (TBI Screening Tool).

7. Any history or signs of metal objects (e.g. surgical clips, cardiac pacemakers, metal implants, etc.) in the body at the time of screening. MRI can have risks for persons with foreign bodies implanted in their body.

Contacts and Locations

Locations

	Site	City	State	Country	Postal Code
1	Ikare, Mood, Trauma, Recovery Clinic	San Antonio	Texas	United States	78229

Sponsors and Collaborators

• The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
• IKARE Mood, Trauma, Recovery Clinic

Investigators

• Principal Investigator: Felipe S Salinas, Ph.D., The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

Study Documents (Full-Text)

• Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan - Dec 5, 2018

More Information

Publications

• O'Reardon JP, Solvason HB, Janicak PG, Sampson S, Isenberg KE, Nahas Z, McDonald WM, Avery D, Fitzgerald PB, Loo C, Demitrack MA, George MS, Sackeim HA. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Dec 1;62(11):1208-16. Epub 2007 Jun 14.

• Responsible Party: The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
• ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02802293
• Other Study ID Numbers: HSC20160129H; HSC20160129H
• First Posted: Jun 16, 2016
• Last Update Posted: Aug 25, 2022
• Last Verified: Jun 1, 2022

• Individual Participant Data (IPD) Sharing Statement: No
• Plan to Share IPD: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: Yes
• Keywords provided by The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Major Depressive Disorder
• Additional relevant MeSH terms: Depression; Depressive Disorder; Depressive Disorder, Major

Study Results

Participant Flow

Arm/Group Title	Standard rTMS Aiming	Anterior DLPFC Targeting	Posterior DLPFC Targeting
Arm/Group Description	Active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will be delivered to the left DLPFC using the standard aiming strategy with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left anterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left posterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.
Period Title: Overall Study
STARTED	1	2	3
COMPLETED	0	1	1
NOT COMPLETED	1	1	2

Baseline Characteristics

Arm/Group Title	Standard rTMS Aiming	Anterior DLPFC Targeting	Posterior DLPFC Targeting	Total
Arm/Group Description	Active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will be delivered to the left DLPFC using the standard aiming strategy with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left anterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left posterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Total of all reporting groups
Overall Participants	1	2	3	6
Age (Count of Participants)
<=18 years	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Between 18 and 65 years	1 100%	2 100%	2 66.7%	5 83.3%
>=65 years	0 0%	0 0%	1 33.3%	1 16.7%
Sex: Female, Male (Count of Participants)
Female	0 0%	1 50%	3 100%	4 66.7%
Male	1 100%	1 50%	0 0%	2 33.3%
Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) (Count of Participants)
Hispanic or Latino	0 0%	1 50%	1 33.3%	2 33.3%
Not Hispanic or Latino	1 100%	1 50%	2 66.7%	4 66.7%
Unknown or Not Reported	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%	0 0%
Region of Enrollment (participants) [Number]
United States	1 100%	2 100%	3 100%	6 100%

Outcome Measures

1. Primary Outcome

Title	Change in Depression Severity (MADRS)
Description	Measured by the Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale. This is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire with an overall score range from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more severe depression: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression.
Time Frame	Baseline to four weeks (the conclusion of rTMS treatment)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Discrepancies in the number of participants analyzed for this outcome measure occur because of patient withdrawals from treatment.

Arm/Group Title	Standard rTMS Aiming	Anterior DLPFC Targeting	Posterior DLPFC Targeting
Arm/Group Description	Active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will be delivered to the left DLPFC using the standard aiming strategy with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left anterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left posterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.
Measure Participants	0	1	1
baseline	32 (0)	43 (0)
4 weeks	2 (0)	46 (0)

2. Secondary Outcome

Title	Change in Depression Severity (MADRS)
Description	Measured by the Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale. This is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire with an overall score range from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more severe depression: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression.
Time Frame	Baseline to sixteen weeks (twelve weeks after the conclusion of rTMS treatment)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Discrepancies in the number of participants analyzed for this outcome measure occur because patients did not respond to follow-up calls.

Arm/Group Title	Standard rTMS Aiming	Anterior DLPFC Targeting	Posterior DLPFC Targeting
Arm/Group Description	Active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will be delivered to the left DLPFC using the standard aiming strategy with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left anterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left posterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.
Measure Participants	0	0	0

3. Secondary Outcome

Title	Clinically Significant Response (MADRS)
Description	Defined as greater than or equal to a 50% decrease in the Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale. This is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire with an overall score range from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more severe depression: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression.
Time Frame	Baseline to four weeks (the conclusion of rTMS treatment)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Discrepancies in the number of participants analyzed for this outcome measure occur because of patient withdrawals from treatment.

Arm/Group Title	Standard rTMS Aiming	Anterior DLPFC Targeting	Posterior DLPFC Targeting
Arm/Group Description	Active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will be delivered to the left DLPFC using the standard aiming strategy with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left anterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left posterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.
Measure Participants	0	1	1
Count of Participants [Participants]	1 100%	0 0%

4. Secondary Outcome

Title	Clinically Significant Response (MADRS)
Description	Defined as greater than or equal to a 50% decrease in the Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale. This is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire with an overall score range from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more severe depression: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression.
Time Frame	Baseline to sixteen weeks (twelve weeks after the conclusion of rTMS treatment)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Discrepancies in the number of participants analyzed for this outcome measure occur because patients did not respond to follow-up calls.

Arm/Group Title	Standard rTMS Aiming	Anterior DLPFC Targeting	Posterior DLPFC Targeting
Arm/Group Description	Active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will be delivered to the left DLPFC using the standard aiming strategy with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left anterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left posterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.
Measure Participants	0	0	0

5. Secondary Outcome

Title	Remission From Depression (MADRS)
Description	Defined as Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale score less than or equal to 10. This is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire with an overall score range from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more severe depression: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression.
Time Frame	Baseline to four weeks (the conclusion of rTMS treatment)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Discrepancies in the number of participants analyzed for this outcome measure occur because of patient withdrawals from treatment.

Arm/Group Title	Standard rTMS Aiming	Anterior DLPFC Targeting	Posterior DLPFC Targeting
Arm/Group Description	Active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will be delivered to the left DLPFC using the standard aiming strategy with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left anterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left posterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.
Measure Participants	0	1	1
Count of Participants [Participants]	1 100%	0 0%

6. Secondary Outcome

Title	Remission From Depression (MADRS)
Description	Defined as Montgomery-Ashberg Depression Rating Scale score less than or equal to 10. This is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire with an overall score range from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more severe depression: 0 to 6 - normal/symptom absent 7 to 19 - mild depression 20 to 34 - moderate depression >34 - severe depression.
Time Frame	Baseline to sixteen weeks (twelve weeks after the conclusion of rTMS treatment)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Discrepancies in the number of participants analyzed for this outcome measure occur because patients did not respond to follow-up calls.

Arm/Group Title	Standard rTMS Aiming	Anterior DLPFC Targeting	Posterior DLPFC Targeting
Arm/Group Description	Active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will be delivered to the left DLPFC using the standard aiming strategy with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left anterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left posterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.
Measure Participants	0	0	0

7. Secondary Outcome

Title	Functional Connectivity Changes of the Targeted Brain Network(s) Following rTMS Treatment
Description	resting-state fMRI scan will also be used to assess, network-specific functional connectivity differences between each subject's pre-treatment and post-treatment scans. The purpose of the Z score is to "standardize" distributions so that each has a mean of 0, and standard deviation as 1, so we can then make comparisons. Standard Score, the "Z-Score": A way to make a comparison between values on two different normal curves by converting the values to the number of standard deviations above or below the mean.
Time Frame	Baseline to four weeks (the conclusion of rTMS treatment)

Outcome Measure Data

Analysis Population Description

Functional brain connectivity to the sub-genual cingulate (SGC) cortex compared between the groups (in participants with 20 treatment sessions) at baseline and 4 weeks.

Arm/Group Title	Standard rTMS Aiming	Anterior DLPFC Targeting	Posterior DLPFC Targeting
Arm/Group Description	Active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will be delivered to the left DLPFC using the standard aiming strategy with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left anterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.	Active rTMS will be delivered to the left posterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.
Measure Participants	0	1	1
Number [z-score]	-2.35	1.86

Adverse Events

Time Frame	8 weeks
Arm/Group Title	Standard rTMS Aiming		Anterior DLPFC Targeting		Posterior DLPFC Targeting
Arm/Group Description	Active repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will be delivered to the left DLPFC using the standard aiming strategy with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.		Active rTMS will be delivered to the left anterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.		Active rTMS will be delivered to the left posterior DLPFC using connectivity-based, image-guided aiming with the rTMS coil positioned using a robotic arm. In this arm, rTMS will be delivered at 10 Hz in 4 sec trains with 26 sec inter-train intervals, 37.5 minutes/session (i.e. 3,000 pulses/session), 5 sessions/week, for 4 weeks. repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: The MagPro R30 is an advanced, high performance magnetic stimulator designed primarily for non-invasive clinical use. The non-invasive brain stimulation system will be used to deliver repetitive electromagnetic pulses in this research study's treatment of major depressive disorder. robotic arm: This robotic system is based on a commercially available neurosurgical robot. The robot is mounted on a mobile (i.e. retractable wheels) cart which holds the robot controller and the TMS power supply and pulse-generation computer. The robotic system will be used for TMS coil positioning/targeting.
All Cause Mortality
	Standard rTMS Aiming		Anterior DLPFC Targeting		Posterior DLPFC Targeting
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/1 (0%)		0/2 (0%)		0/3 (0%)
Serious Adverse Events
	Standard rTMS Aiming		Anterior DLPFC Targeting		Posterior DLPFC Targeting
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	0/1 (0%)		0/2 (0%)		0/3 (0%)
Other (Not Including Serious) Adverse Events
	Standard rTMS Aiming		Anterior DLPFC Targeting		Posterior DLPFC Targeting
	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events	Affected / at Risk (%)	# Events
Total	1/1 (100%)		1/2 (50%)		1/3 (33.3%)
General disorders
Headache	1/1 (100%)	4	1/2 (50%)	15	1/3 (33.3%)	8

Limitations/Caveats

[Not Specified]

More Information

Certain Agreements

All Principal Investigators ARE employed by the organization sponsoring the study.

There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed.